Element Elements and Compounds Functional Groups Organic Compounds Compounds A compound is a...

ElementElements and Compounds Functional GroupsOrganic Compounds

Compounds

A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.

Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.

Objectives

Different Functional Groups: Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids.

Preparation, properties and uses of Ethanol, Methanal, Acetone, Ethanoic acid.

ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals

Compounds

Organic Compounds Functional Groups

Functional Groups

A functional group could be an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.

In organic compounds functional groups have atoms like oxygen(O), nitrogen(N), or sulphur(S) in addition to carbon.

Compounds

Functional Groups

Compounds

Alcohols

An alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom.

Compounds

Alcohols

Alkanes and their corresponding Alcohols

Compounds

Fermentation

Functional GroupsOrganic Compounds

Fermentation reaction takes place in the preparation of the food items like idli, dhokla, handva and curd.

The reaction of formation of simple substances by slow decomposition of organic compounds through enzyme and in absence of oxygen is called fermentation.

During fermentation reaction, carbon dioxide gas is produced.

Compounds

Ethanol

Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It also exists as component in dense liquid medicines for cough and for digestion.

Compounds

Preparation of EthanolIndustrial production of ethanol by fermentation

reaction:

Modern Method of Industrial Production of Ethanol:

Compounds

Properties of EthanolEthanol is a volatile, colorless liquid that has a slight odor.

Ethanol is a very combustible liquid. It burns rapidly with a blue flame when combusted and produces carbon dioxide and water by combustion.

Ethanol on reaction with acetic acid in presence of acid gives ethyl acetate which has sweet fruit smell. This reaction is called esterification reaction.

Acetic acid is formed by oxidation of ethanol.

Compounds

Uses of Ethanol

Compounds

Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O.

Compounds

Aldehydes and Ketones

Compounds

MethanalThe common name of methanal is formaldehyde. Its aqueous solution containing 4 to 6% concentration is called formalin. It is antiseptic.

Compounds

Preparation of Methanal

Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol. The most common catalysts are silver metal or a mixture of an iron and molybdenum or vanadium oxides.

In principle formaldehyde could be generated by oxidation of methane, but this route is not industrially viable because the formaldehyde is more easily oxidized than methane.

Compounds

Properties of Methanal

A gas at room temperature, formaldehyde is colourless and has a characteristic pungent, irritating odour. It is soluble in water.

Methanoic acid is formed by oxidation of methanal in presence of oxidising substance such as Tollen’s reagent.

Methanol is formed by reaction of methanal with dihydrogen (H2) gas in presence of palladium (Pd) catalyst.

Compounds

Uses of Methanal

Formaldehyde solution is used in laboratories for the preservation of human and animal specimens.

Formaldehyde-based resins are used in the natural gas and petroleum industries to improve the yield of these fuels.An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can kill bacteria, and it is used in the treatment of skin infections.

Methanal is used as a raw material in plastic industry. Methanal is used as a monomer in preparation of bakelite, melamine plastic etc.

Compounds

Propanone

The simplest compound of ketone group is propanone. Its common name is acetone which is one of the compounds of the solution to remove nail polish.

Compounds

Preparation of Propanone

Fisher — Tropsch Process: When a mixture of ethene obtained during cracking of petroleum and water gas is passed over a catalyst cobalt oxide (CoO) at 150 bar pressure and 453 K temperature, acetone is obtained.

cetone

Compounds

Properties of Propanone

It is a colourless, mobile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent , typically for cleaning purposes in the laboratory.

Propanone gives propan-2-oI on reduction with reducing agent like sodium borohydride or Lithium aluminium hydride.

Ethanoic acid is obtained by oxidation of propanone, with alkaline potassium permanganate.

Compounds

Uses of Propanone

A common use of acetone is as a solvent, which is a substance that is capable of dissolving another substance. It is a popular solvent for many plastics and synthetic fibers. It is also used for thinning fiberglass resin, paint, vinyl, adhesives and varnishes.

Acetone is also used to produce many other important chemicals. Some of these include methyl methacrylate (MMA), bisphenol-A (BPA) and methacrylic acid.

Acetone also has very important applications in the laboratory. It is used as a solvent in many chemical experiments and as an equipment cleaner.

Compounds

Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group.

Compounds

Carboxylic acids

Compounds

Ethanoic acidThe common name of ethanoic acid is acetic acid. Its formula is CH3COOH.

Compounds

Preparation of Ethanoic acid

Ethanoic acid (vinegar) is formed by oxidation of ethanol in air by fermentation in presence of acetobacter enzyme.

In the modern industrial production of ethanoic acid, methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide in presence of catalyst Iodine-Rhodium (I2 -Rh).

Compounds

Properties of Ethanoic acid

Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid.

Compounds

Uses of Ethanoic acidAcetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds. The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production.

In preparation of vinegar, to have sour taste in food stuffs and as preservative for foods.

As a solvent and reagent in the laboratory.

Element Elements and Compounds Functional Groups Organic Compounds Compounds A compound is a...

Documents

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures. Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds

year 7 REVISIONfluencycontent-schoolwebsite.netdna-ssl.com/File... · MIXTURES Mixtures are two elements or compounds that are together but not chemically joined. (See separating

Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures. 1. Elements - ____________

Elements and Chemical Bonds - Somerset Canyons...atoms of different elements chemically combine and form compounds. Compounds make up most of the matter around you, including living

COMPOUNDS. Compounds Pure substances that are made of more than one element are called compounds (molecules) Compounds are two or more elements chemically

Chemical Basis of Life. Mixture 2 or more elements or compounds mixed but not chemically combined. –Ex- air, soil, salad

Element Elements and Compounds Structure of Atom Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another

Chemical Bonds J. E. Odom 2014. Compounds and Chemical Formulas Compound – Two or more elements chemically combined Chemical Formula – Chemical “short

Elements, Compounds, Mixtures Review. What is a pure substance made of two or more elements that are chemically combined?

Compounds A compound is a pure substance that contains two or more elements that are chemically bonded to each other Compounds form when the electrons

Chemically Active Elements of Reservoir Quartz Cement

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Aim What are compounds and how are compounds different from elements?

Chapter 5 Chemical Compounds. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Element: A substance that cannot be chemically converted into simpler substances; a substance

Naming Chemicals AP Chemistry Classes of Chemicals Elements Elements Ionic Compounds Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds Covalent Compounds Organic Compounds

Section 1: Atoms, Elements and Compounds. Elements pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically There are 4 main elements that make up 90%

Element Elements and Compounds Lithium and Sodium Structure of Atom Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined

Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 3 KINDS OF MATTER Elements Compounds Mixtures

Element Elements and Compounds Compounds of Calcium Structure of Atom Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically

Physical Geology Chapter 4. Matter Anything that has mass and volume Elements = simplest stable form of matter Made of atoms Compounds = chemically combined

Formulas and Names September14, 2011. Compounds Chemical compounds are two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions