Ee w03.1 m_ 1. the system (transmission) part 1

Lecture 1

Energy Economics

Intro

• The unbundling regime for electricity utilities in the EU: A case of legislative and regulatory capture?

• Bidding behavior when one bidder and the auctioneer are vertically integrated: Implications for the partial deregulation of EU electricity markets– (Merchant interconnector projects by generators in the EU:

Profitability and allocation of capacity)

• Legal unbundling and auctions in vertically integrated (utilities) markets

http://fsr.eui.eu/Home.aspx

Experimental papers

Energy Economics

Intro

1. Electricity markets

2. Fossil fuels: Oil, Gas & Coal

3. Climate Policy

Interest-drivenExtrapolation /

Speculation

Highest standards research

Core science

Policy papers

Oil price predictions

Propaganda

Misleading

Plainly wrong/ Rotten lies

Literature indication

I-D E/S

HS

0.01 TWy/year

. Solar energy production end 2012

• Syllabus

One short presentation on a topic within the field of energy economics.• Length 10-15 minutes long. • For example:

– Challenges or chances for energy companies, energy regulators or energy traders

– The electrical system (capacity, production, consumption) and its challenges (eg lack of transmission, abundance of intermittent renewables, falling short of fulfilling the 20-20-20 target, etc) for region or country X

– Outlook for (and maybe historical development of) generating technology Y (in region or country X).

– … many other topics…

A short feedback presentation.• Length: 2-4 minutes long• singles out

– 1 or 2 points that were very good, astute and clear – 2 points that could be improved upon.

The electrical system 1

Transmission

Literature for today

Shively Ch.1, 2, 5, 6, 7.

I-D E/S

HS

I-D E/S

HS

MIT: Appendix B

Transmission

Principles of Transmission, applied to the EU transmission network

1. Line limits2. Principles of dispatch3. Role of frequency in ac lines and stability

requirements 4. Transmission shortage, the internal market

and the 2050 carbon targets

Power plants

Distributors

Transmission

Power Plants

Transmission

Industrial consumers

Distributors

Residential consumers: Households

Other countries

2. Transmission lines

September 28th, 2003

Huge blackout cripples Italy!

Rome’s “white night”

Rome’s “white night”110 trains stopped

Thousands of people stuck

Huge blackout cripples Italy!

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:01

“Cross-border transmission lines”

“Interconnectors”

Tree flashover!

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:01

Tree flashover!

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:0103:01-03.16

03:11

The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures

TSO= Transmission System Operator

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:21

Italy reduces import by -300 MW

03:25

Tree flashover!

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:25

Tree flashover!

03:26

All interconnectors are automatically disconnected

1. Transmission lines limits

2. Dispatch

3. Frequency and synchronicity

4. Transmission shortage in the EU

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:01

Tree flashover!

Transmission lines limits

flashover

Transmission lines limits

High voltage

High voltage

Dramatically lowers losses to resistance

1 KV-> 10KV

Loss falls to 1%

Factor 100

Transmission lines limits

1 KV-> 100KV

Loss falls to 0.01%

Factor 10.000

Transmission lines limits

Transmission lines limits

Sagging of the line

High load

Clearance: Trees below transmission lines must be kept short enough

• Limit of a line varies…– The line itself- Maximum allowed sagging– Air temperature & wind

- For example, Increase in temperature from 30C to 40C can lower the limit with 10%

VIDEO

“1. Tree Flashover 10.03.09 (hq)”

Line flashover

3 risk factors for line flashover

Factor 1: High voltage

Factor 2: High load

Factor 3: proximity to other objects (trees)

1. Transmission lines limits

2. Dispatch

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:01

Dispatch

2 node network

?

A B

Injection: 100MW Injection:

20MW

Withdrawal: 50MW

Withdrawal: 70MW

Net Injection: 50MW

Net Withdrawal:

50MW

Dispatch

Physical flow: 50MW

A B

Net Injection: 50MW

Net Withdrawal:

50MW

Dispatch

Net Withdrawal:

50MW

Physical flow: 50MW

A B

Net Injection: 50MW ∆ -10MW

40MW

∆-10MW

40MW

∆ -10MW

40MW

Dispatch

Physical flow: 40MW

A B

Net Injection: 40MW

Net Withdrawal:

40MW

Electricity cannot just be “send” somewhere

Any flow is the RESULT of the injection and withdrawals

Dispatch

40MW

A B

40MW

Limit: 50MW

Limit: 50MW

Net Withdraw: 80MW

Net Injection:80MW

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

Italy

Switzerland

A B

40MWNet Withdraw: 80MW

Net Injection:80MW

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

Italy

Switzerland

A B

40MW80MWLimit: 50MW

Net Withdraw: 80MW

Net Injection:80MW

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

Italy

Switzerland

A B

Limit: 50MW

Limit: 50MW

Apply N-1 security standards

25MW

25MWNet Withdrawal: 50MW

Net Injection:50MW

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

Italy

Switzerland

Net Withdrawal: 50MW

Net Injection:50MW

25MW

A B

25MW

Limit: 50MW

Limit: 50MW

40MW

40MW

Both lines can have 80MW

(15 minuts)

Decrease in withdrawal of 30MW

available(within 15 min)

Decrease in injection of 30MW

is possible

(within 15 min) 80MW

80MW

Fulfills N-1 security standards

A B

25MW

Limit: 50MW

40MW

Both lines can have 80MW

(15 minuts)

Net Withdrawal:

80MW

Net Injection:

80MW

Fulfills N-1 security standards

Decrease in withdrawal of 30MW

available(within 15 min)

Decrease in injection of 30MW

is possible

(within 15 min)

A B

25MW

Limit: 50MW

80MW

Both lines can have 80MW

(15 minuts)

Net Withdrawal:

80MW

Net Injection:

80MW50MW

50MW

50MW

Fulfills N-1 security standards

Decrease in withdrawal of 30MW

available(within 15 min)

Decrease in injection of 30MW

is possible

(within 15 min)

03:11

The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures

Dispatch is done by national TSOs

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:21

Italy reduces import by -300 MW

03:25

Dispatch

1. Transmission lines limits

2. Dispatch

3. Frequency and synchronicity

Frequency and Synchronicity

Direct Current (DC)

Alternating Current (AC)

Frequency and Synchronicity

AlternatingCurrent (AC)

50 Hertz

Does a lamp in your house receive zero energy 100 times a second and is thus blinking?

Frequency and Synchronicity

•VID• Wednesday 1_ light bulb.divx

Alternating Current lines

(AC)

Frequency and Synchronicity

Direct Current (DC)

Alternating Current (AC)

Easy & cheap transformation

Direct Current lines (DC or HVDC)

50 Herz is the frequency in Europe

Frequency and Synchronicity

A shortage of generation makes the frequency fall

Slight shortage

Frequency and Synchronicity

A surplus of generation makes the frequency rise

Slight surplus

Frequency and Synchronicity

Lost of a nuclear unit (1300 MW) within the UCTE system

• http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm

Frequency and Synchronicity

• http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm

Frequency and Synchronicity

Russian frequency

All generators are synchronized

UCTE = Continental

Synchronous Area