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Encyclopedia of Global Justice
Deen K. Chatterjee (Ed.)
Encyclopedia ofGlobal Justice
With 10 Figures and 4 Tables
EditorDeen K. ChatterjeeDepartment of PhilosophyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City, UTUSA
ISBN 978-1-4020-9159-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9160-5Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-1-4020-9161-2DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011932691
© Springer ScienceþBusiness Media B.V. 2011
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any materialsupplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The two-volume Encyclopedia of Global Justice is a major publication venture toward a comprehensive coverage of this
timely topic. The Encyclopedia is an international, interdisciplinary, and collaborative project, spanning all the relevant
areas of scholarship related to issues of global justice, and edited and advised by leading scholars from around the world.
The wide-ranging entries present the latest ideas on this complex subject by authors who are at the cutting edge of
inquiry.
The goal of this timely and comprehensive encyclopedia is to provide a premier reference guide for students, scholars,
policy makers, and others interested in assessing the moral consequences of global interdependence and understanding
the concepts and arguments that shed light on the myriad aspects of global justice. The Encyclopediawill set the tone and
direction of this increasingly important area of scholarship for years to come.
The question of justice across national boundaries, recently the focus of intense debate due to the ethical challenges of
modern globalization, spans the range from extreme global egalitarianism to various kinds of extended nationalism and
limited globalism. The topic covers several disciplines and raises both theoretical and applied issues in such areas as
relations among nations, world poverty, human rights, global development, environmental concerns, and the justifi-
ability of military conflicts, among others.
The Encyclopedia reflects this reality and provides an interdisciplinary approach that combines empirical research
with theoretical arguments, drawing terms and concepts from political philosophy and theory, ethics, international law
and legal theory, development economics, public policy, and applied ethics, including legal, business, medical, military,
religious, environmental, and feminist ethics as they relate to all aspects of global justice. Because the term “global justice”
is itself a matter of contention, prompting questions regarding how it relates to and differs from “international justice,”
an important part of the project is to clarify such definitional issues and include entries that seek to address the related
methodological concerns.
The Encyclopediawill serve as a complete reference for all key terms and concepts of global justice, broadly conceived.
It is organized in A-to-Z format with cross-referencing of entries around a series of topics under four broad categories,
making it convenient for students, scholars, and general readers to access the relevant entries on a specific theme or topic.
The four broad categories are:
● Concepts/Theories
● Persons/Thinkers
● Institutions/Organizations
● Trends/Movements/Policies/Treaties
All entry topics fall under one or more of these broad categories.
The entries number around 500 and consist of essays of 300 to 5,000 words. The inclusion and length of entries are
based on their significance to the topic of global justice, regardless of their importance in other areas.
The Encyclopedia consists of entries written by scholars drawn from a variety of fields and disciplines. Based on their
painstaking preparation of the chapters and their diligence through the process of revisions and editing, they made amply
evident their high level of care for and commitment to the project and their dedication to the growth and development of
their own fields. It was a delight and a privilege to work with them and see how they brought together their scholarship
and their respective style and orientation into a coherent focus to make this ambitious project possible. Naturally, our
greatest thanks go to these contributors for their collaboration and good will. Their belief in the importance of the project
sustained our efforts.
Special thanks are due to the members of the distinguished editorial board for their support and encouragement.
Most of them reviewed the drafts and gave their advice whenever needed, and some of them also wrote several key entries.
I would especially like to thank Lynette Sieger of New York University, a member of the editorial board and
contributor of several key chapters, for her able assistance, advice, and support.
vi Preface
Special gratitude goes to Christine Hausmann at the Reference Editorial Office of Springer’s Reference and Database
Publishing for her patience and unfailing support that made the project possible. Special thanks are also due to Neil
Olivier, Publishing Editor of Philosophy of Law and Ethics in the Humanities Department at Springer and to Susanne
Friedrichsen, Associate Editor at Springer’s Reference & Database Publishing, for their valuable help and guidance.
Finally, my greatest gratitude and appreciation goes to my beloved wife Donna Dinsdale for all her loving support,
kindness, and sacrifice during the entire duration of this long project. I cannot thank her enough.
Deen K. Chatterjee
Editor-in-Chief
Topical Table of Contents
Concepts/TheoriesAbsolute Poverty
Act-Consequentialism
Adaptive Preferences
►Capabilities Approach
►Preference-Satisfaction
ocacy Organizations
Adv►International Organizations
ncy, Collective
AgeAgency, Individual
Agent-Centered Prerogative
Aggression
Ahimsa
Aid to Burdened Societies
Altruism
Anarchy
Armed Conflict: Effect on Women
Associative Duties
Basic Needs
Basic Rights
Beneficence, Principle of
Biodiversity
Bioprospecting and Biopiracy
Borders
Capabilities Approach
Capitalism
Care Ethics
Charity
Chronic Poverty
►Absolute Poverty
►Poverty
izenship
CitCitizenship Practices
Civil Disobedience, International
Civil Disobedience, Transnational
Civil Rights
Class and Status
Climate Justice
Co-National Partiality
►Compatriot Partiality Thesis
rcion
CoeCollective Choice
Collective Decision Problem
Collective Identity
Collective Responsibility
Colonialism
Common Good
Communitarianism
Communities
Compatriot Partiality Thesis
Complex Emergency
Complex Equality
Composition, Fallacy of
Consensus/Justification
Consent
Conspiracy Theory
Constructivism
Consumerism
Contractarianism
Corporate Social Responsibility
Correlative Obligations
Corruption
Cosmopolitan Democracy
Cosmopolitan Justice
Cosmopolitan Republicanism
Cosmopolitanism
Crimes Against Humanity
Crimes Against Peace
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Rights
►Globalization
►Health and Health Care
►Human Rights: African Perspectives
►International Covenant on Economic, Social, and
Cultural Rights
►Multiculturalism
th Penalty
Dea►Capital Punishment
ent Society
DecDemocracy, Constitutional
Democracy, Deliberative
Democracy, Transnational
Democratic Citizenship
Democratic Equality
viii Topical Table of Contents
Democratic Legitimacy
Democratic Peace Theory
Development Accountability
Development as Freedom
►Capabilities Approach
►Sen, Amartya
elopment Assistance
DevDevelopment Ethics
Difference Principle
Diffused Responsibility Hypothesis
Disabled People
Disagreement, Reasonable
Dispersed Groups
►Immigration
►Refugees
pute Resolution
DisDomination
Double Effect, Doctrine of
Duties of Assistance
Duties to Non-Compatriots
Duties to the Distant Needy
Duties, Determinate and Indeterminate
Duties, Perfect and Imperfect
Duties, Positive and Negative
Duties, Remedial
►Duties, Determinate and Indeterminate
►Duties, Perfect and Imperfect
►Duties, Positive and Negative
th Democracy
Ear►Brundtland Commission
►Political Ecology
►Rio Declaration
►Stockholm Conference, 1972
nomic Rights
EcoEgalitarianism
►Fair Equality of Opportunity
►Global Egalitarianism
►Global Equality of Opportunity
of Life Care
EndEnvironmental Justice
Environmental Racism
Environmental Sustainability
Equality
Essential Medicines, Access to
Ethical Foreign Policy
►Foreign Policy
ocentrism
EurExploitation
Fair Equality of Opportunity
Fairness
Feminist Ethics
Feminization of Poverty
Food Sovereignty
Friendship
Functioning, Well-Being and
►Capabilities Approach
►Nussbaum, Martha C.
►Quality of Life
►Sen, Amartya
der-Based Violence
Gen►Violence
der Justice
GenGenetic Engineering
Genocide
Georgism
Global Basic Structure
Global Citizenship
Global Civil Society
Global Contractarian Justice
Global Democracy
Global Difference Principle
Global Distributive Justice
Global Egalitarianism
Global Equality of Opportunity
Global Ethic
Global Federalism
Global Governance
Global Impartiality Thesis
Global Justice
Global Justice, Subjects of
Global Market
►Capitalism
►Free Trade
►Globalization
bal Organizations
Glo►Capitalism
►Global Democracy
►Global Poverty
►Global Public Sphere
►Globalization
►International Monetary Fund (IMF)
►World Bank (WB)
bal Poverty
GloGlobal Public
Global Public Goods
Global Public Health
Global Public Reason
Global Resource Distribution
Topical Table of Contents ix
Global Resources Dividend
►Pogge, Thomas
bal Taxation
GloGlobal Tragedy of the Commons
►Global Public
►Global Warming
►Pareto Optimality
up Rights
GroHarm Principle
Health and Health Care
Human Development
►Capabilities Approach
►Crocker, David
►Development Ethics
►Human Development and Capability Association
(HDCA)
►InternationalDevelopment Ethics Association (IDEA)
►Nussbaum, Martha C.
►Sen, Amartya
man Genome
HuHuman Right to Democracy
Human Rights
Human Security
Humanitarian Aid
Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military
Humanitarian Military Intervention
Ideal Moral Theory
Illegitimate States
Immigration
Impartiality
►Global Impartiality Thesis
erialism
ImpIndigenous Peoples
Indigenous Rights to Land
Inequality
►Global Democracy
►Global Egalitarianism
►Global Justice
rgenerational Justice
InteInternational Due Process
►International Criminal Court (ICC)
►International Criminal Justice
►International Law
rnational Health Partnership
Inte►Development Ethics
►Global Public Health
►Health and Health Care
►Pandemics
rnational Humanitarian Assistance
InteInternational Institutional Legitimacy
International Justice
►Fairness
►Foreign Policy
►Globalization
►Hague Conventions
►International Law
►Law of Peoples
►Liberal Nationalism
►Moral Equality
►Nagel, Thomas
►Nationalism
►Rawls, John
►Realistic Utopia
►Sen, Amartya
►Tamir, Yael
►Transitional Justice in Africa
►Treaty of Westphalia
rnational Law
InteInternational Law, Normative Foundations of
International Organizations
International Political Economy
►Global Justice
►International Monetary Fund (IMF)
►World Bank (WB)
rastate Autonomy
Int►Secession
uitionism
IntJus ad Bellum
Jus ad Pacem
Jus Gentium
Jus in Bello
Just Peace
►Peace Versus Justice
►Perpetual Peace: Abbe de Saint-Pierre
►Perpetual Peace: Kant
►Preventive Non-Intervention
t War Theory
Jus►Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq
►War, Just and Unjust
tice and Reciprocity: Local and Global
JusJustice and Religion: Buddhism
Justice and Religion: Christianity
Justice and Religion: Confucianism
Justice and Religion: Daoism
Justice and Religion: Hinduism
Justice and Religion: Islam
Justice and Religion: Judaism
Killing and Letting Die
x Topical Table of Contents
Labor
Land Ethic
Language and Politics
Law of Peoples
Legal Rights
Liberal Democracy
Liberal Nationalism
Liberal Pluralism
Liberalism
Libertarianism
Liberties
Lifeboat Ethics
Local Communities
►Communitarianism
►Quality of Life
►Relativity of Well-Being
►Thin Universalism and Thick Localism
k Egalitarianism
LucMajoritarianism
Maldevelopment
►Development Ethics
rxism
MaMedical Justice
►Global Public Health
►Health and Health Care
►Pharmaceutical Justice
►Pogge, Thomas
gration
Mi►Immigration
nority Groups
Mi►Multiculturalism
dus Vivendi
MoMoral Authority
Moral Community
Moral Cosmopolitanism
Moral Distance
Moral Equality
Moral Innocence and Harm
►Non-Combatant Immunity
ral Legitimacy
MoMoral Luck
►Luck Egalitarianism
ral Reasoning
MoMulticulturalism
National Interest Thesis
►Compatriot Partiality Thesis
►Liberal Nationalism
►Nationalism
►Social Contract
ional Self-Determination
NatNationalism
Nationalism, Explanatory
Nationalism, Extended
Natural Rights
Needs
►Basic Needs
ative Duties
Neg►Duties, Positive and Negative
►Killing and Letting Die
ative Rights
NegNeoliberalism
Non-Combatant Immunity
Non-Ideal Moral Theory
Obligation to Future Generations
Odious Debts
Original Position
Owning Life
Pacifism
Pareto Optimality
Partiality
Paternalism
Patriarchy
Patriotism
Peace Education
Perfect Justice
►Rawls, John
►Sen, Amartya
petual Peace
PerPerpetual Peace: Abbe de Saint-Pierre
Perpetual Peace: Kant
Persecution
►Amnesty International
►Gay Rights
►Human Rights
►Human Rights Watch
►Torture
rmaceutical Justice
PhaPluralism
Political Allegiance
Political Authority
Political Autonomy
Political Constructivism
Political Cosmopolitanism
Political Ecology
Political Economy
Political Forgiveness
Political Freedom
►Falk, Richard
►Liberal Pluralism
►Political Autonomy
Topical Table of Contents xi
►Political Representation
►Politics of Recognition
itical Idealism
PolPolitical Leadership
►Gandhi, Mahatma
►Political Authority
itical Legitimacy
PolPolitical Liberalism
Political Obligation
Political Realism
►Compatriot Partiality Thesis
►Liberal Nationalism
►Lifeboat Ethics
►Political Liberalism
itical Reconciliation
Pol►Political Forgiveness
►Truth Commissions
itical Representation
PolPositive Duties
►Duties, Positive and Negative
itive Rights
PosPoverty
Preemptive War
Preference-Satisfaction
Preventive Diplomacy
►Dispute Resolution
►Preventive Non-Intervention
►Soft Power
►War, Just and Unjust
ventive Non-Intervention
PrePreventive War
Prima Facie Duties
Primary Goods
Prisoner’s Dilemma
Prisoners of War
►Geneva Conventions
►Punishment
►War Against Terrorism
►War, Just and Unjust
ceduralism
ProPropaganda
Property Rights
Public Good
►Common Good
lic Interest
PubPublic Reason
Punishment
Quality of Life
Racism
Realistic Utopia
Reciprocity
Recognition, the Politics of
Recognitional Legitimacy
Rectificatory Justice
Relative Poverty
Relativism
Relativity of Well-Being
Remedial Rights
►Secession
►Truth Commissions
arations
RepReproductive Rights
►Population Politics
►Poverty
►Quality of Life
ource Curse
ResResponsibility, Individual
Restorative Justice
►Truth Commissions
ribution
RetRetributive Justice
Revolution
Rights
Rule-Consequentialism
Sanctions
Second Original Position
Self-Determination
Separation of Church and State
Slavery
Social Contract
Socialism
Solidarity
Sovereignty
Special Obligations
Special Rights
Standard of Living
►Development Ethics
►Feminization of Poverty
►Quality of Life
►Relativity of Well-Being
te Terrorism
StaSubsidiarity Principle
Subsidies
Subsistence Resources
►Absolute Poverty
►Basic Needs
►Basic Rights
►Food Sovereignty
►Poverty
►Quality of Life
xii Topical Table of Contents
Subsistence Rights
Surrogacy, Transnational
Sustainable Development
Territorial Rights
Thin Universalism and Thick Localism
Toleration/Tolerance, Liberal Principle of
Transitional Justice
Transitional Justice in Africa
Transnational Citizenship
►Citizenship
►World Citizenship
►World Government
anny
TyrUbuntu
Unequal Exchange Theory
►Exploitation
►Fair Trade
►Imperialism
►Pogge, Thomas
ilateral Rights
UnUniversal Hospitality
Utilitarianism
Violence
Virtue Ethics
War Crimes
War, Just and Unjust
Wealth Gap
►Equality
►Global Democracy
►Global Difference Principle
►Global Distributive Justice
►Global Egalitarianism
►Global Poverty
►Moral Cosmopolitanism
de Reflective Equilibrium
WiWomen’s Rights
►Armed Conflict: Effect on Women
►Ecofeminism
►Feminist Ethics
►Gender Justice
►Feminization of Poverty
►Okin, Susan
►Shiva, Vandana
rking Poor
Wo►Labor
►Labor Laws
►Poverty
rld Citizenship
WoWorld Government
World Ownership
►Global Public Goods
►Global Public Sphere
►World Government
Institutions/OrganizationsAfrican Development Bank
Amnesty International
Bretton Woods Institutions
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
Democratic Institutions
►Global Democracy
elopment Institutions
Dev►Development Assistance
►Basic Needs
►United Nations: Right to Development
nomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Eco►Land Grab
opean Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Eur(EBRD)
►Basic Needs
►Development Assistance
opean Union (EU)
EurGlobal Commission on International Migration (GCIM)
►Refugees
meen Bank
GraGreenpeace
High Road for Human Rights
Human Development and Capability Association (HDCA)
Human Rights Watch
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
►Climate Change
►Global Warming
rnational Commission on Intervention and State
InteSovereignty (ICISS)
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
►International Criminal Court (ICC)
►International Criminal Justice
►International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
►International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia (ICTY)
rnational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
InteInternational Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural
Rights
International Criminal Court (ICC)
International Development Ethics Association (IDEA)
International Finance Cooperation (IFC)
►Free Trade
►International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Topical Table of Contents xiii
International Forum Against Globalization
►Globalization
►Third World Resistance
rnational Labour Organization (ILO)
Inte►Labor Laws
rnational Law Commission
Inte►International Law
rnational Monetary Fund (IMF)
InteLeague of Nations
Multinational Corporations
National Alliance for Tribal Self Rule (NATSR), India
►Indigenous Peoples
n-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
No►Amnesty International
►Global Governance
►Global Public
►Global Public Reason
►High Road for Human Rights
►Human Rights Watch
►Illegitimate States
►International Organizations
►O’Neill, Onora
►Owning Life
►Pax Natura
►Sen, Amartya
►Shiva, Vandana
►Treaty of Westphalia
►World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO)
►World Social Forum
rth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
No►International Organizations
anization for African Unity (OAU)
Org►African Development Bank
►Health and Health Care
►Human Rights: African Perspectives
►International Organizations
anization for Economic Cooperation and
OrgDevelopment (OECD)
►Development Assistance
►Fair Trade
►Global Taxation
anization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Org(OSCE)
►European Convention on Human Rights
►Human Trafficking
►International Organizations
►Subsidiarity Principle
►Terrorism
Organization of American States (OAS)
►Development Assistance
►Fair Trade
►International Organizations
anization of the PetroleumExporting Countries (OPEC)
OrgOxfam International
Pax Natura Foundation
Regional Human Rights Courts and Commissions
►Human Rights
►International Institutional Legitimacy
►International Law
ited Nations (UN)
Un►Global Governance
►Global Human Rights Culture
►Global Public Reason
►International Organizations
►Self-Determination
►United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea
►United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace Building
►United Nations: Reform
►United Nations: Right to Development
►Universal Declaration of Human Rights
ited Nations Agenda for Democratization
Un►Global Democracy
ited Nations Charter on Economic Rights andDuties of
UnStates
►Basic Rights
►Human Rights
►Positive Rights
ited Nations Democracy Fund
Un►Global Democracy
ited Nations Development Program (UNDP)
Un►Capabilities Approach
►Crocker, David
►Development Ethics
►Health and Health Care
►Human Development and Capability Association
(HDCA)
►Human Security
►International Development Ethics Association
(IDEA)
►Poverty
►Sen, Amartya
ited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
UnOrganization (UNESCO)
►Capabilities Approach
►Development Ethics
►Peace Education
xiv Topical Table of Contents
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
►Food
►Food Sovereignty
►Land Grab
ited Nations Human Rights Commission
Un►Ethical Globalization Initiative (EGI)
►Human Rights
►Human Rights: African Perspectives
ited Nations Security Council
Un►United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace Building
►United Nations: Reform
ited Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace Building
UnUnited Nations: Reform
United Nations: Right to Development
Working Women’s Forum (WWF), India
►Post-Colonialism
rld Bank (WB)
WoWorld Commission on Environment and Development
►Brundtland Commission
rld Health Organization (WHO)
Wo►Development Ethics
►Global Public Health
►Health and Health Care
►Pandemics
rld Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
WoWorld Social Forum
World Trade Organization (WTO)
►Alterglobalization
►Bandung Conference
►Doha Declaration
►General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
►Global Basic Structure
►International Organizations
►Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene
►Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Persons/ThinkersAgarwal, Bina
Ake, Claude
Appiah, Kwame Anthony
Arendt, Hannah
Augustine
Barber, Benjamin
Barry, Brian
Bauman, Zygmunt
Beitz, Charles
Benhabib, Seyla
Berger, John
Bohman, James
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
Boylan, Michael
Brock, Gillian
Buchanan, Allen
Cabrera, Luis
Caney, Simon
Chodosh, Hiram
Chomsky, Noam
Chumakov, Alexander N.
Chwaszcza, Christine
Cicero
Condorcet, N. Marquis de
Crocker, David
Dante
Derrida, Jacques
Dower, Nigel
Dryzek, John
Falk, Richard
Fanon, Frantz
►Human Rights: African Perspectives
►Imperialism
►Liberation Theology
►Violence
cault, Michel
FouGandhi, Mahatma
George, Henry
►Georgism
dhagen, Daniel Jonah
GolGould, Carol
Goulet, Denis
Grotius, Hugo
Habermas, Jurgen
Hardin, Garrett
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Held, David
Held, Virginia
Herodotus
Hobbes, Thomas
Honneth, Axel
Huntington, Samuel
Jefferson, Thomas
Kant, Immanuel
Kant, Immanuel: Contemporary Kantian Responses to
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Kukathas, Chandran
Kung, Hans
►Global Ethic
►World Citizenship
zi
LaoLocke, John
Topical Table of Contents xv
Luther, Martin
Mallat, Chibli
Mamdani, Mahmoud
►Human Rights: African Perspectives
o, Zedong
MaMarx, Karl
May, Larry
McBride, William
McMahan, Jeff
Mill, John Stuart
Miller, David
Miller, Richard
Moellendorf, Darrel
Nagel, Thomas
Narveson, Jan
Nickel, James
Nozick, Robert
Nussbaum, Martha C.
O’Neill, Onora
Okin, Susan
Pogge, Thomas
Rawls, John
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Rosenbaum, Thane
Rosenthal, Joel H.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
Russell, Bertrand
Sellers, Mortimer
Sen, Amartya
Seneca
Shiva, Vandana
Shue, Henry
Singer, Peter
Spinoza, Baruch
Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene
Tagore, Rabindranath
Talbott, William J.
Tamir, Yael
Tan, Kok-Chor
Teson, Fernando
Thucydides
Vitoria, Francisco de
Walzer, Michael
Wenar, Leif
Xunzi
Young, Iris Marion
Trends/Movements/Policies/TreatiesAdvocacy Organizations
►International Organizations
Afghanistan and Iraq Wars
al Qaeda
►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars
►Punishment
►Terrorism
►War Against Terrorism
erglobalization
AltAnimal Rights
Anti-Globalization Movements
►Alterglobalization
►Ecofeminism
►Shiva, Vandana
s Race
Arm►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars
►Chomsky, Noam
►Corporate Social Responsibility
►Corruption
►Dispute Resolution
►Foreign Policy
►Peace Education
►Pogge, Thomas
►Preventive Non-Intervention
►Preventive War
an Values Debate
AsiBandung Conference
Beijing Platform on Women
►Falk, Richard
►Gender Justice
►Okin, Susan
pal Tragedy
BhoBilateral Aid
►Development Assistance
►Basic Needs
bery
Bri►Corruption
►Foreign Policy
►Pogge, Thomas
►Poverty
ndtland Commission
BruCairo Declaration of Human Rights
Capital Punishment
Carbon Tax
Child Labor
Child Soldiers
Climate Change
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
►Okin, Susan
er Privacy
Cyb►Privacy
xvi Topical Table of Contents
Cyberwar
Debt Relief
Deforestation
►Pax Natura Foundation
►Sustainable Development
ocratic Nation Building
Dem►Doha Declaration
►Global Democracy
►Humanitarian Military Intervention
►Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military
►Human Right to Democracy
►Preventive Non-Intervention
ha Declaration
DoDrug Research and Human Experimentation
►Bioprospecting and Biopiracy
►Essential Medicines, Access to
►Organ Trafficking
►Owning Life
ty to Prosecute
DuEast Asian Economic Crisis
►International Monetary Fund (IMF)
►World Bank (WB)
feminism
EcoEmbargoes
►Foreign Policy
►Poverty
pire
EmEnemy Combatant
Environmental Protection
Environmental Regulations
►Environmental Protection
ical Globalization Initiative (EGI)
EthEuropean Convention on Human Rights
Failed States
►Development Assistance
►Development Ethics
►Duties of Assistance
r Trade
FaiFemale Genital Mutilation
Food
Foreign Aid
Foreign Policy
Free Trade
Gay Rights
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS)
►Free Trade
eva Conventions
GenGlobal Democracy Deficit
►Consensus/Justification
►Global Democracy
Global Human Rights Culture
Global Justice Project: Iraq
Global Public Sphere
Global Trafficking
►Human Trafficking
bal Warming
GloGlobalization
Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)
►Land Grab
antanamo Bay Prisoners
Gu►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars
►Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq
►Punishment
►Terrorism
►War Against Terrorism
ue Conventions
HagHuman Rights: African Perspectives
Human Trafficking
Inept States
►Poverty
►Rawls, John
llectual Property Rights
InteInternational Borrowing Privilege
►Debt Relief
rnational Criminal Justice
InteInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia (ICTY)
International Environmental Standards
►Climate Change
►Climate Justice
►Global Warming
rnational Labor Standards
InteInternational Legal Reform
►Chodosh, Hiram
►Global Democracy
►Global Justice
rnational Solidarity
Inte►Global Public Reason
►Solidarity
rvention, Non-Military
Inte►Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military
War Theory: Invasion of Iraq
JustKyoto Protocol
►Climate Change
►Climate Justice
►Global Warming
or Laws
LabLand Grab
Liberal Internationalism
Liberation Theology
Topical Table of Contents xvii
Mediation
►Chodosh, Hiram
►Dispute Resolution
ga-Cities
MeMoral Imperialism
Movement for the Emancipation of the Nile Delta
(MEND)
Nation Building
►Development Ethics
►Human Right to Democracy
►Humanitarian Aid
►Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military
►Humanitarian Military Intervention
►United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace
Building
International Economic Order
New►Globalization
n-Aligned Movement
No►Bandung Conference
rth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
No►Alterglobalization
►Fair Trade
►Free Trade
rth-South Division
No►Alterglobalization
►Ecofeminism
►Global Egalitarianism
►Global Justice
►Global Poverty
►Globalization
►Shiva, Vandana
clear Proliferation
Nu►Falk, Richard
►Russell, Bertrand
►State Terrorism
remberg Trials
NuOil
Organ Trafficking
Outsourcing
►Corporate Social Responsibility
►Globalization
demics
PanParis Peace Conference
Peace Versus Justice
Population Politics
Post-Colonial Feminism
►Colonialism
►Gender Justice
►Post-Colonialism
t-Colonialism
PosPrivacy
Protectionist Policies
►Free Trade
►International Organizations
►Third World Resistance
ugees
RefRendition, Extraordinary
►War Against Terrorism
Declaration
RioRogue States
►Humanitarian Military Intervention
►Rawls, John
►Tyranny
e Statute of 1998
RomRwanda
Secession
Singularity
Soft Power
Stockholm Conference, 1972
Technology
Terrorism
Third World Resistance
Tobin Tax
Torture
Trade Agreements
►Bandung Conference
►Doha Declaration
►Fair Trade
►Foreign Policy
►Free Trade
►Intellectual Property Rights
►Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene
►Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
de-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
TraTranshumanism
Treaty of Westphalia
Truth Commissions
UDHR
►Universal Declaration of Human Rights
►United Nations: Rights and Duties
ited Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Un►Development Ethics
►Free Trade
ited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UnUnited Nations Millennium Development Goals
►Health and Health Care
►Poverty
►Pogge, Thomas
ited Nations: Rights and Duties
UnUniversal Declaration of Human Rights
Vegetarianism
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
xviii Topical Table of Contents
Vienna Declaration on Human Rights
War Against Terrorism
Water
Weapons of Mass Destruction
►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars
►Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq
►War Against Terrorism
►War, Just and Unjust
men’s Movement
Wo►Ecofeminism
►Feminist Ethics
►Solidarity
atistas
ZapEditor-in-Chief
Deen K. Chatterjee
Department of Philosophy
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
Deen K. Chatterjee teaches philosophy at the University of Utah and is the series editor of Studies in Global Justice
(Springer), with nine volumes published in the series. His areas of specialization are political philosophy, applied ethics,
and philosophy of religion and culture.
Chatterjee’s publications include, most recently, Ethics of Preventive War (Cambridge University Press);Democracy in
a Global World: Human Rights and Political Participation in the 21st Century (Rowman and Littlefield); Ethics of
Assistance: Morality and the Distant Needy (Cambridge University Press); and Ethics and Foreign Intervention, with
Don E. Scheid (Cambridge University Press). Currently he is completing two monographs, one on the ethics of war and
peace and the other on cosmopolitan justice. In addition, he is editing two volumes, one with Martha Nussbaum on
Tagore’s philosophy of education and the other on feminism and multiculturalism. Besides contributing chapters in
several anthologies and encyclopedias, he has published articles and reviews in The Monist, Metaphilosophy, Ethics and
International Affairs, Ethics, The Journal of Moral Philosophy, Social Philosophy Today, and The Good Society.
Chatterjee has been a member of the American Philosophical Association’s Advisory Committee on Applied Ethics
(Eastern Division) and has been a two-term member of the Association’s Committee on International Cooperation.
Editorial Board
Associate Editors
NKIRUKA AHIAUZU
University of Wales
UK
ELIZABETH ASHFORD
University of St. Andrews
UK
CHRISTIAN BARRY
Australian National University
Australia
CHANDRA KALA BHADRA
Tribhuvan University
Nepal
MICHAEL BLAKE
University of Washington
USA
GILLIAN BROCK
University of Auckland
New Zealand
CHRISTINE CHWASZCZA
Philosophisches Seminar der Uni Koeln
Germany
SHANNON FRENCH
US Naval Academy
USA
CHRISTOPHER KILBY
Villanova University
USA
RAHUL KUMAR
Queen’s University
Canada
MONICA MOOKHERJEE
Keele University
UK
JEREMY MOSS
University of Melbourne
Australia
COLLEEN MURPHY
Texas A & M University
USA
REECE NEWMAN
Forum for Questioning Minds
USA
JUHA RAIKKA
University of Turku
Finland
SALLY SCHOLZ
Villanova University
USA
ASUNCION LERA ST. CLAIR
University of Bergen
Norway
HELEN STACY
Stanford Law School
USA
RONALD TINNEVELT
Radboud University Nijmegen
The Netherlands
xxii Editorial Board
Editorial Advisors
BINA AGARWAL
University of Delhi
India
KWAME ANTHONY APPIAH
Princeton University
USA
CHARLES BEITZ
Princeton University
USA
SEYLA BENHABIB
Yale University
USA
ALLEN BUCHANAN
Duke University
USA
LUIS CAMACHO
University of Costa Rica
Costa Rica
HIRAM CHODOSH
University of Utah
USA
ALEXANDER CHUMAKOV
Moscow Academy of Law
Russia
TONY COADY
University of Melbourne
Australia
JOSHUA COHEN
Stanford University
USA
ADELA CORTINA
University of Valencia
Spain
DAVID CROCKER
University of Maryland
USA
MICHAEL DOYLE
Columbia University
USA
MYRTO DRAGONA-MONACHOU
University of Athens
Greece
RICHARD FALK
University of California, Santa Barbara
USA
TOM FARER
University of Denver
USA
DESMOND GASPER
Institute of Social Studies
The Netherlands
SAAD EDDIN IBRAHIM
American University of Cairo
Egypt
TAKASHI INOGUCHI
Chuo University
Japan
IOANNA KUCURADI
Hacetteppe University
Turkey
CHANDRAN KUKATHAS
London School of Economics
UK
HANS KUNG
Global Ethic Foundation
Germany
WILL KYMLICKA
Queen’s University
Canada
STEPHEN MACEDO
Princeton University
USA
Editorial Board xxiii
LARRY MAY
Vanderbilt University
USA
and
Charles Sturt and Australian National
Universities
Australia
ALISTAIR MACLEOD
Queen’s University
Canada
WILLIAM MCBRIDE
Purdue University
USA
JEFF MCMAHAN
Rutgers University
USA
DAVID MILLER
Oxford University
UK
RICHARD MILLER
Cornell University
USA
ROBERT NEWMAN
University of Utah
USA
MARTHA NUSSBAUM
University of Chicago
USA
ONORA O’NEILL
Cambridge University
UK
{Deceased
SAMANTHA POWER
Harvard University
USA
MARY ROBINSON
Ethical Globalization Initiative
USA
JOEL H. ROSENTHAL
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
USA
AMARTYA SEN
Harvard University
USA
ARJUN SENGUPTA{
Centre for Development and Human Rights
India
HENRY SHUE
Oxford University
UK
PETER SINGER
Princeton University
USA
and
University of Melbourne
Australia
GU SU
Nanjing University
China
JEREMY WALDRON
New York University
USA
MICHAEL WALZER
Institute for Advanced Study
USA
xxiv Editorial Board
Editorial Assistants
KATHY GLASS
Redway, CA
USA
SUMMER OSBURN
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
LYNETTE E. SIEGER
New York University
USA
List of Contributors
DAVID ALVAREZ
Yale Global Justice Program
Department of Sociology, Political Science and
Philosophy
University of Vigo
Vigo
Spain
ROBERT P. ABELE
Department of Humanities and Philosophy
Diablo Valley College
Pleasant Hill, CA
USA
JACOB AFFOLTER
Department of Philosophy
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY
USA
NKIRUKA AHIAUZU
Department of Law & Criminology
University of Wales
Aberystwyth
Ceredigion
UK
MICHAEL ALLEN
Department of Philosophy
East Tennessee State University
Johnson City, TN
USA
ANDY AMATO
School of Arts & Humanities
University of Texas at Dallas
Richardson, TX
USA
SHARON ANDERSON-GOLD
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)
Troy, NY
USA
ROSS C. ANDERSON
High Road for Human Rights
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
CHRIS ARMSTRONG
School of Social Sciences
University of Southampton
Southampton
UK
YUBRAJ ARYAL
Philosophy and Literature Program
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
USA
HARRIET E. BABER
Department of Philosophy
University of San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA
GORDON A. BABST
Department of Political Science
Wilkinson College
Chapman University
Orange, CA
USA
AMRITA BANERJEE
Department of Philosophy
University of Oregon
Eugene, OR
USA
ALYSSA R. BERNSTEIN
Department of Philosophy
Ohio University
Athens, OH
USA
xxvi List of Contributors
ERIC BLUMENSON
Suffolk University Law School
Boston, MA
USA
DAVID BOERSEMA
Department of Philosophy
Pacific University
Forest Grove, OR
USA
MICHAEL BOYLAN
Department of Philosophy
Marymount University
Arlington, VA
USA
AVI BRISMAN
Department of Anthropology
Emory University
Atlanta, GA
USA
GILLIAN BROCK
Department of Philosophy
University of Auckland
Auckland
New Zealand
MICHAEL BUCKLEY
Department of Philosophy
Lehman College
City University of New York
Bronx, NY
USA
LUIS CABRERA
Department of Political Science and
International Studies
University of Birmingham
Edgbaston, Birmingham
UK
STEPHEN F. CAPONE, JR.
Department of Philosophy
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
HENRY F. CHIP CAREY
Department of Political Science
Georgia State University
Atlanta, GA
USA
DEEN K. CHATTERJEE
Department of Philosophy
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
HIRAM CHODOSH
S.J. Quinney College of Law
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
RYOA CHUNG
Department of Philosophy
University of Montreal
Montreal, QC
Canada
ROBERT PAUL CHURCHILL
Department of Philosophy
Columbian College of Arts & Sciences
George Washington University
Washington, DC
USA
WILLIAM W. CLOHESY
Department of Philosophy and World Religions
University of Northern Iowa
Cedar Falls, IA
USA
JULIAN CULP
Justitia Amplificata–Centre for Advanced Studies
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt
Frankfurt am Main
Germany
RANDALL CURREN
Department of Philosophy
University of Rochester
Rochester, NY
USA
List of Contributors xxvii
ALEX CURRIT
Department of Sociology
Brigham Young University
Provo, UT
USA
YOSSI DAHAN
The Academic Center of Law and Business
Ramat Gan
Israel
OMAR DAHBOUR
Department of Philosophy
Hunter College
City University of New York
New York, NY
USA
RAMON DAS
School of History, Philosophy
Political Science and International Relations
Victoria University
Wellington
New Zealand
HELDER DE SCHUTTER
Centre for Ethics, Social and Political Philosophy
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Leuven
Belgium
MATT DEATON
Department of Philosophy
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN
USA
JUDITH WAGNER DECEW
Department of Philosophy
Clark University
Worcester, MA
USA
CRISTIAN DIMITRIU
Department of Philosophy
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON
Canada
JOHN J. DONOHUE
CEMAM, Centre d’Etudes pour le Monde Arabe
Moderne
St. Joseph’s University
Beirut
Lebanon
JAY DRYDYK
Department of Philosophy
Carleton University
Ottawa, ON
Canada
DAVID A. DUQUETTE
St. Norbert College
De Pere, WI
USA
TEPPO ESKELINEN
Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy
University of Jyvaskyla
Jyvaskyla
Finland
STEPHEN L. ESQUITH
Residential College in Arts and Humanities
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI
USA
JEFF EWING
Department of Sociology
University of Oregon
Eugene, OR
USA
ARNOLD L. FARR
Department of Philosophy
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY
USA
CHRISTOPHER J. FINLAY
Department of Political Science and
International Studies
University of Birmingham
Edgbaston, Birmingham
UK
xxviii List of Contributors
MILTON FISK
Indiana University
Bloomington, IN
USA
FRED E. FOLDVARY
Civil Society Institute
Santa Clara University
Santa Clara, CA
USA
HELEN FROWE
University of Kent
School of European Culture and Languages
Canterbury
UK
DES GASPER
Public Policy and Management/Staff Group on States,
Societies and World Development
International Institute of Social Studies (of Erasmus
University Rotterdam)
The Hague
The Netherlands
WILLIAM C. GAY
Department of Philosophy
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Charlotte, NC
USA
GUNTHER GEBHARDT
Global Ethic Foundation
Tubingen
Germany
ALEXANDRA E. GEORGE
Faculty of Law
University of New South Wales
Sydney, NSW
Australia
KEVIN M. GRAHAM
Department of Philosophy
Creighton University
Omaha, NE
USA
WENDY C. HAMBLET
Department of Liberal Studies
North Carolina Agricultural and
Technical State University
Greensboro, NC
USA
WAYNE B. HANEWICZ
Department of Humanities/Philosophy
Utah Valley University
Orem, UT
USA
JAMIE HARDY
Department of Philosophy
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
TRISTIN S. HASSELL
Department of Philosophy
Oakland University
Rochester, MI
USA
NICOLE HASSOUN
Department of Philosophy
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA
USA
HAYE HAZENBERG
Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Leuven
Belgium
SIRKKU K. HELLSTEN
Department of Political and Economic Studies/Social
and Moral Philosophy
University of Helsinki
Helsinki
Finland
KENNETH HENLEY
Department of Philosophy
Florida International University
Miami, FL
USA
List of Contributors xxix
HARRISON HIBBERT
Department of Philosophy
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
USA
ROBERT W. HOAG
Department of Philosophy and Religion
Berea College
Berea, KY
USA
CINDY HOLDER
Department of Philosophy
University of Victoria
Victoria, BC
Canada
ZACHARY HOSKINS
Department of Philosophy
Washington University
St. Louis, MO
USA
PAUL M. HUGHES
Department of Literature, Philosophy, and the Arts
University of Michigan – Dearborn
Dearborn, MI
USA
DAVID MICHAEL JACKSON
Department of Philosophy
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
ANA JELNIKAR
Science and Research Centre of Koper
University of Primorska
Ljubljana
Slovenia
RYAN JENKINS
Department of Philosophy
University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder, CO
USA
JOSHUA J. KASSNER
Division of Legal, Ethical, and Historical Studies
University of Baltimore
Baltimore, MD
USA
FREDERIK KAUFMAN
Department of Philosophy and Religion
Ithaca College
Ithaca, NY
USA
KAI ANA MAKANOE KAIKAULAOKAWEILAHA KAULULAAU
Department of Philosophy
California State University
Los Angeles, CA
USA
PAULINE M. KAURIN
Department of Philosophy
Pacific Lutheran University
Tacoma, WA
USA
LORI KELEHER
Department of Philosophy
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, NM
USA
DAVID R. KELLER
Department of Philosophy
Utah Valley University
Orem, UT
USA
CHRISTOPHER KILBY
Department of Economics
Villanova University
Villanova, PA
USA
MEGAN KIME
Department of Philosophy
The University of Sheffield
Sheffield
UK
xxx List of Contributors
ZENIA KISH
Department of Social and Cultural Analysis
New York University
New York, NY
USA
AVERY KOLERS
Department of Philosophy
University of Louisville
Louisville, KY
USA
KOSTAS KOUKOUZELIS
Department of Philosophy & Social Studies
University of Crete
Rethymno
Crete
Greece
HELENE LANDEMORE
Department of Political Science
Yale University
New Haven, CT
USA
BRUCE M. LANDESMAN
Department of Philosophy
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
ANTHONY J. LANGLOIS
School of International Studies
Flinders University
Adelaide
Australia
KENNETH LASSON
School of Law
University of Baltimore
Baltimore, MD
USA
WIN-CHIAT LEE
Department of Philosophy
Wake Forest University
Winston-Salem, NC
USA
HANNA LERNER
Department of Political Science
Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv
Israel
COURTLAND LEWIS
Department of Philosophy
University of Tennessee
Pellissippi State Technical Community College
Knoxville, TN
USA
JOHANNA LUTTRELL
Department of Philosophy
University of Oregon
Eugene, OR
USA
ANNA MALAVISI
Department of Philosophy
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI
USA
CHIBLI MALLAT
S.J. Quinney College of Law
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
RAFFAELE MARCHETTI
Department of History and Political Science
Luiss University
Rome
Italy
JAMES R. MAXEINER
School of Law
Center for International and Comparative Law
University of Baltimore
Baltimore, MD
USA
JAMIE MAYERFELD
Department of Political Science
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
List of Contributors xxxi
DAVID MCCABE
Department of Philosophy
Colgate University
Hamilton, NY
USA
COREY MCCALL
Department of Philosophy and Religion
Elmira College
Elmira, NY
USA
PATRICIA L. MCCARNEY
Political Science and Global City Indicators Facility
John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape
and Design
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON
Canada
U. EDWARD MCDOUGALL
Department of Philosophy
University of Durham
Durham
UK
MARGARET A. MCLAREN
Department of Philosophy
Rollins College
Winter Park, FL
USA
THADDEUS METZ
Department of Philosophy
University of Johannesburg
Auckland Park
Republic of South Africa
FAINA MILMAN-SIVAN
Haifa University
Haifa
Israel
MICHAEL MINCH
Department of Philosophy/Humanities
Utah Valley University
Orem, UT
USA
ANASTASIA V. MITROFANOVA
Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry for
Foreign Affairs
Moscow
Russia
KAREN MIZELL
Department of Philosophy and Humanities
Utah Valley University
Orem, UT
USA
WILLIAM B. T. MOCK
The John Marshall Law School
Chicago, IL
USA
DIMITRIOS (JIM) MOLOS
Department of Philosophy
Faculty of Law
Queen’s University
Kingston, ON
Canada
ANNA MOLTCHANOVA
Department of Philosophy
Carleton College
Northfield, MN
USA
MONICA MOOKHERJEE
SPIRE (Politics, International Relations and Philosophy)
Keele University
Keele, Staffordshire
UK
MARY LEE MORRISON
Pax Educare, Inc.
Central Connecticut State University
Hartford, CT
USA
MATTHEW MOSDELL
Department of Philosophy
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
xxxii List of Contributors
GREG MOSES
Department of Philosophy
St. Edwards University
Austin, TX
USA
SUSAN P. MURPHY
School of Politics and International Relations
University College Dublin
Dublin
Ireland
COLLEEN MURPHY
Department of Philosophy
Texas A & M University
College Station, TX
USA
PETER MURRAY
Department of Philosophy
University at Albany, State University of New York
Albany, NY
USA
MALCOLM MURRAY
Department of Philosophy
University of Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown, PEI
Canada
TODD ERIC MYERS
Center for Asian and Pacific Studies
San Diego State University
San Diego, CA
USA
ROSLYN MYERS
Department of Criminal Justice
John Jay College of Criminal Justice and
Fordham Law School
New York, NY
USA
STEPHEN NATHANSON
Department of Philosophy
Northeastern University
Boston, MA
USA
MARK C. NAVIN
Department of Philosophy
Oakland University
Rochester, MI
USA
BLAIN NEUFELD
Department of Philosophy
College of Letters and Science
University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee
Milwaukee, WI
USA
TRACEY NICHOLLS
Department of Philosophy
Lewis University
Romeoville, IL
USA
DOUGLAS PALETTA
Department of Philosophy
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA
USA
JEFFREY PARIS
Department of Philosophy
College of Arts and Sciences
University of San Francisco
San Francisco, CA
USA
ASHWANI PEETUSH
Department of Philosophy
Wilfrid Laurier University
Waterloo, ON
Canada
CHRISTOPHER PENFIELD
Department of Philosophy
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
USA
PETER PENZ
Centre for Refugee Studies
York University
Toronto, ON
Canada
List of Contributors xxxiii
CAROLINA PEREIRA-SAEZ
School of Law
University of La Coruna
La Coruna
Spain
MONIKA PIOTROWSKA
Department of Philosophy
Florida International University
Miami, FL
USA
ARUN KUMAR POKHREL
Department of English
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL
USA
MICHAEL K. POTTER
Centre for Teaching and Learning
University of Windsor
Windsor, ON
Canada
RAPHAEL PRAIS
Government Legal Service
London
UK
ANURADHA PRAKASH
Crean School of Health & Life Sciences
Chapman University
Orange, CA
USA
GAIL M. PRESBEY
College of Liberal Arts and Education
University of Detroit Mercy
Detroit, MI
USA
JUHA RAIKKA
Department of Behavioural Sciences and Philosophy
University of Turku
Turku
Finland
KEISHA RAY
Department of Philosophy
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
HENRY S. RICHARDSON
Department of Philosophy
Georgetown University
Washington, DC
USA
WALTER J. RIKER
Department of Philosophy
University of West Georgia
Carrollton, GA
USA
LISA RIVERA
Department of Philosophy
University of Massachusetts – Boston
Boston, MA
USA
RODNEY C. ROBERTS
Department of Philosophy
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC
USA
KIRK ROBINSON
Western Wildlife Conservancy
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
WADE L. ROBISON
Department of Philosophy
Rochester Institute of Technology
Rochester, NY
USA
JORDY ROCHELEAU
Department of History and Philosophy
Austin Peay State University
Clarksville, TN
USA
xxxiv List of Contributors
KENNETH A. RODMAN
Department of Government
Colby College
Waterville, ME
USA
JAMES E. ROPER
Department of Philosophy
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI
USA
CHARLES ROSENBERG
Milwaukee, WI
USA
ALEXANDER SAGER
Department of Philosophy
Portland State University
Portland, OR
USA
YAZID SAID
Centre for Research on Religion
McGill University
Montreal, QC
Canada
EDWARD SANKOWSKI
Department of Philosophy
University of Oklahoma
Norman, OK
USA
DON E. SCHEID
Department of Philosophy
Winona State University
Winona, MN
USA
SALLY J. SCHOLZ
Department of Philosophy
Villanova University
Villanova, PA
USA
JUSTIN SCHWARTZ
The John Marshall Law School
Chicago, IL
USA
JANET A. SEIZ
Department of Economics
Grinnell College
Grinnell, IA
USA
BONGRAE SEOK
Department of Humanities/Philosophy
Alvernia University
Reading, PA
USA
LYNETTE E. SIEGER
Gallatin School
New York University
New York, NY
USA
GARY M. SIMPSON
Department of Theology
Luther Seminary
St. Paul, MN
USA
ERIC SMAW
Department of Philosophy and Religion
Rollins College
Winter Park, FL
USA
NANCY E. SNOW
Department of Philosophy
Marquette University
Milwaukee, WI
USA
RICHARD STITH
School of Law
Valparaiso University
Valparaiso, IN
USA
SOPHIA A. STONE
Department of Philosophy
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
USA
List of Contributors xxxv
CHRISTINE STRAEHLE
Graduate School of Public and International Affairs
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, ON
Canada
CASSIE ANN STRIBLEN
Department of Philosophy
West Chester University
West Chester, PA
USA
JEFFREY SWINDLE
Department of Sociology
Brigham Young University
Provo, UT
USA
JENNIFER SZENDE
Department of Philosophy
Queen’s University
Kingston, ON
Canada
HERVE TCHUMKAM
Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures
Southern Methodist University
Dallas, TX
USA
NICOLAUS TIDEMAN
Department of Economics
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA
USA
RONALD TINNEVELT
Department of Philosophy of Law
Radboud University Nijmegen
Nijmegen
The Netherlands
RANDALL TOLPINRUD
Pax Natura Foundation
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
LAWRENCE TORCELLO
Department of Philosophy
Rochester Institute of Technology
Rochester, NY
USA
LEE TREPANIER
Department of Political Science
Saginaw Valley State University
University Center, MI
USA
PETER SHIU-HWA TSU
Philosophy Program
Research School of Social Sciences
Australian National University
Canberra, ACT
Australia
ERICKA TUCKER
Department of Philosophy
Cal Poly Pomona
Pomona, CA
USA
DORIS UNGER
SoCuM
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Mainz
Germany
SUSANNE UUSITALO
Department of Behavioural Sciences and Philosophy
University of Turku
Turku
Finland
CHRISTIEN VAN DEN ANKER
Department of Politics, Philosophy and
International Relations
University of the West of England
Bristol
UK
STEVE VANDERHEIDEN
Department of Political Science
University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder, CO
USA
xxxvi List of Contributors
HELGA VARDEN
Department of Philosophy
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, IL
USA
SANDRA WACHHOLZ
Department of Criminology
University of Southern Maine
Portland, ME
USA
PAUL WARREN
Department of Philosophy
Florida International University
Miami, FL
USA
MELISSA A. WATERS
School of Law
Washington University in St. Louis
St. Louis, MO
USA
TIMOTHY A. WEIDEL
Department of Philosophy
Loyola University Chicago
Chicago, IL
USA
CHRIS WEIGEL
Department of Philosophy
Utah Valley University
Orem, UT
USA
ALEX WELLINGTON
Department of Philosophy
Ryerson University
Toronto, ON
Canada
CHRISTOPHER HEATH WELLMAN
Department of Philosophy
Washington University in St. Louis
St. Louis, MO
USA
and
CAPPE, Charles Sturt University
Australia
KATHLEEN J. WININGER
Department of Philosophy & Women and Gender
Studies
University of Southern Maine
Portland, ME
USA
MORTON WINSTON
Department of Philosophy and Religion
The College of New Jersey
Ewing, NJ
USA
RAFAŁ WONICKI
Department of Philosophy and Sociology
University of Warsaw
Warsaw
Poland
SHAUN PATRICK YOUNG
McLaughlin College and York Centre for Practical Ethics
York University
Toronto, ON
Canada
NOAM ZION
Hartman Institute
Jerusalem
Israel
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