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Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,19(3): (641-648) 2006
Energetics of Groundnut Production in Red Soil Under Bullock Farms inRaichur Region
VIJAY KUMAR, M. ANANTACHAR, T. GURUSWAMY AND N. KAWALE
Department of Farm Power and MachineryCollege of Agricultural Engineering, Raichur- 584 102
(Received: October, 2005)
Abstract: Groundnut is an important oilseed crop in India and is regarded as king of oilseeds.Presently there is no database available on energy requirements for groundnut production under
bullock farms in Raichur region. Hence, a study was undertaken to work out energetics of traditionalimplement package commonly used by the farmers as well as improved implement package forgroundnut production using energy equivalents with a view to identify the energy efficient implementpackage so that the farmers can grow this cash crop more economically. The results indicated thata total input energy of 10605.87 MJ/ha was required by the indigenous implement package commonlyused by the farmers whereas the improved implement package required a total input energy of9178.90 MJ/ha for groundnut production. Major energy consuming operations for groundnutproduction under bullock farms were seedbed preparation, irrigation and intercultivation. The useof improved implements package consisting of mould board plough + blade harrow combination forseedbed preparation, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University groundnut planter for sowing, universalhoe for intercultivation, groundnut digger for harvesting and power operated thresher for threshingof groundnut resulted in higher energy ratio of 4.18 and lower specific energy requirement of 9.27MJ/Kg compared to traditional implement package consisting of desi plough + blade harrow, sowingbehind desi plough, manually by khurpi, hand uprooting and hand picking respectively which resulted
in lower energy ratio of 2.88 and higher specific energy reuirement of 13.46 MJ/Kg.
Introduction
Energy is one of the basic inputs for
national development process and provides the
major vital services that improve human condition
such as fuel for cooking, light for living, motive
power for transport and electricity for modern
communication. In agriculture sector, the energy
is used in the form of inputs like seed, fertilizers,
agro-chemicals for plant protection, machinery
for various operations, housing, transport and
processing. Among all the non-conventionalsources of energy, draft animal power (DAP) is
one of the promising energy. In India, the energy
for ploughing two thirds of the area cultivated
comes from draft animals. As a cheap source of
renewable energy, DAP is very important in
present operated farms of developing countries.
In spite of the advantage of DAP, it continuous to
be most. neglected sector in the rural economy
of developing countries (Prabhakaran and Selva
kumar ;1992). About 80 million draft animals
contribute about 33 per cent of the total power
availabIe for crop production under Indian context.
It is estimated that the draft animal power available
in the country, contribute about 26 per cent of
total available farm power and about 32 per cent
of energy used in the rural sector for crop
production. It is complementary to mechanical
system, i.e., tractors for ploughing and trucks
and vans for transportation. While the ultimate
goal should, of course, be one of mechanization
and automation, we may, unfortunately have todepend on DAP for fifty more years to come. Here
lies the need for upgrading the DAP system in
order to increase the productivity through Science
and Technology and Organization and
Management of inputs (Ramaswamy, 1985).
Groundnut is an important oilseed crop
in India and is regarded as the king of oilseeds.
India stands first in the production of groundnut
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with 40.6 percent of area under groundnut and 30percent of groundnut production in the world. The
average production of groudnut is around 7.58
million tonnes with an average productivity of
about 1155 Kg/ha (Anon.,1999). Karnataka ranks
fifth in (groundnut production (0.82 million tonnes)
third in the area (1.19 million ha) with an average
productivity of only 603 Kg/ha (Patil et al., 1997)
Raichur region falls in North Karnataka which is
predominantly a dry region with an annual rainfall
ranging from 633.2 to 806.6 mm. Groundnut and
sunflower are major oilseed crops grown in this
region. The small and marginal farmers cultivateoilseed crops in nearly 60 per cent of the total
cultivated area. Draught animals are the major
sources of power available in the farm this is
followed by woman labour, which account for many
of the agricultural operations in raising the crop.
In this region, use of agricultural machinery and
implements is one of the most neglected sector
of agricultural input. Improved agricultural
implements not only save energy and cost but
also help to improve soil manipulation resulting
in less intensity of weeds, better germination and
root growth, higher yield and profitability and also
ensures timeliness in completion of critical
operations with reduced drudgery (Gangil and
Mathanker, 1996). Energy requirements for various
farm operations have been recognized as an
essential data to correctly match the agricultural
implements and the power sources. The database
on bullock drawn implement packages for various
crop production systems have been worked out
for various regions. Presently there is no database
available on energy requirements for groundnut
production in Raichur region. Lack of such
information inhibits systematic evaluation of
implement package used for groundnut prodution.
Mittal (1984) reported that the total
energy requirement for groundnut production was
6345 MJ/ha on bullock farms. Surendra Singh et
al.(1995) reported that the total energy input for
raising wheat, mustard potato and rabi fodder were
15941,7700, 42824 and 32299 MJ/ha -1
respectively. Naravan et aI.,(1998) reported that
the total energy requirement for groundnutproduction in red soil was maximum (15341 MJ/
ha) with the implement package consisting of
country plough and straight blade hoe while it
was minimum (13230 MJ/ha) with the implement
package involving mould board plough, blade
harrow, mechanical seed drill and universal hoe.
Keeping the above points in view, the present
study was undertaken to work out energetics of
implement package used by the farmers as well
as improved implement package for groundnut
production with a view to identify the energy
efficient implement package so that the farmerscan grow this cash crop more economically.
Material and Methods
Field experiment was conducted at
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Raichur
and location was situated in the North eastern
dry zone (zone-2) of Kamataka between 1615'
N latitude and 7720' E longitude at an altitude of
389 m above sea level. The groundnut (Arachis
hypogeaLinn.) of S-206 variety was grown as
test crop in red soil in an area of 0.19 ha underbullock farming system to identify the energy
efficient implement package for groundnut
production. The experiment was laid out as RBD
by considering the bullock drawn indigenous
implement package and also the improved
implement package with five treatments and four
replications as given below.
T1= Desi plough (2) + Blade harrow (2) + Sowing
behind country plough (single row) + Manual
weeding (3) (control)
T2= Balaram plough (2) + Blade harrow (2) +Local seed drill (4 rows) with draw tubes +
Manual weeding (3)
T3= K.M. Plough (1) + Blade harrow (2) + Two
row seed drill + Manual weeding (3)
T4= M.B. Plough (1) + Blade harrow (1) + TNAU
planter + Universal hoe (2) and
T5= Tiller (2) + Blade harrow (2) + Three row
seed drill + Universal hoe (2)
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1,2 and 3 indicates number of times the operationcarried out.
The sequence of different field operations
carried out at various stages of experiment under
different treatment combinations are presented
in table 1. During field experiments the different
parameters were measured/recorded and
determined as explained below. A digital stop
watch with an accuracy of 10 th second was used
to record the operating time for different
operations. The effective field capacity was
calculated by using the formula;
A
S=
Tp+ T1
------- (1)
Where, S= effective field capacity, ha/hr,
Tp= productive time, hr and
A= area covered, ha
T1= non- productive time,hr.
Electric motor was used as a prime mover
for pumping irrigation water and for threshing' crop.
The power consumed was measured in terms ofkWh using an energy meter. After threshing and
uniform drying of crop, the weights of cleaned
pods and haulm were recorded using platform
balance.
The energy used for a particular field
operation was calculated as the sum of human,
bullock and mechanical and/or electrical energy
consumed. The energy expended for each
individual farm operation was calculated as
suggested by Anon. (1992).
Effective field capacity of the machine = Ce,ha/hr
No. of hours required to cover one ha t = 1/Ce
hr
No. of male labours required = N1
No. ofemale labours required = N2
Total human-hrs required t1= N
1Xt + N
2Xt
No. of animal pairs required = N3
No. of animal pair-hrs required = t2= N
3Xt
No. of farm machines used = N4
Total machine-hrs required t3= N
4Xt
Total human energy spent E1=N1 Xt X 1.96 + N2Xt X 1.57,
MJ/ha
Total animal energy spent E2= N
3X t X 10.10 MJ/ ha
Let, the weight of the farm machine = W,kg
Annual use of farm machine = X, hrs
Total life in years =Y
Total life in hours = XXY
W
Weight of the machine W1= ....... (2)
per unit hour of operation XXY
Total machine energy spent E3= W
1Xt X62.7, MJ/ha
Total energy used for the particular operation, E = E1 + E2 +
E3, MJ/ha
Source-wise energy use was calculated
based on the energy spent by different direct and
indirect sources using energy coefficients given
in table 2. The total input energy was calculated
by adding the direct and indirect energy. The
output energy was calculated for both pod and
haulm using the energy coefficients (Table 2). The
energy ratio for both pod and haulm was
calculated by dividing the output energy obtained
from pod and haulm by total input energy
respectively. Specific energy requirement was
calculated by dividing the total input energy for
groundnut production (MJ/ha) by the pod yield
kg/ha).
The implement package that resulted in
highest output-input energy ratio and requires
lowest specific energy (MJ/Kg) was identified as
energy efficient implement package for groundnut
production. The data recorded was analyzed
statistically for energy requirement and yield asdescribed by Gomez and Gomez (1984).
Results and Discussion
The energy spent for different farm
operations viz., seedbed preparation, sowing,
fertilizer application, irrigation, intercultivation/
weeding, harvesting and threshing in different
treatments are presented in table 3.
Energetics of Groundnut . . . .. . . . . . .
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Table 1. Details of implements/machinery used for farm operations in different treatments
Farm Treatments
operation T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Seedbed Desi plough (2) Balram plough (2 K.M. plough (1), M.B. plough (1) Tiller (1)
preparation Blade harrow(2) Blade harrow (2) Blade harrow(2) Blade harrow(1) Blade harrow(1)
Sowing Behind country Local seed drill Two row seed TNAU Planter Three row seed
plough with draw tubes drill drill
(4 rows)
Fertilizer Broadcasting Broadcasting Broadcasting Broadcasting Broadcasting
application
Irrigation Surface method Surface method Surface method Surface method Surface method
Intercultivation Manually by Manually by Manually by Universal hoe(2) Universal hoe(2)
/ Weeding Khurpi (3) Khurpi (3) Khurpi (3)Harvesting Manually (Hand: Manually (Hand Manually (Hand Groundnut Groundnut
uprooting) uprooting) uprooting) digger digger
Threshing Manually Manually Manually Power operated Pedal operated
(Hand picking) (Hand picking) (Hand picking) thresher thresher
Table 2. Energy coefficients for different direct and indirect sources of energy
Particulars Unit Equivalent energy, MJ Remarks
A. Inputs
1. Human labour
a) Adult man Man-hr 1.96 1 Adult Man = 0.8
b) Adult woman W oman-hr 1.57 Adult Woman
2. Bullocks Pair-hr 10.10 Body weight
Medium 350-450 Kg
3. Electricity kWh 11.93
4. Machinery Distribute the weight of
a) Electric motor Kg 64.80 the machinery equally
b) Farm machinery Kg 62.70 over the total life span
5. Fertilizers of the machinery
a) Nitrogen (N) kg 60.60 Estimate the quantity
b) Phosphorous (P) Kg 11.10 of the Nitrogen, P2O
5,
c) Potash (K) Kg 6.70 K2O in the chemical
fertilizer
6. Seed kg 14.7
B. Outputs
1. Pod Kg 25.0
2. Haulm kg 12.5
(Source: Mittal and Dhawan, 1988
The maximum energy of 945.08 MJ/ha
was used in T1and a minimum of 402.05 MJ/ha
of energy was used in T5for seedbed preparation.
For sowing operation, the maximum energy was
spent in ill T1(428.19 MJ/ha) and a minimum
energy of 96.51 MJ/ha in T4
which resulted in a
saving of 77 per cent of energy. The energy spent
for fertilizer application and pumping irrigation
water was 42.86 MJ/ha and 2441.11 MJ/ha
respectively for all the treatments as these
operations were common for all the treatments.
Intercultivation operation consumed a maximum
energy of 1334.97 MJ/ha in T1and a minimum of
789.74 MJ/ha in T4. A maximum energy of 46.18
MJ/ha was consumed by T2
and a minimum
of275.78 MJ/ha by T4
for harvesting the crop.
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Threshing of groundnut required a maximum of372.30 MJ/ha of energy in T
4and a minimum of
226.86 MJ/ha in T5. It was observed that the major
energy consuming operations for groundnut
production our bullock farms are seedbed
preparation, irrigation and intercultivation. These
results are in agreement with the findings of Mittal
(1984).
Energy supplied through different direct
and indirect energy sources viz., human, animal
electricity, seed, fertilizer and machiner for raising
groundnut in different treatments are presentedin table 4. A maximum of 2389.51 MJ/ha of energy
was spent through labour in T1and a minimum of
636.50 MJ/ha in T4
These variations are due to
the variations in the human-hrs used for different
operations in different treatments. The energy
spent by animal was maximum (1154.53 MJ/ha)
in T5
and minimum (541.56 MJ/ha) in T3
for
groundnut production. These variations in the
animal energy are due to the variations in the
use of animal pair-hrs. A maximum of 2547.41
MJ/ha of electrical energy was consumed in
treatment T4 as the electricity was used for bothpumping irrigation water and threshing operation.
The electrical energy used in all other treatments
except T4was 2327.30 MJ/ha as it was used for
only pumping irrigation water.
The energy supplied through seed in all
the treatment was same (2205 MJ/ha) as the
uniform seed rate was maintained in all the
treatments. The energy supplied through
fertilizers in the treatments was also same
(2545.60 MJ/ha) as the same dose of fertilizers
was applied in all the treatments. The maximumenergy of 226.31 MJ/ha was supplied through
machinery in T4and a minimum of 56.93 MJ/ha
in treatment T3
These variations are due to the
different sizes of the implements used in the
experiment.
The total energy spent for field
operations, energy supplied through seed and
fertilizers are presented in table 5. Also the pod
and haulm yield, output energy, energy ratio andspecific energy in different"treatments arepresented in table 5. The maximum energy of5856.94 MJ/ha was used for field operation intreatment T
1and a minimum of 4428.30 MJ/ha in
treatment T4. These results are in close
agreement with the findings of Mittal (1984). Itwas observed that the total input energy forgroundnut production was maximum (10605.87MJ/ha) in T
1and a minimum of 9178.90 MJ/ha in
T4. The maximum pod yield of 990 kg/ha was
recorded in treatment T4 and a minimum of 788
kg/ha in treatment T1. The haulm yield ofgroundnut crop was maximum (1089 kg/ha) in T4
and a minimum of 866 kg/ha in treatment T1.
The maximum output energy of 24750and 13612.5 MJ/ha was obtained from pod andhaulm respectively in treatment T
4while they were
minimum (19700 and 10825 MJ/ha respectively)in treatment T
1. The total output energy obtained
from both pod and haulm was maximum (38362.5MJ/ha) in treatment T
4and a minimum of30525
MJ/ha in treatment T1. The maximum energy ratio
of 2.7 was recorded from pod in treatment T4and
a minimum of 1.86 in treatment T1 whereas amaximum energy ratio of 1.48 and a minimum of1.02 was observed from haulm in treatments T
4
and T1respectively. The total output-input energy
ratio was maximum (4.18) in treatment T4which
used improved implement package. These resultsare in close agreement with the findings ofNaravani et aI. (1998) who reported that themaximum energy ratio of 4.80 was recorded withthe improved implement package for groundnutproduction in red soil. The specific energy requiredfor groundnut production was maximum (13.46MJ/kg) in treatment T
1
and a minimum of 9.27MJ/Kg in treatment T
4. The effect of different
treatments on total input energy and yield ofgroundnut are presented in table 6.
It was observed that the total input energyfor groundnut production was maximum 10.605GJ/ha in treatment T
1and a minimum of 9178.90
MJ/ha in treatment T4. The differences in the total
input energy for the treatments T4and T
5are not
varied much, whereas the total input energy in
Energetics of Groundnut . . . .. . . . . . .
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Table 5. Input energy, yield, output energy, energy ratio and specific energy requirement among differenttreatments for raising groundnut
Parameters Treatments
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Input energy, MJ/ha
Field operation 5856.94 5478.10 5059.84 4428.30 4484.90
Seed 2205.00 2205.00 2205.00 2205.00 2205.00
Fertilizers 2545.60 2545.60 2545.60 2545.60 2545.60
Total input energy, MJ/ha 10605.87 10228.70 9810.70 9178.90 9235.36
Yield, Kglha
Pod yield 788 867 833 990 948
Haulm yield 866 953 916 1089 1042Output energy, MJ/ha
Pod 19700.00 21675.00 20825.00 24750.00 23700.00
Haulm 10825.00 11912.50 11450.00 13612.50 13025.00
Total output energy, MJ/ha 30525.00 33587.50 32275.00 38362.50 36725.00
Energy - ratio
Pod 1.86 2.12 2.13 2.70 2.57
Haulm 1.02 1.16 1.17 1.48 1.41
Total energy-ratio 2.88 3.28 3.30 4.18 3.98
Specific energy, MJ/Kg 13.46 11.79 11.78 9.27 9.74
treatments T2
to T5
are significantly lower thanthat of treatment T
1(10.605 GJ/ha). It was
observed that the highest yield of 0.990 t/ha wasrecorded in the treatment T
4which was
significantly higher than that of all othertreatments, except T
5. The treatments T
4and T
5
are on par with each other in terms of yield. Thelowest yield of 0.788 t/ha was recorded intreatment T
1. The yield recorded in treatments T
4
and T5
are significantly higher than all othertreatments whereas the treatments T
1, T
2and T
3
are on par with each other in terms of yield. The
lowest yield of 0.788 t/ha was recorded intreatment T
1. The yield recorded in treatments T
4
and T5
are significnatly higher than all othertreatments whereas the treatments T
1, T
2and T
3
are on par with each other in terms of yield.
It may be concluded that the major
energy consuming operations for ground nut
production under bullock farms are seedbed
preparation, irrigation and intercultivation.
Irrigation and intercultivation operations
accounted for 42 to 55 and 17 to 24 per cent per
cent of total operational energy respectively. The
improved implements package consisting of
mould board plough + blade harrow combination
for seedbed preparation, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University groundnut planter for sowing, universal
hoe for intercultivation, groundnut digger for
harvesting and power operated thresher for
threshing of groundnut was identified as energy
efficient implement package for groundnut
production in red soil under bullock farms in
Raichur region which resulted in higher energy
ratio of 4.18 and lower specific energy requirement
of 9.27 MJ/Kg as compared to traditional
implement package consisting of desi plough +
blade harrow, sowing behind desi plough,
manually by khurpi, hand uprooting and hand
picking respectively which resulted in lower
energy ratio of 2.88 and higher specific energy
requirement of 13.46 MJ/Kg.
Energetics of Groundnut . . . .. . . . . . .
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Table 6. Effect of different treatments on total input energy and yield of groundnut.
Treatments Total input energy (GJ/tha) Yield (t/ha)
T1
10.605 0.789
T2
10.228 0.867
T3
9.810 0.833
T4
9.178 0.990
T5
9.235 0.948
Sem 0.037 0.034
CD (0.05) 0.114 0.104
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5Mean input energy, GJ/ha 10.605 10.288 9.810 9.178 9.235
T4
T5
T2
T3
T1
Mean yield t/ha 0.990 0.948 0.867 0.833 0.789
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Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences : 19 (3), 2006
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