Enabling Global Open Access through Collaboration

Enabling Global Open Access through Collaboration

Leslie ChanInternational StudiesNew Media studiesUniversity of Toronto at Scarborough

Opening Doors, Open Minds - The Open Access MovementSpecial Libraries AssociationWashington, DC ChapterApril 6, 2006

Agenda

• Motivations for OA• International Initiatives• The Dual Road to OA

– Institutional Repositories - Current Status– Open Access Journals - Bioline

International as a case study

• Roles of Libraries in the Global OA Movement

Why Open Access?

Open Access is intended to improve research access, thereby maximizing research impact

Equalize the north-south flow of knowledge, thereby creating a truly global knowledge commons

The countries that move early to build a 21st century Research Communications System – harnessing the full power of “open access” – will be the leaders in building tomorrow’s knowledge economies and innovative societies

Arthur J. CartyNational Science Advisor to the Prime Minister, CanadaInternational Association of Technological University Librarie, Quebec 31 May 2005

Opportunities ?

“African countries need to have in place appropriate mechanisms and infrastructure for training and exploitation of knowledge. This will enable them to make meaningful evidence-based policy, in order adequately to address local needs and participate in the international community on science and technology issues.”

Network of the African Science Academies and the science academies from the G8 countries (2005)http://www.scidev.net/pdffiles/jointstatement.pdf

Challenges ?

Paradox of R&D and Scholarly Communications

Emphasis on generation of research - lack of attention to its dissemination, even less attention on preservation and stewardship

Publicly funded research results privately owned

Eagerness to translate university research into marketable products

Growing “enclosure” of the knowledge commons

Open Access ? Scholarly literature that are freely

available online Primarily peer-reviewed journal

publications Directed at publicly funded research Free from price barrier Free from permission barrier Free to copy and reuse Free to distribute

But who pays?

Government and other funding bodies

Commercial Publishers

Universities and Researchers

$

Primary Content

“Value-added” Content

$

From a closed loop…

Government and other funding bodies

Commercial Publishers

Universities and Researchers

$

Primary Content

“Value-added” Content

$$

$

Libr

arie

s

Government and other funding bodies

Commercial Publishers

Universities and Researchers

$

Primary Content

“Value-added” Content

$$

$

Open AccessArchives

Open AccessJournals

Value-added service

Libr

arie

s

Government and other funding bodies

Commercial Publishers

Universities and Researchers

$

Primary Content

“Value-added” Content

$

$

Open AccessArchives

Open AccessJournals

Value-added service

Libraries$ From a closed

loop…to a open circle

Other problems

Data, information, knowledge highly fragmented High cost of research literature Divergence of information systems Lost of digital information Indigenous knowledge systems poorly represented -

“lost” science

Lost of research impact worldwide and Incomplete view of science and scholarship

Added benefits of OA

Increase citation impact and hence return on investment

Raise institutional prestige New usage of research results Promote collaboration and broaden

participation Enable new service and business models Enhance public subsidies

International Initiatives

• Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002)• Berlin Declaration on Open Access (2003)• World Summit on the Information Society, Geneva (2003):

Principles and Plan of Actions; Tunis Commitment, Tunisia (2005)

• OECD Ministerial Declaration on Access to Research Data (2004)

• IFLA Statement on Open Access (2004)• Funding agencies moving towards open access policies

– Wellcome Trust (UK)– RCUK (UK)– NIH (US)– SSHRC (Canada) – German Research Council

• Salvador Declaration on Open Access: the developing world perspective (Sept. 2005)

Most recent developments

• European Commission– Economic and Technical Evolution of the

Scientific Publication Markets in Europe (April, 2006)

• Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR)– Committee to draft OA policy on publicly

funded health research in Canada (April 2006)

Recent OA Meetings• Open Access for Developing Countries, 9th International

Congress on Medical Librarianship, 20-23 September 2005, Salvador, Brazil– http://www.icml9.org/meetings/openaccess/public/document

s/declaration.htm• International Conference on Strategies and Policies on Open

Access to Scientific Information, Beijing, China (2005)• Workshops on Open Access Repositories, MS Swamanathan

Research Foundation, Chennai, India, 2003• OSI organized workshops in S. Africa (2003), Ukraine (2005),

Lithuania (2005)• Series of OAI meeting in Geneva and Berlin meetings

How to provide Open Access?

Budapest Open Access InitiativeBOAI

Recommends two complementary strategies to open access: 1. Publish in Open Access Journals 2. Publish in conventional journal and

Self-Archive a copy of the published paper in one’s institutional archive

There are variations and hybrid approaches to the above

Implementing the dual open-access strategies:Gold and Green

Open-Access Journals(OAJ) (BOAI-1)

Open-Access Institutional Self-Archiving

(OAA) (BOAI-2)

Implementing the dual open-access strategies:Gold and Green

Open-Access Publishing(OAJ) (BOAI-1)

1. Create or Convert to open-access journals

2. Ensure contents are accessible

3. Persuade funding bodies to support open access journals

4. Encourage authors to submit to OA journals

But worldwide, only ~18%

(4000/22000) of peer-reviewed

journals areOpen Access. The remaining

72% are still toll access.

Implementing the dual open-access strategies:Gold and Green

Open-Access Publishing(OAJ) (BOAI-1)

1. Create or Convert to open-access journals

2. Ensure contents are accessible

3. Persuade funding bodies to support open access journals

4. Encourage authors to submit to OA journals

Open-Access Institutional Self-Archiving

(OAA) (BOAI-2)

1. Scientific bodies, research and HE institutions to set up digital repositories and collect papers from their members .

2. Encourage researchers to deposit their paper as a matter of course

Open Access Literature

Non-Open Access

Literature

Open Access Literature

Non-Open Access

Literature

Open Access Literature

Non-Open Access

Literature

Open Access Literature

Non-Open

Access Literature

Open Access Literature

Non-Open Access

Literature

Open Access Literature

Non-Open Access

Literature

Open Access Literature

Non-Open Access Literature

How many authors are self-archiving?

Location Pre-print Post-print

Personal web page 16% 26%

Institutional (or departmental) archive

15% 22%

Centralised (subject-based) archive

9% 13%

Study on Study on open access publishingopen access publishing funded by funded by UK JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee) UK JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee)

(Key Perspective Ltd. Feb 2004)(Key Perspective Ltd. Feb 2004)

Top 10 countries with the most registered archives

Data from the Registry of Open Access Repositories, March 30, 06

Warm and Hot Spots of Open Access

Brazil

• SciELO• IBICT (Brazilian Institute of Information on Science and Technology) Instituto

Brasileiro de Informacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia

India

• IAS

• INSA

• IISc

• MedKnow

• Medler Centre

Part 2 Bioline International http://www.bioline.org.br

Core Partners

EPT, UK

CRIA, Brazil

UT, Canada

Funding Support

• University of Toronto Libraries

• Department of Social Sciences, U of T at Scarborough

• Open Society Institute. Information Access Program

What is Bioline International?• Electronic aggregator of full text

journals from developing countries• OAI data provider• Development project - using open

source software and open standards• Aims to influence scholarly

communication practices and access to research literature

• Will open access improve the visibility and impact of journals from developing countries?

Journals from developing worldLimited circulation

Poor visibility and readership

Limited recognition

Fewer citations

Fewer authors and subscriptions

Circle oflimited

accessibility

Why Bioline International?

• Publications from developing countries are poorly represented in the “big deal”

• Making the “lost science” visible

• Bridging the South-North knowledge gap

• Better understanding of global science

Increased visibility

• Traditional directories and indexes ( e.g. EBSCO’s A-Z service, Ulrich’s Serials Directory)

• Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), African Journal Online (AJOL), Virtual Health Library of Latin America and Caribbean (BRIME), ISI Web Content

• Accessibility from library catalogs through OpenURL

• Soon accessible through HINARI and AGORA

• OAI compliant search services (e.g. Oaister, Google, Scirus)

Journal Articles* 2002** 2003 2004 2005Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2,247 11,526 33,001 111,626 362,511

African Journal of Biotechnology 296 249 11,948 42,012 117,696Neurology India 682 N/A 13,295 39,156 108,527Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 592 2,635 28,187 40,975 102,999Agricultura Técnica (Chile) 297 856 9,946 25,812 95,454Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 239 N/A 9,169 34,637 94,582African Crop Science Journal 368 6,319 18,556 35,474 88,878Indian Journal of Surgery 327 N/A 11,256 35,399 61,822

Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 222 N/A 7,894 42,402 52,666Indian J. of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 381 N/A 1,489 13,649 50,179

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine

• Quarterly journal• Print circulation <400

– Limited to school

• Paid subscription <50– Majority from India

• 50-80 articles published / year

www.jpgmonline.comwww.jpgmonline.com

Making more accessibleJPGM at BiolineJPGM at Bioline

Archived at multiple placesJPGM at OAI serverJPGM at OAI server

JPGM at PubMedJPGM at PubMed

On click accessOn click access

JPGM at DOAJJPGM at DOAJ

Circle of Accessibility

JPGMPubMed

Directories e.g. DOAJ

OAI serversEprints, T-Space

Bioline International

SearchEngines

Librarycatalogues

OAI servicese.g. OAIster.org

Downloads and visitors

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 Oct-05 Nov-05

Monthly visitorsArticle downloads

Data: D.K. Sahu

Geographic distribution of visitors Geographic distribution of visitors (n = 500)(n = 500)

Article submissions

140186

312

436

620

780

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

International submissions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

From IndiaOverseas

Projected Impact Factor

0.02

0.11

0.24

0.41

0.82

0.95

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Economics of OA-P for India

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

Print Mailing Web

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Effect of OA on subscriptions

OA as a tool for disseminationOpen access

Increased visibility

Larger readership

Wider recognition

Increased citations

More authors

and other benefits

Circle ofaccessibility

Conclusions• OA is increasing the visibility, accessibility

and impact of some of the journals from developing countries

• Google is king?• Need to develop value-added service with

OA databases and Open Standards• Alternative measure of research impact is

emerging but OA is the foundation

Questions?