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Effects of Rain Water Harvesting on the Hydrograph. Tyler Jantzen May 3, 2007 CE 394K.2. Introduction. What is Rain Water Harvesting (RWH)? Collect rain water for consumptive use Increasing popularity Third world Arid climates “sustainable” building. Advantages - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Effects of Rain Water Effects of Rain Water Harvesting on the Harvesting on the
HydrographHydrograph
Tyler JantzenTyler Jantzen
May 3, 2007May 3, 2007
CE 394K.2CE 394K.2
IntroductionIntroduction
What is Rain Water What is Rain Water Harvesting (RWH)?Harvesting (RWH)? Collect rain water Collect rain water
for for consumptiveconsumptive use use Increasing Increasing
popularitypopularity Third worldThird world Arid climatesArid climates ““sustainable” sustainable”
buildingbuilding
IntroductionIntroduction
AdvantagesAdvantages Reduce need for Reduce need for
expensive expensive infrastructureinfrastructure
Reduce dependence Reduce dependence on on aquiferaquifer use use
CleanClean, pH neutral , pH neutral Reduce Reduce utilityutility bills bills Reduce urban effects Reduce urban effects
on hydrographon hydrograph
DisadvantagesDisadvantages High fixed costsHigh fixed costs Reduce hydrograph Reduce hydrograph
below natural levelsbelow natural levels
ObjectivesObjectives
Hydrologic Model to Hydrologic Model to simulate Rain Water simulate Rain Water HarvestingHarvesting Urban areaUrban area Arid climateArid climate Use ArcGIS, HEC-Use ArcGIS, HEC-
GeoHMS, HEC-HMSGeoHMS, HEC-HMS
Multiple ScenariosMultiple Scenarios Pre-developedPre-developed 19921992 20012001 Rain Water HarvestingRain Water Harvesting
2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% participation100% participation
At what % does rain At what % does rain water harvesting = water harvesting = pre-developed?pre-developed?
Study Area:Study Area:Rillito and Alamo Canyon Rillito and Alamo Canyon Watersheds- Tucson, AZWatersheds- Tucson, AZ
Rillito River Watershed too big!
Processing time too long.
Data CollectionData Collection
Basin delineationBasin delineation NHDPlusNHDPlus National Elevation National Elevation
Dataset (NED) DEM from Dataset (NED) DEM from USGSUSGS
Curve Number grid Curve Number grid creationcreation Soil parametersSoil parameters
SSURGO from USDASSURGO from USDA Land Use Land Use
National Land Cover National Land Cover Dataset Dataset
Data Pre-ProcessingData Pre-Processing
Land UseLand Use Re-classifyRe-classify
Assign Curve NumbersAssign Curve Numbers Curve Number LookupCurve Number Lookup Pre-Developed = Pre-Developed =
average of average of undevelopedundeveloped
Rain Water Harvesting; Rain Water Harvesting; 100% 100% →→ CN =0 CN =0
Combine Land Use and Combine Land Use and SoilsSoils
Create Curve Number Create Curve Number GridGrid
Run Arc-HydroRun Arc-Hydro
2001 NLCD Classification Revised Classification
Description Description
11 Open Water 19 Open Water
21 Developed, Open Space 14 Residentail- 1/2 acre lot
22 Developed, Low Intensity 13 Residential- 1/4 acre lot
23Developed, Medium
Intensity 12 Residential- 1/8 acre lot
24 Developed, High Intensity 10 Commercial and business
31 Barren Land 3 Pasture/Range- poor
41 Deciduous Forest 7 Wood or forest- good
42 Evergreen Forest 7 Wood or forest- good
43 Mixed Forest 7 Wood or forest- good
52 Scrub/Shrub 3 Pasture/Range- poor
71 Grassland/Herbaceous 5 Meadow
81 Pasture/Hay 4 Pasture/Range- good
82 Cultivated Crops 2Cultivated Land- w/o
Conservation
90 Woody Wetlands 19 Open Water
95Emergent Herbaceous
Wetland 19 Open Water
Soil Group
Land Cover Description Code A B C D
Cultivated Land- w/ Conservation 1 72 81 88 91
Cultivated Land- w/o Conservation 2 62 71 78 81
Pasture/Range- poor condition 3 68 79 86 89
Pasture/Range- good condition 4 39 61 74 80
Meadow 5 30 58 71 78
Wood or forest- poor cover 6 45 66 77 83
Wood or forest- good cover 7 25 55 70 77
Open spaces- good condition 8 39 61 74 80
Open spaces- fair condition 9 49 69 79 84
Commercial and business areas 10 89 92 94 95
Industrial districts 11 81 88 91 93
Residential- 1/8 acre lot 12 77 85 90 92
Residential- 1/4 acre lot 13 61 75 83 87
Residential- 1/2 acre lot 14 54 70 80 85
Parking lots 15 98 98 98 98
Paved street 16 98 98 98 98
Gravel street 17 76 85 89 91
Dirt street 18 72 82 87 89
Open Water 19 100 100 100 100
Soil Group
Land Cover Description Code A B C D
Cultivated Land- w/ Conservation 1 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Cultivated Land- w/o Conservation 2 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Pasture/Range- poor condition 3 68 79 86 89
Pasture/Range- good condition 4 39 61 74 80
Meadow 5 30 58 71 78
Wood or forest- poor cover 6 45 66 77 83
Wood or forest- good cover 7 25 55 70 77
Open spaces- good condition 8 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Open spaces- fair condition 9 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Commercial and business areas 10 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Industrial districts 11 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Residential- 1/8 acre lot 12 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Residential- 1/4 acre lot 13 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Residential- 1/2 acre lot 14 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Parking lots 15 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Paved street 16 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Gravel street 17 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Dirt street 18 41.4 63.8 75.6 81.4
Open Water 19 100 100 100 100
50% Rain Water Harvesting50% Rain Water Harvesting Soil Group
Land Cover Description Code A B C D
Cultivated Land- w/ Conservation 1 72 81 88 91
Cultivated Land- w/o Conservation 2 62 71 78 81
Pasture/Range- poor condition 3 68 79 86 89
Pasture/Range- good condition 4 39 61 74 80
Meadow 5 30 58 71 78
Wood or forest- poor cover 6 45 66 77 83
Wood or forest- good cover 7 25 55 70 77
Open spaces- good condition 8 39 61 74 80
Open spaces- fair condition 9 49 69 79 84
Commercial and business areas 10 44.5 46 47 47.5
Industrial districts 11 40.5 44 45.5 46.5
Residential- 1/8 acre lot 12 38.5 42.5 45 46
Residential- 1/4 acre lot 13 30.5 37.5 41.5 43.5
Residential- 1/2 acre lot 14 27 35 40 42.5
Parking lots 15 98 98 98 98
Paved street 16 98 98 98 98
Gravel street 17 76 85 89 91
Dirt street 18 72 82 87 89
Open Water 19 100 100 100 100
From SCS TR-55
=CNold*(100%-50%)
HEC-GeoHMS HEC-GeoHMS
Convert ArcGIS into Convert ArcGIS into HMSHMS ArcHydro, CN grid ArcHydro, CN grid
as inputas input Basin Parameters:Basin Parameters:
Slope, Centroid, Slope, Centroid, Elevation, Average Elevation, Average CN, Lag Time, AreaCN, Lag Time, Area
Reach Parameters:Reach Parameters: Slope, LengthSlope, Length
Extremely FinickyExtremely Finicky
HEC-HMS: Basin ModelHEC-HMS: Basin Model
Loss: SCS Curve Loss: SCS Curve NumberNumber
Transform: SCS Transform: SCS Unit HydrographUnit Hydrograph
Baseflow: noneBaseflow: none Routing: Kinematic Routing: Kinematic
WaveWave Loss/Gain: noneLoss/Gain: none
Average Basin Curve Number Comparison
68
7581 79 77
7369
6562
43
24
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Pre D
evelo
pmen
t
1992
2001
2% R
WH
5% R
WH
10%
RW
H
15%
RW
H
20%
RW
H
25%
RW
H
50%
RW
H
75%
RW
H
100%
RW
H
Scenario
Cu
rve
Nu
mb
er
Different for each scenario
Same for all scenarios
HEC-HMS: Meteorologic HEC-HMS: Meteorologic ModelModel
SCS Type II, 30 SCS Type II, 30 minuteminute
Frequency (yr) 1 2 5 100
Duration (min) 30 30 30 30
Depth (in) 0.65 0.83 1.1 2
Depth (mm) 16.5 21.1 27.9 50.8
Actual storm: 8/8/05Actual storm: 8/8/05Hyetograph for 8/8/05, Tucson WBO Precipitation Gaging
Station (COOPID = 028820)
9
0
26
2 1
13
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00
Time (hours on 8/8/05)In
cre
me
nta
l R
ain
De
pth
(h
un
dre
dth
s o
f a
n i
nc
h)
Results: HypothesisResults: Hypothesis
Post-Development Post-Development is is higherhigher, , flashierflashier than pre-than pre-developmentdevelopment
Rain water Rain water harvesting is harvesting is lowerlower, , less flashyless flashy than than post-development post-development
Flow
Time
Results: 100 Year StormResults: 100 Year StormModeled Response to 100 Year Storm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00
Time
Flo
w (
m3/
s)
Pre Developed 1992 2001 2%
5% 10% 15% 20%
25% 50% 75% 100%
Modeled Response to 100 Year Storm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00
Time
Flo
w (
m3/
s)
Pre Developed 1992 2001 15% 20%
ResultsResults
Used 15% RWH with multiple stormsUsed 15% RWH with multiple storms Only 100 yr storm produced runoffOnly 100 yr storm produced runoff Smaller storms (1 – 5 yr) had Smaller storms (1 – 5 yr) had no runoffno runoff
LimitationsLimitations
Much Much simplifiedsimplified hydrologic model hydrologic model 15% RWH = 15% of land use has CN 15% RWH = 15% of land use has CN
= 0= 0 Does not account for Does not account for area within land area within land
use that does not participate in RWHuse that does not participate in RWH 15% RWH 15% RWH ≠ 15% of population ≠ 15% of population
participating in RWHparticipating in RWH 15% RWH = 15% of 15% RWH = 15% of landland participating participating
ConclusionsConclusions
15% RWH 15% RWH ≈ Pre-Developed Conditions≈ Pre-Developed Conditions More than 15% RWH could have More than 15% RWH could have drastic drastic
effectseffects on urban hydrograph on urban hydrograph Coarse modelCoarse model
Somebody should refineSomebody should refine HEC-GeoHMS is a great tool but…HEC-GeoHMS is a great tool but…
It is extremely It is extremely finickyfinicky, and can be , and can be frustratingfrustrating
Data SourcesData Sources
Tutorials: Tutorials: http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~vmerwade/tutorial.htmlhttp://web.ics.purdue.edu/~vmerwade/tutorial.html
NHDPlus: NHDPlus: http://www.horizon-systems.com/nhdplus/http://www.horizon-systems.com/nhdplus/ NED, NLCD: NED, NLCD: http://http://seamless.usgs.govseamless.usgs.gov// Land Use Classification: Land Use Classification:
http://www.epa.gov/mrlc/classification.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/mrlc/classification.html SSURGO: SSURGO: http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/ STATSGO: STATSGO:
http://www.soilinfo.psu.edu/index.cgi?soil_data&stathttp://www.soilinfo.psu.edu/index.cgi?soil_data&statsgosgo
Design Storm: Design Storm: http://http://hdsc.nws.noaa.gov/hdsc/pfds/sa/az_pfds.htmlhdsc.nws.noaa.gov/hdsc/pfds/sa/az_pfds.html
Rain gage data: Rain gage data: http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/cdohttp://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/cdo
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