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ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Human Body: An Orientation
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape
of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 14.4
Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2a
Organ System Overview Integumentary
Forms the external bodycovering
Protects deeper tissue frominjury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneousnerve receptors
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2b
Organ System Overview Skeletal
Protects and supportsbody organs
Provides muscleattachment for movement
Site of blood cellformation
Stores mineral
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2c
Organ System Overview Muscular
Allows locomotion
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2d
Organ System Overview Nervous
Fast-acting controlsystem
Responds to internal andexternal change
Activates muscles andglands
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2e
Organ System Overview Endocrine
Secretes regulatoryhormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Human Body: An Orientation
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2f
Organ System Overview Cardiovascular
Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview Reproductive
Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within the
body
Production of energy
Making body structures
Excretion
Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions Reproduction
Production of future generation
Growth
Increasing of cell size and number
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Survival Needs Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs Water
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment
= a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maintaining Homeostasis Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Human Body: An Orientation
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Landmarks Anterior
Figure 1.5a
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Landmarks Posterior
Figure 1.5b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Planes
Figure 1.6
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c
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