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End 9th c. Papacy becoming increasinglycorrupt
Early 10th c. Papacy contested between Romanaristocrats
956-63 Pontificate of John XII, until deposedby Otto I
advocates
Map Link: Italy about 1050:
<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/italy_1050.jpg>
Two issues provoking church reform movement:
Clerical marriage
Simony (selling church offices)
910 Berno and followers persuade Duke ofAquitaine to found abbey at Cluny
Cluny Abbey free from feudal obligations
Emphasis on communal worship
Other Clunaic houses with priors answeringto abbot of Cluny, who answers topope
Other reform movements:
England: St Dunstan, with support of KingEdgar (r. 959-75)
France: Monasteries reforming on Clunaicmodel
Italy: Lay criticism of clerical corruption
Lotharingia/Lorraine: Reform of secularand regular clergy, with imperialsupport. Abbey at Gorze (education)
Papal reform movement, starting mid-11th c.
1046 Emperor Henry III takes control ofpapacy
1049-54 Pontificate of Leo IX
Cardinals, including Hildebrand,Humbert, Peter Damian
1054 Humbert excommunicates Patriarch ofConstantinople
Apocalyptic expectations:
Reform movements aiming to providebetter clergy to lead people, incl.with vernacular preaching
Expressions of concerns with eschatologyin literature (e.g. Anglo-Saxonhomilies and poetry, plays producedat Gorze and elsewhere), art (sculptureand manuscripts)
Ralph Glaber
Ralph (Radulfus) Glaber (c. 985-c. 1047)
Monk and chronicler from Auxerre, Burgundy
Described by some as an unruly wanderer.Travelled around various monasteriesto study and work
Spent some time at St-Germain in Auxerre,with Abbot Helderic
Ralph Glaber
1005-10 At Moutiers-St Jean
Then at Saint-Bénigne, with Abbot Williamof Volpiano
Vita Guillelmi
Ralph Glaber
1030-35 Writes Historiarum Libri Quinqueab Anno Incarnationis DCCCC usque adAnnum MXLIV at Cluny, dedicated toAbbot Odilo
Later moves to St-Germain, where dies
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