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Embryology of the Nervous System
Steven McLoon
Department of Neuroscience
University of Minnesota
In the blastula stage embryo, the embryonic disk has two layers.
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During gastrulation, epiblast cells migrate through
the primitive streak to form a three layered embryo.
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During gastrulation, epiblast cells migrate through
the primitive streak to form a three layered embryo.
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Factors from the midline mesoderm induce nervous system
in the overlying ectoderm, and the neural plate forms from ectoderm.
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During neurulation, the neural tube develops from the neural plate.
neural plate neural groove anterior & posterior
neuropores
neural tube
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During neurulation, the neural tube develops from the neural plate.
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Incomplete closure of the neural tube is a common birth defect.
Spina bifida:
Incomplete closure of the spinal neural tube and/or the spine.
The severity of the defect is variable and most often is of no consequence.
~1 in 50 live births exhibit spina bifida occulta, making this one of the most common birth defects.
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Spina bifida (continued):
A daily supplement of folic acid (vitamin B9) in the diet of pregnant mothers reduces the incidence of spina bifida by over 70%.
Folic acid is converted to dihydrofolic acid in the liver, which is essential for DNA replication and repair.
Incomplete closure of the neural tube is a common birth defect.
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Anencephaly = incomplete closure of the brain end of the neural tube
Rare and lethal.
Incomplete closure of the neural tube is a common birth defect.
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Three swellings at the rostral end of the early neural tube
are the primary brain vesicles.
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Three swellings at the rostral end of the early neural tube
are the primary brain vesicles.
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Flexures allow us to stand upright.
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Flexures allow us to stand upright.
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Additional changes form the secondary brain vesicles
and optic vesicles.
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Optic vesicles give rise to neural retina & pigment epithelium.
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Each major adult brain region develops
from one of the secondary brain vesicles.
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The entire nervous system develops from the neural plate.
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The “ram’s horn” pattern of growth of the telencephalic vesicle creates the temporal lobe.
The telencephalon grows posterior then anterior.
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The temporal lobe covers the insula.
The telencephalon grows posterior then anterior.
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Other adult brain structures exhibit the “ram’s horn” pattern.
The telencephalon grows posterior then anterior.
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The lumen of the neural tube persists
as the ventricular system of the adult brain.
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The lumen of the neural tube persists
as the ventricular system of the adult brain.
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Neural Crest
• The neural crest develops from cells at the margin of the neural plate.
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• Cells delaminate from the dorsal neural tube to form the neural crests.
Neural Crest
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• Neural crest cells migrate throughout the body and develop into most of
the cells of the peripheral nervous system, as well as other cell types.
Neural Crest
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neurons - most cranial nerve sensory ganglia - dorsal root ganglia - sympathetic ganglia - parasympathetic ganglia - enteric neurons
glia - schwann cells of nerves - satellite cells of ganglia
neurosecretory cells - thyroid calcitonin (C) cells - adrenal medulla cells
melanocytes some skeletal and connective tissue of head and face muscles
- ciliary muscle of eye - muscle of cranial blood vessels and dermis
mesenchyme of thyroid, parathyroid & salivary glands
• Crest derivatives:
Neural Crest
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Neural placodes give rise to some neurons
of cranial nerve sensory ganglia.
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Origin of the Neurons of the Peripheral Nervous System
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Origin of the Nervous System
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Review of the Cell Cycle
(steps involved in cell division)
G1 period during which proteins that initiate or block division are expressed
Restriction point - a condition during which a cell is destined to progress through mitosis regardless of any changes in the environment of the cell
S period during which DNA is replicated
G2 period during which proteins needed for mitosis are expressed
M period during which cell divides into two; steps are: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
G0 permanent arrest in G1; period during which neurons differentiate and function
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Initially, all cells of the neural tube undergo cell division.
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As development progresses, some cells cease to divide
and begin to differentiate. This forms three layers.
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As development progresses, some cells cease to divide
and begin to differentiate. This forms three layers.
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Cell division is not uniform around the neural tube.
Arrows indicate areas
of more cell division.
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Uneven cell division results in uneven accumulation
of postmitotic cells around the circumference of the tube.
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Alar and basal plates represent functional domains.
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dorsal horn
(sensory)
ventral horn
(motor)
Alar and basal plates represent functional domains.
Sensory Input from the Body into the Spinal Cord
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Motor Output from the Spinal Cord to the Body
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As the pontine flexure forms,
the roof plate spreads forming the IV ventricle.
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Alar and basal plates on both sides of the tube each subdivide
into three distinct columns of cells with different functions.
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Each cranial nerve nucleus is derived
from a single functional cell column.
Adult (upper) Medulla
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Along the length of the adult brainstem,
nuclei are discontinuous columns of functionally related cells.
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Metencephalon (Pons and Cerebellum)
Some cells migrate from the alar and basal plates
and undergo further cell division.
Adult Pons and Cerebellum
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Mesencephalon
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Adult Mesencephalon
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Diencephalon
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Telencephalon
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Adult Diencephalon & Telencephalon
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Choriod plexus develops from invagination
of roof plate and pia into the ventricle.
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mesoderm
Neural Placodes Neural Crest Neural Tube
some sensory neurons most sensory neurons all neurons microglia
autonomic neurons astrocytes vasculature
schwann cells oligodendrocytes
satellite cells ependymal cells
ectoderm
PNS CNS
Summary of the Origin of Cell Types in the Nervous System
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