(ELT-53406 Special Course on Networking) · 2016. 11. 28. · Department of Communications...

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Microfludic Communications

(ELT-53406 Special Course on Networking)

Stefanus Arinno Wirdatmadja (Steve)Nano Communication Centre

Department of Electronics and CommunicationsEngineering

Tampere University of Technology

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Contents of today’s lecture

• Introduction to Microfluidics

• Physical properties of microfluidics

• Microfluidic components

• Microfluidic communications

• Simulations

• Pure-hydrodynamic microfluidic switching

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November 7, 2014

Microflows - Microfluidics

• Biocompatibility.

• In biotechnology, liquid is the medium for in-vivo and in-vitroenvironment.

• Small scale (scalability and efficiency).

• Simple application example : migration of nanoparticles ormacromolecules through the interface of one liquid to another liquid(picture below)

Berthier, Jean, and Pascal Silberzan. Microfluidics for biotechnology. Artech House, 2010.

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DNA sequence analysis with MF

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Labs-on-a-Chip InfluenzaDetection

• Throat swab is analyzed.

• Utilizing “restriction enzyme” to recognize certain sequence of DNA.

• The corresponding fragment runs through electrophoresis gel.

• The resulting fluorescent reveals the virus.

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Integrated microchannel cooling

• Microfluidic channels for layered-chip cooling system

• Space efficiency

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Why communication?

• Communication feature means automation possibility

• Biocompatible communication transmission

• New application opportunity, such as EcoBot.

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Laminarity

• Laminar flowUnidirectional

Even streamlines

More prevalent at low flow speeds and small scales

• Turbulent flowRandom Chaotic

More common at high flow speeds and larger scales

• Transition flowPossibility to be either laminar or turbulent flow

Depends on other factors (surface roughness and flow uniformity)

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Reynolds number

• Dimensionless number to define flow laminarity

• The ratio of inertia (convective forces) and viscous forces

• Laminar : Re < 2000

• Turbulent : Re > 3000

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• Thickness of the fluid

• Newtonian fluid vs Non-Newtonian fluid

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Viscosity

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Surface wetting property

• HydrophobicWater-fearing

Meniscus angle > 90 degrees

More pressure needed

• HydrophilicWater-loving

Meniscus angle < 90 degrees

Less pressure needed

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Microfluidics

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Droplet generator

• Channel geometry (T-junction & Flow Focusing Device)

• Valve (Piezoelectric & Solenoid)

http://www.labautopedia.org/mw/index.php?title=File:Solenoid_Valve.pnghttp://www.curiejet.com/en/products/list.php?pin=3905b4c83672158dc6e0cbed5543e0b1&type=s

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Droplet detector

• Optodetection based on the light passing through the microchannel.

• Electric detection based on electrical properties of the fluid (resistive & capacitive).

• Imaging detection based on analysis of images captured by high speed cameras.

Elbuken, Caglar, Tomasz Glawdel, Danny Chan, and Carolyn L. Ren."Detection of microdroplet size and speed using capacitive sensors.“Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 171, no. 2 (2011): 55-62.

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Opto detector

Namasivayam, Vijay, Rongsheng Lin, Brian Johnson, Sundaresh Brahmasandra, Zafar Razzacki, David T.Burke, and Mark A. Burns."Advances in on-chip photodetection for applications in miniaturized genetic analysis systems."Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 14, no. 1 (2004): 81.

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Flow rate controller

• Gravity-Driven Hydrostatic Pressure

• Pressure Pump

• Syringe Pump

• Peristaltic Pump

• Electro-osmotic Pump

• Reciprocating Diaphragm Micropump

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Protocol Stack

• Physical Layer : Raw bit transmission over physical link

• Medium Access Control Layer : Addressing and Access Control

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Physical Layer

• On-off Keying (OOK)

• Communication through Silence (CtS) Decimal

Hexadecimal

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Conversion Table

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Continuous Data Transmission

• Single Start/Stop Each message has its own start and stop bits.

• Piggyback Common start/stop bit.

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Detection Data Processing

• Level-crossing method utilizing the threshold level to determine the existence of water or air

in the microchannel

• Integrated metric method integrates the detected values for certain amount of time to avoid false

detection due to additive system noises to the output of detector.

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Data Rate

• OOK

• CtS Decimal

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Data Rate

• CtS Hexadecimal

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Noise

• injection-inaccuracy noise The microdroplet injector/pump may be inaccurate in term of injection time and

injected microdroplet volume/size.

• pressure-maintenance noise Pressure instability is related to velocity fluctuations along the transmission

channel.

• detection noise The detector output is also affected by non-ideal operation of the droplet

detection apparatus.

• All of the noises follow gaussian distributed.

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Overall system noise

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Symbol Error Rate

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Addressing

• Physical Addressing provided by the length of the droplet itself.

• Digital Addressing represented by a certain value associated with each system on the

microfluidic device.

encoded using either OOK or CtS modulation scheme and then sent as aheader of the message.

More number of destinations leads to larger addressing space.

requires fixed droplet size resulting in simpler requirements for dropletgeneration apparatus.

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Access Control

• Centralized System Central Unit (CU) as controller and scheduler

Two scheduling schemes:

Payload-based scheduling – Exact payload allocation

Maximum-time-based scheduling – Maximum payload allocation

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Central Unit (CU)

• Time - Length - Volume Conversion converts the information to time (operating frequency)

calculates the exact length (flow speed)

correlates the length to required time and volume of droplet injection.

• Synchronization handles the calculation and synchronization load.

avoids collisions during transmission

• Droplet Position Tracking keeping the record of droplets data in the memory temporarily.

precise injection estimation time.

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November 7, 2014

Access Control

• Decentralized (Randomized) System Combination of TDMA, CSMA, CDMA.

TDMA – for resource fairness.

CSMA – for coalescence avoidance.

CDMA – for interference avoidance.

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Fairness problem

• Microfluidic communication is flow-based, unidirectional, simplexcommunication.

• Unequal transmission opportunity bynature.

• Earlier transmitter has higherpriority/opportunity to occupy thetransmission channel.

• Problem arises especially in high trafficcondition

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Fairness problem - solution

• Relocation of stations (traffic-demand based) The transmitter whose traffic demand is lowest should be located at the

beginning of the order along the direction of the flow.

• Priority based access By default, the priority is unequal.

Applying transmission probability based algorithm.

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Fairness problem (TDMA)

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Probability based Algorithm

• Algorithm which makes equal priority.

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Routing/Switching

• Pressure Repeater – maintaining flow rate.

• Directing information to the correct path.

• Two possible switching architecture:

Store-and-forward router

Requires routing table, produces delay

Switch-through router

purely hydrodynamic architecture, basedon pressure difference between paths,complex hardware design.

E. De Leo, L. Donvito, L. Galluccio, A. Lombardo, G. Morabito, and L. M. Zanoli, “Communications and switching inmicrofluidic systems: Pure hydrodynamic control for networking labs-on-a-chip,” IEEE transactions on communications, vol.61, no. 11, pp. 4663–4677, 2013

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Simulations - Parameter

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Single Transmitter-Receiver (PB)

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Single Transmitter-Receiver (SSS)

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Multiple Transmitters-Receivers

• Two and three pairs of transmitter-receiver.

• Payload-based and Maximum-time-based schemes.

• Payload-based is more efficient in resource utilization.

• On the maximum payload transmission, both schemes converge.

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Decentralized system fairness

• Jain Fairness Index to indicate share fairness of system resource.

• One million cycles of transmission simulation.

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Switching in microfluidic system

• Pure hydrodynamic control for networking LoC.

• Element for droplet processing, Microfluidic Network Interface (MNI)as an exchange.

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Structure

• Header – address – payload.

• Addressing - CtS is used instead of OOK.

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Simulation Design

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Experiment

• Continuous Phase : Fluorinated oil FC-3283.

• Dispersed phase : aqueous dye.

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What you should have learnttoday…

• Basics of microfluidics.• Microfluidic communication protocols.• Microfluidic communication challenges.• Analysis of microfluidic transmission system.

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Reference

[1] Abate, Adam R., Tony Hung, Ralph A. Sperling, Pascaline Mary,Assaf Rotem, Jeremy J. Agresti, Michael A. Weiner, and David A.Weitz. "DNA sequence analysis with droplet-based microfluidics." Labon a Chip 13, no. 24 (2013): 4864-4869.

[2] Pal, Rohit, M. Yang, R. Lin, B. N. Johnson, N. Srivastava, S. Z.Razzacki, K. J. Chomistek et al. "An integrated microfluidic device forinfluenza and other genetic analyses." Lab on a Chip 5, no. 10 (2005):1024-1032.

[3] Koo, Jae-Mo, Sungjun Im, Linan Jiang, and Kenneth E. Goodson."Integrated microchannel cooling for three-dimensional electroniccircuit architectures." Journal of heat transfer 127, no. 1 (2005): 49-58.

[4] E. De Leo, L. Donvito, L. Galluccio, A. Lombardo, G. Morabito, andL. M. Zanoli, “Communications and switching in microfluidic systems:Pure hydrodynamic control for networking labs-on-a-chip,” IEEEtransactions on communications, vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 4663–4677, 2013