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Egypt Under the Pharaohs Ancient Egypt Dr-Mahmoud Elhosary
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EgyptUnderthePharaohs
AncientEgypt
RosettaStone
Greek
Demotic
hieroglyphic
SteleinscribedwithadecreeissuedatMemphisin196BCbyPtolemyV;divinecultofanewruler
EgyptianArt
Predynastic:5500B.C.3100B.C.(Neolithic) OldKingdom:2575B.C. 2134B.C. MiddleKingdom:2040B.C. 1640B.C. NewKingdom:1550B.C 1070B.C. Ptolemaic:332B.C. 395A.D.(ClassicalGreece)
HerodotuscharacterizedtheEgyptiansasreligioustoexcess,theirconcernwithimmortalityamountedtonearobsessionandtheoverallpreoccupationinthislifewastoinsuresafetyandhappinessinthenextlife.(AnAccountofEgypt,5th cB.C.)
EgyptiangodsAquickreferencetoafewofthemajorancientEgyptiangods
Amun ancientcreationdeity;oneof8godsofchaos;combinedwiththesupremesolardeity,Ra;AmunRAwasthehiddenpowerthatcreatedthegods.
Anubis Embalming,funerarygod Horus Falcon.Skygodwhoselefteyewasthemoonandwhose
righteyewasthesun(depictedasaneye);kingofEgypt. Osiris Earthandvegetation. Ptah Patronofcraftsmen Re/Ra Sun Seth LordofLowerEgypt&evilenemyofHorus Thoth Wisdom&learning.
Egyptiangoddesses Bastet asungoddess(whocametobeassociatedwiththemoon
aftercontactwiththeGreekgoddessArtemis.) Hathor thesky,thesun,thequeen,music,danceandthearts;
canbeseenasthemothergoddessofthewholeworld,similartoIsis
Isis birth,growth,developmentandvigor;lovingwifeandmother,andthatwashowAncientEgyptiansworshipedher andlovedher themost;alsoamagician.TwinsisterofNephthys
Nephthys death,decay,diminutionandimmobility;twinsisterofIsis.
Nut skygoddessandmotherofthegods(connectedwiththeunderworld,resurrectionandthetomb.Shewasseenasafriendtothedead,asamotherlike)
Predynastic Egypt
Egyptiansdevelopedwrittenlanguageandinstitutionalizedreligion(possiblybeforetheSumerians,butthisdebatable!)
Developedasettled,agriculturalcivilizationalongtheNile. Potterywasbeingmadeandtombswereconstructedofmud
andbrick. LowerEgypt(north)wasmoreopulent,populousandurban;
UpperEgypt(south)wasdry,rocky,culturallyrustic.
Describewhatyousee.
Watercolorcopyofawallpaintingfromtomb100atHierakonpolis,Egypt,Predynastic,ca.35003200BCE.
Gardner/Kleiner suggestsapossibleMesopotamianinfluenceintheheraldicimageasseenabove.
Doyouthinkthistheoryisvalidoranoversimplification?
ca.30002600B.C.
35003200B.C.
OldKingdom
ItwasduringtheOldKingdom,thatthetraditionsandstandardsofEgyptianartwereestablished.RulesofconstructionandcompositionwereestablishedbetweenDynastyIIIandIV.
Egyptiansculptureischaracterizedby(1)compactness(2)symmetryofformand(3)itsblocklikeshape
PaletteofNarmer
PaletteofKingNarmer (left,back;right,front),fromHierakonpolis,Egypt,Predynastic,ca.30002920BCE
Inthreeregisters:
Top:2cowheadssymbolicofHathor;Narmersnamewritteninhieroglyphs
Middle:theking,wearingthewhitecrown(ofUpperEgypt),accompaniedbyanofficial(carryinghissandals)slaysanenemy.Besidehimweseethehumanarmedfalcon,Horus,thekingsprotector,overahumanheadedpapyrushieroglyphforLowerEgypt.
Below :twomoreslainenemies.Belowarefallenenemiesandabovearefurthersymbolsforthekingspalaceandthecowfacedgoddess,Hathor.
Infourregisters:
Top:2cowheadssymbolicofHathor;Narmersnamewritteninhieroglyphs
TopMiddle:Narmer,inthered,cobracrownofLowerEgyptreviewsbeheadedenemies.
LowerMiddle:asymmetricalpairof[lions]withtheirnecksintertwined,symbolizingtheunification.
Bottom:bulltopplesarebelliouscity.
Whyisthepaletteimportant?Thesimpleanswer:
ThePaletteofNarmer isamajorhistoricaldocumentandpieceofEgyptiansculptureoftheEarlyDynasticperiod,ca.3150BC.
Itshows,inrepresentationalandsymbolicform,theconquestofLowerEgyptbyanUpperEgyptianrulercalledNarmer (akaMenes). Narmer,byunifyingthetwoEgypts,becamethefirstpharaoh.Heisthedivineruler,suprememanandsolelyresponsiblefortriumphovertheenemy.
Onthepalette,Narmer isshownwiththeUpperEgyptiangod,Horus(imagedasafalcon),defeatingalowerEgyptianwarriorandlordingitovertheLowerEgyptiansymbol,thepapyrusplant.
Mastaba
Section(top),plan(center),andrestoredview(bottom)oftypicalEgyptianmastaba tombs.
Thestandardtombwasthemastaba(Arabicforbench),builtoverasubterraneantombchamber,connectedwiththeoutsidebyashaft.
Originallybuiltforanindividual,iteventuallywasusedformultiplefamilyburials=funerarychapel
Step(ped)Pyramid
ca.2650B.C.theStepPyramidofDjoser wasbuilt.
Dualpurpose:protectmummifiedkingandhispossessions&symbolizehisabsoluteandgodlikepower.
CreatedbyImhotep,firstknownartistofrecordedhistory
Plan(top)andrestoredview(bottom)ofthemortuaryprecinctofDjoser,Saqqara,Egypt,ThirdDynasty,ca.26302611BCE.
Thepyramidwasnotanisolatedmountain,butpartofanelaboratecomplex.Thisonewassurroundedbya34stone(fortresslike)wall,enclosing37acresoflivingmortuary
OldKingdomPyramids Egyptiantombsprovidetheprincipal,ifnot
theexclusive,evidenceforhistoricalreconstructionofEgyptiancivilization.
OnthewestbankoftheNilearethethreepyramidsofKhafre,KhufuandMenkaure(4th Dynasty). Pyramidsdidnotevolveoutofnecessity.The
3rd dynastykingswerelargelyinfluencedbythecityofHeliopolis,closetotheancientEgyptiancapitalofMemphis
HeliopoliswastheseatofthecultgodRe,thesungod,whosefetishwasapyramidalstone,thebenben.
Bythe4th dynasty,thekingsconsideredthemselvesthesonofReandhisincarnationonearth.
PharaohsbelievedthespiritandpowerofReresidedinthebenben,soitisntafarstretchtobelievethattheirbodiesandspiritswouldbesimilarlypreservedwithinpyramidaltombs.
GreatPyramids
GreatPyramids,Gizeh,Egypt,FourthDynasty.Frombottom:PyramidsofMenkaure,ca.24902472BCE;Khafre,ca.25202494BCE;andKhufu,ca.25512528BCE.
Egyptiansburiedtheirdeadonthewest(sunset)sideoftheNile
Khafre (Chephren)Khufu(Cheops)
Menkaure (Mycerinus)
SectionofthePyramidofKhufu,Gizeh,Egypt,FourthDynasty,ca.25512528BCE.
GreatSphinx(withPyramidofKhafre inthebackgroundatleft),Gizeh,Egypt,FourthDynasty,ca.25202494BCE.Sandstone,65X240.
Mummification Mummificationisanembalmingtechnique Preservationofthebodywasrequiredsothedeceasedpersoncouldliveforeternity.
Equallyimportantwereallearthlypossessionssothateverythingthatwasenjoyedinthislifecouldcontinuetobeenjoyedinthenextlife. Food,drink,utensils Ushabtis (figurines)
Mummies
GraveGoods
Sculptorsatwork,detailofthesouthwallofthemainhallofthefunerarychapelofRekhmire,Thebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.1425BCE.
Imagessuchasthiswallpaintingprovidesinformationonhowsculptures,andbyextensionarchitecture,wasmadeinEgypt.
Makingsculptures
Intombs,sculpturesprovidedtheimportantfunctionofcreatinganimageofthedeceasedthatwouldhousetheka (soul),shouldthemummybedestroyed.
Royalandnobleclassimagesweremadeofstone(moredurablethanclayandwood)
Forthisreason,aninterestinportraituredevelopedearlyinEgypt.
Menkaure &Khamerernebty,Gizeh,ca.25252475B.C.
Seatedscribe,fromamastabainSaqqara,ca.25002400B.C.
SeatedstatueofHemiunu,fromhismastaba atGizeh,Egypt,FourthDynasty,ca.25502530BCE.Paintedlimestone,511/2"high.RmerundPelizaeusMuseum,Hildesheim.
Compare&Contrast
25252475B.C25502530BCE.
EgyptianTombReliefsandMurals
Goats treadingseedandcattlefordingacanal,reliefsinthemastaba ofTi,Saqqara,Egypt,FifthDynasty,ca.2450 2350BCE.Paintedlimestone.
InEgyptiantombs,thedeceasedwerealsorepresentedinreliefsandmuralpaintings.
Sometimesalone,sometimesinanarrativecontext.
Mostoftenscenesareofagriculture&hunting.
Geese,detailfromafrescointhemastabatombofAtetatMedum,ca.26002550B.C.
Tiwatchingahippopotamushunt,reliefinthetombofTi,Saqqara,ca.25002400B.C.
MiddleKingdom
Rockcuttombsreplacethemastaba.Pyramidswerebuiltbutonamuchsmallerscale.
Sarcophagibecamelargerandheavier,madeofgranite. Theywereintendedtostoprobbersb/coftheirsizeandweight.
Portraitsbecomerealistic. Theyarepersonal&tendtoshowanxiety,reflectiveofatroubletimeinEgypt.
FragmentaryheadofSenuret III,12th Dynasty,ca.1860BCE.Redquartzite,6high.MetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork.
SeatedstatueofLadySennuwy,fromKerma,Sudan,12thDynasty,ca.19601916BCE.Diorite,573/4"high.MuseumofFineArts,Boston.
RockcuttombsBH35,Beni Hasan,Egypt,12thDynasty,ca.1950 1900BCE
ARCHITECTURE
InteriorhalloftherockcuttombofAmenemhet (tombBH2),Beni Hasan,Egypt,12thDynasty,ca.19501900BCE.
TheNewKingdom ConsideredthemostbrilliantperiodinEgyptshistory
Themostprosperoustimeandmarkeditspeakofpower. Thebesisestablishedasthenewcapital
Luxuriousmetropoliswithpalaces,tombs,temples BordersrangedfrommoderndaySyriatoNorthernSudan(Nubia,KushKingdom)
ContainedsomeofEgyptsmostfamouspharaohs Hatshepsut Akhenaten Tutankhamen RamessesII(theGreat)
MortuarytempleofHatshepsut(withtheMiddleKingdommortuarytempleofMentuhotep IIatleft),Deir elBahri,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.14731458BCE.
Hatshepsut ReliefsfromthetempledepictherasthedaughterofAmunRa.Sheisthefirstwomantoreceivesuchlavishroyaleulogiesandrepresentation.
Therewereasmanyas200freestandingimagesdepictingHatshepsutinvariousactivities.Mostofthesewereremovedorshatteredbyherstepson,ThutmoseIII(r1458 1425BCE),whenhecametothethroneinthefollowingreign. Heclaimedsheusurped20yearsofhisreign.
Hatshepsutwithofferingjars,fromtheuppercourtofhermortuarytemple,Deir elBahri,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.14731458BCE.Redgranite,86high.MetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork.
TempleofRamessesII,AbuSimbel,Egypt,19thDynasty,ca.12901224BCE.Sandstone,colossi65high.
TempleofRamessesII Thetempleisdedicatedtothemostimportantgodsofthe
NewKingdom,Ptah (thecreatorgodofMemphis),AmunRa(thegreatgodofThebes)andRaHarakhte (sungodofHeliopolis),aswellastothePharaohRamsesIIhimself.
AstatueofRaHarakhte withthefalconheadisinanicheovertheentrance. ThegodisflankedbylowreliefdepictionsofRamessesIIwho
presentshimwithatinystatuetteofMaatgoddessofTruthandJustice.
Smallersculpturesbetweenthelegsandatthebaseofthecolossirepresentmembersoftheroyalfamily:mainlyhis4children,QueenTu'e,theKing'smotherandQueenNefertari,hiswife
InteriorofthetempleofRamessesII,AbuSimbel,Egypt,19thDynasty,ca.12901224BCE.Sandstone,pillarstatues32high.
RestoredviewofthetempleofAmenRa,Karnak,Egypt,begun15th centuryBCE(JeanClaudeGolvin).
ancientreligioussite..
Hypostylehall,templeofAmenRa,Karnak,Egypt,19thDynasty,ca.12901224BCE.
4precincts:AmenRa,Mut,Montu,andthedismantledTempleofAmenhotep IV
50,000sqft,with134massivecolumnsarrangedin16rows
SculptureandPaintingoftheNewKingdom
Senmut withPrincessNefrua,fromThebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.14701460BCE.Granite,31/2high.gyptisches Museum,Berlin.
Fowlingscene,fromthetombofNebamun,Thebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.14001350BCE.Frescoondryplaster,.28high.BritishMuseum,London.
Theimageryinthetombissymbolicandthematicallyrelatedtoajoyfulafterlife.
Musiciansanddancers,fromthetombofNebamun,Thebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.14001350BCE.Frescoondryplaster,1X23.BritishMuseum,London.
AkhenatonandtheAmarna Period
Akhenaton,fromthetempleofAton,Karnak,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.13531335BCE.Sandstone,13high.EgyptianMuseum,Cairo.
Tiye,fromGhurab,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.13531335BCE.Wood,withgold,silver,alabaster,andlapislazuli,33/4high.gyptisches Museum,Berlin
THUTMOSE,Nefertiti,fromAmarna,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.13531335BCE.Paintedlimestone,approx.18high.gyptisches Museum,Berlin.
.
Akhenaton,Nefertiti,andthreedaughters,fromAmarna,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.13531335BCE.Limestone,11/4high.gyptisches Museum,Berlin.
KingTutankhamen(PostAmarna Period)
DeathmaskofTutankhamen,fromtheinnermostcoffininhistombatThebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.1323BCE.Goldwithinlayofsemipreciousstones
InnermostcoffinofTutankhamen,fromTutstombatThebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.1323BCE.Goldwithinlayofenamelandsemipreciousstones,61long.
EgyptianPaintinginBooksoftheDead
apapyrusscrollinscribedwithacollectionoftextsfromtheBookoftheDead,knowntotheEgyptiansasthe"BookofComingForthbyDay."
LastjudgmentofHuNefer,fromhistombatThebes,Egypt,19thDynasty,ca.12901280BCE.Paintedpapyrusscroll,16high.BritishMuseum,London.
HuNefer,aroyalAnubisadjustingAmmit waitsforoutcomescribeandsteward,thescales;theheart(lion,hippo,croc femaledemon)ledbyAnubis,godweighedagainstMaatofembalming.
Toth waitstorecordtheverdict
HavingsurvivedthetestHuNefer isledbyHorusuptoOsirishimself,toreceivehisrewardofeternallife.
KingdomofKush TheNewKingdom
pharaohscolonizedNubia(Kushite Kingdom)andcontrolledthemajortraderoutebetweenEgyptandsubSaharaEgypt.
727BCEtheKushite kingPiye invadednorthward,seizingcontrolofThebesandeventuallytheDelta.Hisdynasty,the25thdynastyofEgypt,continueduntilabout653BCE.
PyramidsofMeroeinSudan.InthefrontfromlefttorightarethepyramidsN25,N26andN27.
PtolemaicEgypt Foundedin305BCbyPtolemyISoter whodeclaredhimself
PharaohofEgypt. AlexandriabecamethecapitalcityandacenterofGreekculture
andtrade. TogainrecognitionandacceptancebythenativeEgyptian
population,theynamedthemselvesthesuccessorstothePharaohs. EgyptiantraditionsandreligionwerecontinuedunderGreekrule. PtolemaicPharoahs oftenportrayedthemselvesinthetraditional
pharaonic iconography,especiallyinpublicmonuments. HellenisticculturecontinuedtothriveinEgypt,evenafterthe
Romanconquestin30BC
Cleopatra
Cleopatra&Caesarion,TempleofDendera Dendera TempleComplex
TempleofHorus,Edfu,Egypt,ca.240BCE
ContinuityinAncientEgyptianArt Despitesomealterationsandshortdeviations(Amarna)fromtheirartistic
tradition,Egyptiansmaintaincontinuityintheirart(statueofMentuemhet,ca.650BCE)andarchitecture(TempleofHorus,Edfu,ca.
237 47BCE)
ThelastrulersofEgypt
332BCEAlexandertheGreatconquersEgypt(Ptolemaic)
30BCERomans conquerEgypt 616 629ADPersians conquerEgypt 629ADRomans reconquer 639 641ADMuslim conquest(viaPalestine)
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