View
224
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
1/51
EMERGING FOODBORNE
PATHOGENSProf. Dr. rfan EROL, DVM, Ph.D.Turkish Representative of World Vet. Assoc.
Department of Food Hygiene and TechnologySchool of Veterinary MedicineAnkara University
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
2/51
Despite advances in hygiene, consumerknowledge, food treatment and processing,foodborne diseases mediated by pathogenicmicroorganisms or microbial toxins still
represent a significant treat to public healthworldwide.
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
3/51
Globally, the WHO hasestimated that
approximately 1.5 billionepisodes of diarrhea andmore than 3 million deathsoccurred in children under
5 years of age, and asignificant proportion ofthese results fromconsumption of foodmainly food of animalorigin with microbialpathogens and toxins
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
4/51
Emerging & Reemerging Zoonotic
Diseases
60 % of the human pathogens are zoonotic
75 % of emerging zoonotic
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
5/51
Emerging Foodborne Pathogens
Definition:
those causing illnesses that have onlyrecently appearedor been recognised in a
population or that are well recognised but arerapidly increasingin incidence or geographicrange
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
6/51
Appeared recently
Extended to new vehicles of transmission
Started to increase rapidly in incidence orgeographic range
Been widespread for many years but onlyrecently identified through new or increased
knowledge or methods of identification andanalysis of the disease agent
Emerging Foodborne Diseases
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
7/51
Pose a threat to all persons; no matter onage, sex, lifestyle or socio-economic statusetc.
Feel pain and death
Economic impact
Emerging Foodborne Diseases
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
8/51
Changes in environment (technology, climate, etc)
Mass production and globalisation of food supply
Economic development
International travel and trade
Changing character of the population
Breakdown in public health Lifestyle changes
Microbial adaptation
Emerging Foodborne Diseases
Major trends
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
9/51
Emerging Foodborne Pathogens
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites Prion
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
10/51
Emerging foodborne bacteria
Salmonella(multidrug resistant strain)
Campylobacter jejuni
E. coliO157:H7
Listeria monocytogenes
S. aureusMRSA
Vibrio vulnificus
Yersinia enterocolitica
Arcobacterspp.
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
11/51
Emerging foodborne viruses
Hepatit A and E
Norovirus
(Avian influenza, AI)
http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/01.27/images/virusred.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/01.27/polio_story.html&h=200&w=200&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpolio%2Bvirus%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dtr%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=www.montana.edu/wwwpb/ag/norwalkcolorsm.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/ag/norwalk.html&h=218&w=216&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnorwalk%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dtr%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-88/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
12/51
Emerging foodborne parasites
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Anisakisspp.
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
13/51
Foodborne outbreaks 1996 - 2006
Cryptosporidiosis, Leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis
Brucellosis, E. coli0157, Salmonellosis
BSE
Reference: WHO
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
14/51
Reference: CDC
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
15/51
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
16/51
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
17/51
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
18/51
WHO Surveillance Programme for Control of Foodborne Infections and Intoxications inEurope 8th Report 1999-2000 Country Reports: Turkey
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
19/51
Pathogen Emerging foodborne diseaesesestimated annually
Cases No. of No. ofIlnesses Deaths
Economiclosses fromfoodbornediseasesestimatedannualy
$ billion
Campylobacterspp.
1,963,141 10,539 99 1.2
Salmonellanon-typhoidal
1,341,873 15,608 553 2.4
E. coliO157:H7 62,458 1,843 52 .7
E. colinon-O157-
STEC
31,229 921 26 .3
L. monocytogenes 2,493 2,298 499 2.3
Total 3,401,194 31,209 1,229 6.9
Reference: USDAs Economic Research Service & CDC
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
20/51
Year Country Food Serotype/Phagetype
No. ofcases
No. ofdeaths
1991 Germany Orange cream S.Enteritidis PT4 109 4
1991 Germany Puding (egg) S.Enteritidis 87 10
1994 U.S.A Ice cream S.Enteritidis 224000 -
2003 U.S.A Chicken S. Typhimurium 38 -
2005 Spain Processed
chicken
S. Hadar 2138 1
2006 Norway Salami S. Kedougou 54 1
2008 Ireland&U.K Beef, chicken S. Agona 119 -
Some Important Salmonella Outbreaks in the World
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
21/51
Salmonella serotype distribution in Turkey(Erol et al., 2009)
S. Agona
S. Kentucky Spices
S. Bredeney
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
22/51
Some Important CampylobacterOutbreaks in the World
Year Country Food No. ofcases
2000 U.K & Wales Raw milk 333
2001-2002 Australia Chicken 601
2005 Denmark Chicken salad 4
2005 Scotland Chicken pate 82
2005-2006 U.S.A Water 32
2007 U.S.A Cheese (fromunpasteurized milk)
67
2007 Denmark Water 16
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
23/51
Campylobacter jejuni
Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuniin the United
States, 19822001
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
24/51
Campylobacter jejuni
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
25/51
Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in turkey meat (n=270)
(Cakmak and Erol, 2009)
Thermophilic Camylobacterspp. 123 (45.5%)
C. jejuni109 (40.3 %)
C. coli 11 ( 4.0 %)
Not typed 3100 bp
500 bp
735 bp
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
26/51
Antibiotic resistance profile ofC. jejuni isolates in
turkey meat (Cakmak and Erol, 2009)
Antibiotics Resistant % Intermediate % Sensitive %
Azithromycin 104 (95.4) 2 (1.8) 3 (2.7)
Erythromycin 103 (94.4) 0 6 (5.5)
Gentamicin 0 0 109 (100.0)
Chloramphenicol 0 3 (2.7) 106 (97.2)
Nalidixic acid 10 (9.1) 0 99 (90.8)
Ciprofloxacin 19 (17.4) 0 90 (82.5)
Tetracycline 40 (36.6) 2 (1.8) 67 (61.4)
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
27/51
Country Year No of
cases(age)
Complications Infection
source
Japan 1996 >5499(students)
12 deaths Alfalfa
U.S.A 1999 321 - Beef
Canada 2000 27 5 deaths Water
Sweden 2002 39 - Fermentedsausage
U.S.A 2002 34 5 HUS Ground beef
Netherlands 2005 32 - Steak tartare
U.S.A 2006 376 3 deaths Freshspinach
Some importantE. coli O157:H7 Outbreaks in the World
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
28/51
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
29/51
E. coliO157:H7 isolates found in fecal samples of cattle and
sheep at slaughter in Turkey (Erol et al., 2008)
Sheep CattleCattle(male)
Cattle(female) Total
Number
of
samples
218 282 207 75 500
Number
of
positive
samples
14 11 7 4 25
Percent
(%)
6.42 3.90 3.38 5.33 5.00
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
30/51
Positive Negative Total
stx1 7 4 11
stx2 9 2 11
eaeA 11 - 11
hly 11 - 11
H7 11 - 11
Toxin profiles ofE. coliO157:H7 isolated in Turkey (Erol et al., 2008)
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
31/51
Toxin profiles of 11 E. coliO157:H7 isolates within the PFGE
groups in cattle in Turkey (Erol et al., 2008)
PFGE groups N Toxin profiles
A 1 stx2
B 2 stx2
C 1 stx1and stx2
D4 stx1and stx22 stx1
1 stx2
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
32/51
Some Important Listeriaoutbreaks in the WorldCountry Year Food Serotype No. of
casesNo. ofdeaths
U.S.A. 1998 Turkeyproducts 4b 108 18
Finland 1998 Butter 3a 25 24
France 2000 Pork meat 4b 32 31
U.S.A. 2000 Turkeyproducts 1/2a 30 7
U.S.A. 2002 Turkeyproducts
- 54 11
U.S.A. 2003 Mexican
cheese
4b 12 2
Switzerland 2005 Softcheese
- 11 2
Norway 2007 Cheese - 12 2
Canada 2008 Red meat - 53 20
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
33/51
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
34/51
Contamination level of turkey meat with
L. monocytogenesis 17.8 % (32/180)
(Ayaz and Erol 2008)
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
35/51
L. monocytogenesserotypedistribution
44.9 % 1/2a
37.2 % 4b
9.0 % 1/2b
9.0 % 1/2c
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
36/51
Antibiotic resistance profiles ofL. monocytogenes in
turkey meat (n:24) (Ayaz and Erol, 2008)
Antibiotics Resistant (%) Intermediate(%)
Sensitive (%)
Ampicillin 18 (75.0) - 6 (25.0)
Chloramphenicol - - 24 (100)
Erythromycin - 9 (37.5) 15 (62.5)
Gentamicin - - 24 (100)
Penicillin 20 (83.3) - 4 (16.7)
Streptomycin - 8 (33.3) 16 (66.7)
Tetracycline - - 24 (100)
Vancomycin - - 24 (100)
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
37/51
0
4.000
8.000
12.000
16.000
20.000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Number of Brucella cases in Turkey, 1999-2003
(Ministry of Health)
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
38/51
Occurrence ofCryptosporidiumspp. oocysts in Turkey
(Kursun and Erol, 2003)
Surface waterSewage watertreatment at
slaughterhouse
Ent. Exist.
Slaughtered
Cattle Sheep
Number of
samples 24 13 13 60 60
Number of
positivesamples 24 13 13 23 4
Percent
(%) 100 100 100 38.3 6.6
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
39/51
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
40/51
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
41/51
Antibiotic resistance
Its a global concern of the antibioticresistance of major foodborne pathogenssuch as;
SalmonellaTyphimuriumDT 104Campylobacter spp.
Listeria monocytogenes
E. coliO157:H7Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
Enterococcus(VRE)
Foodborne Infections&Intoxications
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
42/51
Lab.Confirmed
Cases
ReportedPositiveIsolates
Suspectible Cases
Unnotified Cases
HospitalisedNo sample taken
No medicalintervention
Known/ Unknown
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
43/51
Farm to table; main contamination points
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
44/51
Surveillance
Risk management Epidemiologicalevaluation /
Risk assessment
Research
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
45/51
Control of Foodborne Disease
From farm to table approach
Implementation of GMP and HACCP
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
46/51
Public Health Approach
Public health system
Surveillance
Epidemiology for earlier diagnosis
Early response to outbreaks
Provide to disease patterns changing Public health lab. support for rapid and accurate
diagnosis
Rapid communication links
Communication to public
Education on prevention and/or detection
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
47/51
E-mail:
erol@veterinary.ankara.edu.tr
Factors contributing to the global incidence of foodborne
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
48/51
Factors contributing to the global incidence of foodbornedisease
Poor sanitary conditions
Malnutrition
Changing demographics (increasing population of infants, elderly)
Inadequate public health infrastructure
Inadequate hygienic and technological conditions of food production
Inadequate cooking, reheating and storage conditions
Increasing tourism and international trade
Increasing animal movement and insufficient control of borders
Increasing international trade of animal and food
Inadequate legislation and official control system
Emerging/reemerging foodborne pathogens Acquisition of virulence and antibiotic genes by nonpathogenic bacteria
Adaptation and enhanced survival of pathogens in food
Inadequate consumer education
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
49/51
Trichinellosis
outbreak in Turkey
Although there is a religious restriction on pork meatconsumption, in January 2004 there was a bigtrichinellosis outbreak occurred by consuming i
kfte (raw ground meat ball-traditional food) in Izmir
542 people were affected and samples were foundto be contaminated with T. britovi
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
50/51
One World One Health (OWOH)
The medical and veterinary professions havea common interest in many diseases,primarily zoonotic diseases such as BSE,
SARS and, most recently, Avian Influenza(H5N1), have highlighted the need forinterprofessional collaboration not just locallyand nationally, but on a global scale.
8/2/2019 Emerging of Food Pathogen
51/51
One World One Health (OWOH)
Improving animal and human health globallythrough collaboration among all the healthsciences, especially between the veterinary
and human medical professions to addresscritical needs.
Recommended