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Electrostatics. Textbook Chp 16. What happened here?. Electric Charges Electric Fields Electrostatic Charging Hazards of Electrostatic Charging Application of Electrostatic Charging – Photocopying Machine. Topics. Electric Charge is a physical quantity Units of charge is Coulomb (C) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ElectrostaticsTextbook Chp 16
What happened here?
Topics
Electric ChargesElectric FieldsElectrostatic ChargingHazards of Electrostatic ChargingApplication of Electrostatic Charging –
Photocopying Machine
Electric Charges
Electric Charge is a physical quantityUnits of charge is Coulomb (C)It is NOT an object (e.g. an electron)There are two types of electric charge –
positive charge & negative chargeNote: charge is a scalar quantity, even
though there is positive and negative!
Electric Charges
An object is said to be neutral when it has equal number of positive and negative charges (i.e. no net charge)
An object is said to be positively charged when it has more positive charges than negative charges
An object is said to be negatively charged when it has more negative charges than positive charges
Electric Charges
[not in syllabus]Particles which carry charges are called
charge carriers.The electron is the most common charge
carrierAqueous ions are also charge carriersThe charge of an electron is -1.60 x 10-19 CThis number is represented by the symbol
“e”
Electric Force
When two objects which have net charge are brought close together:
They attract each other if their charges are opposite
They repel each other if their charges are alike
E.g. electrons and protons attract each other; electrons repel each other, protons repel each other
This force of attraction / repulsion is called an Electric Force
Electric Fields
Recall Gravitational Field - a region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction
Electric Field is a region in which a charge experiences a force
Electric Field Worksheet
Electrostatic Charging
You need to be familiar with two methods of electrostatic charging
1) by rubbing2) by induction
Charging by Rubbing
Electrostatic charging by rubbing involves two non-conductors
When charging by rubbing occurs, ONLY electrons are transferred from one object to the other
The object receiving electrons becomes negatively charged
The object donating electrons becomes positively charged
Charging by Rubbing
When wool is used to rub against a perspex rod, wool becomes negatively charged
When wool is used to rub against a polythene rod, wool becomes positively charged
In both cases ONLY electrons are transferred, NOT protons.
Charging by Induction
Unlike insulators, you cannot charge conductors by rubbing
Conductors can be charged by another process called induction
3 Principles of Charging by Induction:a) Charges are free to move about within a
conductor, or across conductorsb) Unlike charges attract, like charges repelc) The Earth has an unlimited supply of
charges
Charging by Induction
Charging by Induction Worksheet
Hazards and Applications
pg 314 of your textbook describes the formation of lightning
Warning: this is a simplified model. Nobody really knows for sure how lightning works….yet.
Lightning (Simplified version)
During a thunderstorm, bottom layer of clouds are negatively charged
This induces the ground to be positively charged
Charges continue to build up on both sides until air molecules are forced to split and become ions
A current of electricity flows and this is the lightning bolt
Lightning (Simplified version)
That’s why:sometimes during a thunderstorm, your
house circuit breaker goes offBuildings have lightning conductors on
them to protect them from lightningIn a thunderstorm, do NOT seek shelter
under a tree!
Sparking
On a smaller scale, electrostatic discharge also occur as sparks
Most of the time sparks are harmless, but they can be dangerous, e.g. when near flammable fluids (ref: Ironman 3)
Old oil tanker trucks dangle chains at the back of the truck to prevent such sparks from occurring
Applications of Electrostatics Charging
Not in Syllabus, but in your MC textbook:Electrostatic PrecipitatorsSpray Painting / Crop SprayingVan de Graff generator
How do we explain these?
Photocopier
key component of the photocopier: electrostatic drum:
Photocopier
Step 1) The entire drum is positively charged
Step 2) light shines on the original and image is reflected unto the drum (recall lenses)
[in laser printers, lasers are used to discharge the drum]
Step 3) light areas are discharged, while dark areas remain charged
Photocopier
Step 4) The positively charged portions of the drum attract toner (black powder) while the discharged portions do not
Step 5) Toner powder (in the shape of the image) is transferred over to positively charged paper
Step 6) Paper is heated, causing toner to fuse with the paper
Summary
Electric ChargesElectric FieldsCharging by RubbingCharging by InductionHazards of Electrostatic ChargingApplication of Electrostatic Charging –
Photocopying Machine
Quiz
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