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What powers a cell? Cells require energy to do work. This energy is stored in molecules called “ATP”. Think of ATP as like a little battery. ATP is used to by all cells to do work
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Energy and matter transformations in cells
Warm-up
Energy:• What is the source of energy for all
ecosystems?• What type of molecule is made by this
energy?
What powers a cell?
• Cells require energy to do work.• This energy is stored in molecules
called “ATP”. Think of ATP as like a little battery.
• ATP is used to by all cells to do work
Our guiding question• The energy source for nearly all ecosystems is the sun• The energy source for nearly all cellular processes is ATP
• How is energy from the sun transformed and stored in molecules of ATP to be used for cellular work?
Sun ATP
P P P
Our guiding question
• We will learn the processes that convert solar energy into other forms of energy and eventually to ATP.
Some review of energy terms/concepts
• Potential energy and Kinetic energy• Energy cant be created or destroyed
but can be converted to other forms.• Forms of energy:
– Nuclear, Mechanical, Gravitational, Heat, Electrical, Sound, Light, Chemical
What are some examples of conversions between these different forms?
Your cell phone is powered by energy stored in water
How can you explain this?• How did you charge the battery? • Where does that electrical energy come
from?• How is water used to generate the
electrical energy?
Apply the terms about energy correctly when explaining the answer.
Your cell phone is powered by energy stored in water
Dam
Reservoir
Generators River
Cell phone charger
Energy transformations from water in a reservoir to a cell phone
Reservoir
River
MECHANICALENERGYto turn
generators
ELECTRICALENERGYthrough
wires
ELECTRO-CHEMICALENERGY
storedin
battery
Sendingand
receivingcalls;
lights &ring tones
MOREstored energy
LESSstored energy
How does the reservoir get “recharged”?
The energy stored in the water behind the reservoir dam would run out if the water were not returned to the reservoir
• How does water move from the river back into the reservoir?
• What is the source of energy for this process?
How does the reservoir get “recharged”?
Cell phone charger
Dam
Evaporation
Precipitation
Reservoir
Generators River
Energy and matter conversions that power a cell phone
We’ll discuss energy and matter concepts in this context and then apply them to biology.
MOREstored energy
Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam
Reservoir
LESSstored energy
Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam
River
Waterabove dam
Waterbelow dam
MOREstored energy
LESSstored energy
Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam
River
Reservoir
MECHANICALKINETICENERGY
to turn generators
OUTPUTENERGY
MOREstored energy
LESSstored energy
Reservoir
River
HEATENERGY
from the sun
INPUTENERGY
Evaporation& precipitation
Water cycles between different forms as energy is converted
Matter cycles as energy is transformed
Reservoir
River
MECHANICALKINETICENERGYto turn
generators
ELECTRICALKINETICENERGYthrough
wires
ELECTRICALPOTENTIAL
ENERGYstored
inbattery
Sendingand
receivingcalls;
lights &ring tones
MOREstored energy
LESSstored energy
HEATENERGY
from the sun
HEATENERGY
from the sun
Sendingand
receivingcalls;
lights &ring tones
Heat energy from the sunis transformed into
energy for powering a cell phone
Conservation of matterMatter is not created or destroyed
• The water does not disappear when it absorbs heat energy and evaporates, it simply changes form from liquid to gas
• Heat energy does not “turn into” water, it simply allows water to change positions from the river to above the dam
Matter cycles between different forms
How does energy for cell phones relate to energy for living cells?
The principles governing matter and energy transformations for cell phones…
HEATENERGY
LIGHTENERGY
ENERGYFOR CELLULAR
WORK
…are the same for energy and matter transformations in living cells…
…and are the same for ALL systems!
ATP and energy used by cells• Cells use energy stored in the form of a molecule
called ATP• All other sources of energy must be converted
and stored in molecules of ATP to be used by cells
Consider the cell phone as an analogy: • Cell phones only use electrical energy stored in
the battery• All other sources of energy must be converted
and stored in the battery to be used by the phone
What is ATP?
ADENOSINE“A”
PHOSPHATE“P”
P
ADENOSINE“A”
PHOSPHATE“P”
P
Adenosine (A)1 phosphate (P)
“mono-phosphate”
P
P P
Adenosine (A)2 phosphates (P)
“di-phosphate”
Adenosine (A)1 phosphate (P)
“mono-phosphate”
P
P P
P P P
Adenosine (A)3 phosphates (P)“tri-phosphate”
Adenosine (A)2 phosphates (P)
“di-phosphate”
Adenosine (A)1 phosphate (P)
“mono-phosphate”
P
P P
P P P
AMP“mono-phosphate”
ATP“tri-phosphate”
ADP“di-phosphate”
Note: you do NOT need to memorize names of these molecules
P P P
ATP(Adenosine triphosphate)
The molecular diagrams and names are to help you visualize the processes and help you put the concepts into a context
Building ATP requires energy as an INPUT
P P P
Breaking ATP releases energy as an OUTPUT
P P PKinetic energy
ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP
P P P
MOREstored energy
ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP
P P P
LESSstored energy
ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP
P P P P P P
ATP ADP P+
MOREstored energy
LESSstored energy
P P P
P P P
CHEMICALENERGY
INPUTENERGY
FOR CELLULARWORK
OUTPUT
MOREstored energy
ATP
ADP P+
LESSstored energy
P P P
P P P
CHEMICALENERGY
INPUTENERGY
FOR CELLULARWORK
OUTPUT
MOREstored energy
ATP
ADP P+
LESSstored energy
P P P
P P P
CHEMICALENERGY
INPUTENERGY
FOR CELLULARWORK
OUTPUT
MOREstored energy
ATP
ADP P+
LESSstored energy
ATP cycles between ADP and ATP as chemical energy is converted into energy for cellular work
P P P
P P P
CHEMICALENERGY
INPUTENERGY
FOR CELLULARWORK
OUTPUT
Conservation of matterMatter is not created or destroyed
• The atoms do not disappear when ATP is used for cellular work, they simply break apart and rearrange into ADP and P
• Chemical energy does not “turn into” ATP, it simply allows ADP and P to join together and rearrange to build ATP
Matter cycles between different forms
What is glucose?
• Glucose is made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
Glucose
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
What is glucose?
• Plants and other producers break apart carbon dioxide and water to build glucose.
Glucose
Carbondioxide
Water
What is glucose?
• To understand the energy relationships between the different molecules, we will first focus only on the carbon atoms
Glucose
Carbondioxide
Water
What is glucose?
• A hexagon is used to represent glucose because of its shape
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
Building glucose requires energy as an INPUT
GlucoseCarbon dioxide
molecules
Breaking glucose releases energy as an OUTPUT
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energyKinetic energy
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy
Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide
MOREstored energy
Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide
LESSstored energy
Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide
Glucose Carbon dioxide
MOREstored energy
LESSstored energy
LIGHTENERGY
INPUTCHEMICALENERGY
OUTPUT
MOREstored energy
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
LESSstored energy
LIGHTENERGY
INPUTCHEMICALENERGY
OUTPUT
MOREstored energy
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
LESSstored energy
Carbon cycles between carbon dioxide and glucose as light energy is converted into chemical energy
LIGHTENERGY
INPUTCHEMICALENERGY
OUTPUT
Conservation of matterMatter is not created or destroyed
• The carbon atoms do not disappear when glucose is used for chemical energy, they simply break apart and rearrange into carbon dioxide
• Light energy does not “turn into” glucose, it simply allows carbon atoms to join together and rearrange to build glucose
Matter cycles between different forms
LIGHTENERGY
INPUTCHEMICALENERGY
OUTPUT
MOREstored energy
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
LESSstored energy
P P P
P P P
CHEMICALENERGY
INPUTENERGY
FOR CELLULARWORK
OUTPUT
MOREstored energy
ATP
ADP P+
LESSstored energy
LIGHTENERGY
CHEMICALENERGY
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
P P P
P P P
ENERGYFOR CELLULAR
WORK
ATP
ADP P+
Matter cycles as energy is transformed
LIGHTENERGY
ENERGYFOR CELLULAR
WORK
Light energy from the sunis transformed into
energy for cellular work
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