ELTR 1223 Survey of Renewable Energy Technology R.E. Generators: Hydropower Prime Movers and Others...

ELTR 1223Survey of Renewable

Energy Technology

R.E. Generators:Hydropower Prime Movers

and OthersUnit 9a

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Use Policy This material was developed by

Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No. 0802786.

All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only. They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes.

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Author, Editors/Reviewers Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E.,

Kankakee Community College Editors/Reviewers / Modifiers: Chris Miller Heartland Community

College

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Objectives Students will be able to describe, in

very simple terms, the so-called hydrologic cycle, and its relationship to hydropower technology.

Students will be able to name a “kinetic” type of water turbine, and briefly describe, in very simple terms, how it operates.

Students will be able to name a “water-head” type of water turbine, and briefly describe, in very simple terms, how it operates.

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Objectives Students will be able to

mathematically convert feet of water head into pounds-per-square-inch of pressure

Students will be able to describe, in very simple terms, at least one method of extracting energy from the ocean.

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Hydro Power History

Hydropower History Hydropower used by the Greeks to

turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago.

Mid-1770s -- French hydraulic and military engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture Hydraulique, a four-volume work describing vertical- and horizontal-axis machines.

Hydropower History

Source: http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/fleischmann/d_archsuse05/210_constable_mill.jpg

Hydropower History

Hydropower History

Hydro Electric Beginnings

Hydroelectric Beginnings 1880 -- Michigan's Grand Rapids

electricity (DC) generated by a dynamo belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 Brush-arc lamps.

Hydroelectric Beginnings 1881 -- Niagara Falls city street

lamps powered by a brushed dynamo connected to an old flour mill drive.

Hydroelectric Beginnings 1882 -- Hydroelectric power plant

operating on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin.

Source: http://kids.americancorners.or.kr/ENG/images/05_history_07_10_01.jpg

The War of the Currents

The Wizard Who Spat on the Floor

Source: http://images1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20100410182815/uncyclopedia/images/thumb/c/ce/Edisonx2.jpg/150px-Edisonx2.jpg

The Eccentric Serb

Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Teslathinker.jpg/220px-Teslathinker.jpg

Source: http://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/images/390414_b.gif

Source: http://www.b92.net/news/pics/2006/07/118552926044aa6e07b13ae812180880_200x235.jpg

Source: http://api.ning.com/files/6Uhv8JceS2ky6Hdh4qxdKFytN5dyrB2D4O0CUpyZCHrOUKLK80jCdtyHeWAuJa945Y8s14QBfoB0pXnJA-cyJ-RXj6IiMqal/93033884.bin?width=136

“In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue…” The 1893

Columbian Exposition, World’s Fair, Chicago

Source: http://www.acenor.cl/acenor/pag.gral/documentos/historia_electricidad_archivos/Chicago1.jpg

Niagara Falls – Nov. 16, 1896 – Westinghouse and Tesla Send Electric Power to Buffalo, NY

Hydro Power Fundamentals

Solar Energy + Force of Gravity = Hydropower

Hydropower Fundamentals

Kinetic-type primer movers “Water Wheels” Extract energy from stream-flow

Head or Pressure-type Prime Movers High (inlet) Elevation – Low (discharge)

Elevation = “Head” PSI(pressure) = Feet of Water (head) X

0.433 “A pint’s a pound the world around.” 1 Ft3 = 7.48 gallons; 1 gallon = 8.34 pounds

8.34 lbs/gal x 7.48 gal/ft3 x 1 ft2 / 144 in2 = 0.433

Hydropower Fundamentals

Hydro Prime Mover Types:Head-type Turbines

Low-Head and High-Flow “Reaction Turbines”

Kinetic turbines (water wheels, and other flow converters)

Propeller turbines Francis turbines (like a squirrel-cage

centrifugal turbine)

High-Head and Low-Flow “Impulse Turbines”

Pelton Turbines Cross-flow Turbines

Turbine Types and Applications

300 Meters

984 Feet

30 Meters98 Feet

or5

Meters16 Feet

Hydro Prime Mover Types:Kinetic

Source: http://hydropower.navajo.cz/hydropower-2.jpg

Low-Head Propeller Turbine

Low-Head = less than 16

feetSource: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HydroelectricTurbineRunner.png/300px-HydroelectricTurbineRunner.png

Medium Head Francis Runner

Source: http://www.capture3d.com/Images/Applications/turbines-3DmeasureFig9.jpg

High Head Pelton Turbine

Tesla Designed a Total System

Bladeless hydro-frictional turbine 3-Phase alternator Distribution transformers Wireless transmission of electric

power, to all points on the earth World peace and harmony

Tesla’s Frictional Turbine

Source: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/tesla-turbine-4.jpg

Creating Water Head:Impoundment

Source: http://media.thesolarguide.com/i/illust_howworks.gif

Creating Water Head:Diversion

Source: http://gator787.hostgator.com/~reapmgmt/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/diversionhydro-280x213.jpg

Hydro Plant Sizes Large Hydropower

Although definitions vary, DOE defines large hydropower as a capacity of more than 30 MW.

Small Hydropower Although definitions vary, DOE defines

small hydropower as a capacity of 100 KW to 30 MW.

Micro Hydropower A micro hydropower plant has a capacity

of up to 100 kilowatts. A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch, or small village.

Micro-Hydro

Micro Hydro

Typically need at least 3 feet of head and 20 gpm of flow

Harris Micro-hydro

Source: http://www.firemountainsolar.com/pics/home_harrisCollageSM.jpg

Stream Engine Micro-hydro

Micro-hydro Installation

Head (feet) x Flow (gpm) / 10 = Watts

[For example, 30 gpm x 100 feet/ 10 = 300 watts]

Other Hydro-Related Prime Movers

Ocean Energy

The tidal forces and thermal storage of the ocean provide a major energy source

Wave action adds to the extractable surface energy

Major ocean currents (like the Gulf Stream) may be exploited to extract energy with rotors

Source: http://www.yourgreendream.com/images/articles/wp_wave.jpg

Ocean Energy: Tidal Energy Tides are produced by gravitational

forces of the moon and sun and the Earth’s rotation

Existing and possible sites: France: La Rance river estuary 240 MW

station England: Severn River Canada: Passamaquoddy in the Bay of

Fundy (1935 attempt failed) California: high potential along the

northern coast Environmental, economic, and

esthetic aspects have delayed implementation

Barage Tidal Power

Tidal-Stream Generators

Source: http://www.metaefficient.com/wp-content/uploads/seagen_marine_current_turbine.jpg

Tidal-Stream Generators

Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SeaGen_installed.jpg/200px-SeaGen_installed.jpg

Tidal-Stream Generators

Ocean Energy: Wave Energy

Salter “ducks” rock up and down as the wave passes beneath it. This oscillating mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy

A Wavegen, wave-driven, air compressor or oscillating water column (OWC) spins a two-way Wells turbine to produce electricity

Wave Power

Source: http://www.kitco.com/ind/Kirtley_Sam/images/may172007_2.jpg

Source: http://www.rise.org.au/info/Tech/wave/image002.gif

Ocean Energy: OTEC (Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion)

OTEC requires some 40°F temperature difference between the surface and deep waters to extract energy

Open-cycle plants vaporize warm water and condense it using the cold sea water, yielding potable water and electricity from turbines-driven alternators

Closed-cycle units evaporate ammonia at 78°F to drive a turbine and an alternator

A Final, Related Prime Mover

Energy from the Earth’s Forces

Winds, waves, tides, and thermal gradients are renewable energy sources that might be

valuable in some areas.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ner5tWA-4o&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MT-4ZMgDBNI