EDUCATION AND GENDER WAGE GAP IN GREECE

EDUCATION AND GENDER WAGE GAP IN GREECE

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Table 16 Secondary Public and Private Education in Greece, School Year 2005-2006

Boys Girls Men Women Junior High Schools 175,959 160,299 13,768 27,661 High Schools 113,477 129,811 13,248 13,368

Technical Vocational Schools 65,734 36,643 9,601 7,578 Total 355,170 328,753 36,617

48,607

Schools Students Teachers

Table 14 Women in Higher Education

Postgraduate Students

Year Total Women % WomenTotal Women % Women 2005-2006 171,967 102,353 59.52 % 42,930 21,283 49,58% 2006-2007 171,857 102,569 59.68 % 47,784 24,464 51,20% 2007-2008 170,422 102,792 60.32 % 49,347 24,754 50,16%

Table 4 Women’s participation in responsible posts within the Public Sector

Rates of women’s participation in head posts in Ministries, PLLE and LGO 1996 2002 2005 2007

General Directors No class or post stipulated

40.4% 37.7% Ministries: 40% PLLE: 69.6% LGO: 36.7% Average: 48.9% Directors 24.5% 36% 34.5% Ministries: 35.5% PLLE: 62.2% LGO: 39.4% Average: 45.7% Department Heads 37.8% 50.7% 46.3% Ministries: 46.4% PLLE: 76.3% LGO: 44% Average: 55.6% Average 31.15% 42.3% 39.5% 50.1%

5

PARTICIPATION OF GENDER GROUPS IN ENGINEERING WORKPLACE

HUMAN RESOURCE & DEVELOPMENT1980 2000 % Chg in M/F

Gap

% of Engineering Degrees

Male Female M/F Gap261 279 18

Male Female M/F Gap222 209 13

-46.2%

% of Workforce Participation

66% 34% 32% 68% 32% 36% 12.5%

ENGINEERING DEGREES AWARDED FROM 2004 TO 2008

Degree Awarded Women Men% Gap Between Men & Women

Architecture 1274 1258 0.6%

Civil Engineering 720 4401 71.9%

Computer Science Engineering 735 2129 48.7%

Electrical Engineering 533 2616 66.1%

Electronic Engineering 1168 4767 60.6%

Mechanical Engineering 413 8547 90.8%

Total 4843 23718 66.1%

  Σύνολο Total Males Females skilfulness Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High

Greece   40,8 41,6 17,6 40,5 41,4 18,1 41,1 41,8 17,1

ΕU -25 32,8 47,3 19,9 32,1 48,0 19,9 33,5 46,6 19,9

Table 1

Persons employed , 15-64 years , by education level and skillfulness ( ISCED code ), in Greece and Europe an Union , 2005

Source : European Commission DG-Employment and Social Affairs, Employment in Europe 2006.

Table 2 Participation % in Labour Force 15-64 years , by εducation (ISCED level , ( ISCED code ), in Greece και and European Union , 2003

Total Low level of Education

Medium level of Education

High level of Education

Greece   ΕU-15

ΕU-25

Greece  

ΕU-15 ΕU-25 Greece  

ΕU-15 ΕU-25 Greece   ΕU-15 ΕU-25

63,8 69,9 69,2 54,3 55,7 53,0 66,0 76,1 75,5 86,3 86,8 86,8

Source : European Commission DG-Em ployment and Social Affairs, Employment in Europe 2006

Table 19 Employment and Unemployment Percentages per Sex, 2004 and 2008

EmploymentPercentage Unemployment Percentage

Men 2004 74.0 6.5

2008 75.4 4.8 Women 2004 45.5

16.0 2008 49.0 11.1

Table 3 3 (ISCED rates in Greece and European Union, by education level and sex,    2004 2004

Low level of Education Medium level of Education

High level of Education

  Greece   ΕU-15 ΕU-25 Greece  

ΕU-15 ΕU-25 Greece  

ΕU-15 ΕU-25

Total                  Employment rate 49,5 49,2 46,2 60,7 70,1 68,3 81,2 82,5 82,5

Part-time rate 5,4 18,5 18,3 4,2 20,9 17,9 3,5 15,8 14,5

Unemployment rate 9,6 11,8 12,8 12,4 8,1 9,6 7,9 5,1 5,1

Males                  

Employment rate 74,0 60,8 57,0 74,3 76,3 74,6 88,0 86,0 86,0

Part-time rate 2,2 6,4 6,8 2,1 6, 6,2 1,6 6,4 6,1

Unemployment rate 6,3 10,4 11,5 7,6 7,6 9,0 4,6 4,6 3,7

Females                  

Employment rate 32,3 38,0 36,0 47,4 63,8 61,8 75,2 78,9 78,9

Part-time rate 11,9 37,1 35,7 7,5 38,4 32,6 6,0 26,4 23,9

Unemployment rate 15,5 13,7 14,6 18,9 8,8 10,4 11,8 5,7 5,8

Employment rate : Persons employed 15-64 years, as percentage of population 15-64 years Part - time rate : Percentage % of total Employment Unemployment rate : Unemployment persons 15 years and over as Percentage % of labour force Source : European Commission DG-Employment and Social Affairs, Employment in Europe 2006.

Table 4 Labour Force by education level and sex (2007) (in thousands )

education level Females Males Both sexes

Received a post graduate qualifications 37,0 53 90,3

Received a university degree 392,6 415,9 808,5

Received a third-level technical-vocational institutional degree

389,0 409,9 798,9

Completed secondary level education 628,1 999,0 1627,1

Completed the third stage of 6-year secondary education

171,2 381,7 552,9

Completed primary education 359,5 359,5 617,5 977,0

completed primary education 14,8 18,7 33,5

Attended no school at all 9,0 9,6 18,6

Total 2.001,3 2.905,6 2.905,6

4.906,9

Source : National Statistical Service of Greece

Table 5 Persons employed , by education level and sex

Females Males

education level 2003 2007 2003 2007

Received a post graduate qualifications 11,2 33,9 21,1 50,6

Received a university degree 299,8 361,3 359,0 399,5

Received a third-level technical-vocational institutional degree 252,0 326,9 306,1 379,8

Completed secondary level education 467,3 521,3 830,0 939,5

Completed the third stage of 6-year secondary education 121,9 140,2 348,3 361,1

Completed primary education 389,8 317,9 740,7 582,0

completed primary education 22,3 13,7 26,8 17,9

Attended no school at all 15,1 7,3 13,0 8,3

Total 1.579,5 1.722,4 2.644,9 2.738,8

Source : National Statistical Service of Greece (in thousands)  

Table 6 Persons employed 15 years end over with part-time job by education level and sex (2007)

education level Females Males Both sexes

Received a post graduate qualifications 2,0 1,7 3,7

Received a university degree 27,1 9,2 36,4

Received a third-level technical-vocational institutional degree

24,0 7,7 31,7

Completed secondary level education 52,8 23,0 75,8

Completed the third stage of 6-year secondary educ .

20,4 10,0 30,4

Completed primary educ . 51,3 22,4 73,7

Have completed primary education 2,9 1,9 4,8

Attended no school at all 1,8 0,4 2,1

Σύνολο Total 182,3 76,3 258,6

Source : National Statistical Service of Greece ( 1 st quarter 2007 , in thousands )

Table 7 Unemployed females 15years end over by education level and age groups    (2007)

AGE GROUPS

education level 15-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-44 years 45-64 years 65 years and over

Total Females 8,8 46,1 57,0 117,5 49,1 0,3Received a post graduate qualific - - - - 1,8 0,7 0,7 - -

Received a university degree - - 7,5 9,0 12,7 2,1 - -

Βαθμός Received a third-level te chnical-vocational institute. degree

0,3 13,4 18,3 26,0 4,1 - -

Completed secondary level education

5,8 20,6 19,3 44,9 16,2 - -

. Completed the third stage of 6-year secondary educ .

1,7 3,5 5,2 15,6 5,0 - -

Completed primary educ . 1,0 1,0 3,4 16,5 19,3 0,3

completed primary educ . - - - - - - 0,1 1,1 - -

Attended no school at all - - 0,2 - - 0,9 0,6 - -

Source: National Statistical Service of Greece (1st quarter 2007, in thousands)

Table 8 Unemployed males 15 years end over by education level and age groups (2007)

AGE GROUPS education level 15-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-44 years 45-64 years 65 years and

over

Total males 7,3 30,7 40,0 57,8 30,4 0,6

Received a post graduate qualific ation

- - 0,4 1,2 0,8 0,3 - -

Received a university degree - - 1,2 6,4 7,4 1,4 - -

Received a third-level technical-vocational institute. degree

0,1 6,5 11,1 9,2 2,9 0,3

Completed secondary level educ . 4,1 15,8 13,1 20,9 5,4 - -

Completed the third stage of 6-year secondary educ .

0,9 3,4 5,0 9,0 2,5 - -

Completed primary educ . 2,1 3,3 3,1 10,1 16,6 0,3

Have not completed primary educ. - - - - - - 0,2 0,5 - -

Attended no school at all 0,1 0,2 - - 0,3 0,8 - -

Source: National Statistical Service of Greece (1st quarter 2007, in thousands)

Table 9 9 Persons employed 15 years end over by education level, occupational status and sex (2007)         

education level Employers Own-account workers Salaries employees Unpaid family workers

Total Females 73,8 285,0 1.175,2 188,5Received a post graduate qualifications 1,2 6,2 26,1 0,4

Received a university degree 17,9 44,8 8 291,5 7,1

Received a third-level technical-vocational institutional degree

10,5 26,9 277,5 11,9

Completed secondary level education 23,5 66,5 378,6 52,7

Completed the third sta ge of 6-year secondary educ. 8,1 25,9 84,2 22,0

Completed primary education 11,9 107,2 113,4 85,3

Have not completed primary education 0,5 5,3 2,0 5,9

Attended no school at all 0,2 2,2 1,8 3,1

Total males 288,3 679,5 1.663,4 107,6Received a post graduate qualifications 3,3 7,4 39,6 0,4

Received a university degree 46,8 75,5 272,8 4,4

Received a third-level technical-vocational institutional degree

32,4 55,6 281,7 10,2

Completed secondary level education 105,3 191,9 596,6 45,7

Completed the third stage of 6-year secondary educ . 36,9 97,1 209,4 17,7

Completed primary education 61,5 238,6 254,7 27,2

Have not completed primary education 1,4 10,1 5,0 1,4

Attended no school at all 0,7 3,4 3,6 0,7

Source: National Statistical Service of Greece (1st quarter 2007, in thousands)

TABLE – Statistics on women’s status in Greece and in the European Union Reference Greece European Union

Women Men Women Men Employment rates (women and men aged 15-65), 2010 48.9% 73.5% 58.6% 70.7% Employment rates (women and men aged 15-24), 2010 18.1% 27.7% 33.1% 37.2% Employment rates (women and men aged 55 -64), 2010 32.0% 64.3% 44.6% 61.95% Unemployment rates (women and men aged 15-64), 2010 15.7% 9.7% 10.2% 9.9% Unemployment rates (women and men aged 15-24 2010 40.4% 25.5% 19.5% 20.7% Unemployment rates (women and men aged 25-64), 2010 13.8% 8.6% 9.2% 8.7% Share of long-term unemployed (women and men 15 and over), in 2009 6.0% 2.4% 3.1% 2.9% Pay gap in EU Member States, in 2008 22.0% 17.5% Percentages of inactive and partially active women due to the lack of care services for children and the elderly (Ju 68.5% _ 26.7% 25.9% Care of children at the age of 0-3 (Barcelona target is 33%) (2005) 7.0% 24.0%

Care of children from 3 years old up to the age of compulsory education (Barcelona target is 90%) (2005) 60.0% 82.4%

Women and men with High Education level, in 2009 59.0% 41.0% 59.0% 41.0%

Unemployment rates by sex and educational attainment level (PhD or Master degree holders), in 2009 9.7% 5.8% 4.8% 3.7% Participation rates (women and men) in National Parliaments 17.3% 82.7% 26.0% 74.0%

European Commission,

Participation rates (women and men) in senior posts in enterprises, in 2008 29.0% 71.0% 32.5% 67.5% Participation rates (women and men) in Boards of Directors of the biggest listed companies, in 2009 5.0% 95.0% 11.0% 89.0% in decision-

making

Population percentage 18 years old at the risk of poverty, in 2008 20.7% 19.6% 17.5% 15.6%

Employees at the risk of poverty, in 2008 12.1% 15.9% 7.9% 9% Non employed persons at the risk of poverty, in 2007 26% 23% 25% 23% Unemployed persons at the risk of poverty, in 2007 31% 41% 39% 47% Pensioners at the risk of poverty, in 2008 23.6% 20.8% 21.2% 15% Other inactive persons at the risk of poverty, 2007 25% 27% 28% 26% Deaths of women – victims of domestic violence (homicides 2007) 10 women victims Public

Security Division, 1st Special Crime Squad Deaths of women – victims of domestic violence (homicides 2008) 17 women victims Deaths of women – victims of domestic violence (homicides 2009) 13 women

Table 1 Women’s participation in the National Parliament

Year Total Women % Women 1996 300 19 6.3 2000 300 31 10.3 2004 300 39 13 2007 300 48 16 2009 300 52 17.3 • A slight improvement from 43 (9%) in the 1999 election to 61 (11.09%) in the 2004 election.• Electoral system used in 1999 is proportional with closed-list system. In the 2004 election, the proportion is

“half-opened”. Meaning that the internal mechanism in the political party still have the strong hold of the political party list in the recruitment system.

Table 2

Rates of women candidates for regional, municipal and local councils 2006

women candidates for Municipal Elections 32% women candidates for Region Councils 29%women candidates for Local Councils 36%

Table 3 European Elections Results, 2004 & 2009 per gender Seats Women Men % Women

2004 24 8 16 33.3 2009 22 7 15 31.8

21

High percentage of women in Quality management

Human Resource management

Programming

Technical Writing

Low percentage of women inIT operations

Database administration

Network administration

Percentage of women in Senior management low in comparison to western countries

Percentage of women in project management steadily rising

IT - the Industry with one of the highest growth rate of women employees

Table 23 Average time dedicated to domestic and family duties and to employed work per week (data for 2005)1 Women Men Gender Difference

Domestic and family duties Paid employment28.8 43.6 7.1 53.1 21.7 -9.5

Table 24 Non-active Population aged 25-64 per sex: Reasons for not searching for employment Women Men

Reasons of non searching of employment 2004 2008 2004 2008

Waiting to take over a working post : : : : Suffering from a disease or incapability 3.5 4.7 20 20.1 Other family/ personal duties 43.9 36.5 1.6 1.2 Taking care of children or dependent adults : 8.6 : : They are students 1.2 2 6.2 7.4 They are pensioners 14.2 14.7 67.2 65.6 Believing that there are no jobs available 0.7 0.9 : 0.8 Other reasons 36.5 32.7 4.5 4.8

WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

HUMAN RIGHTS

GENDER-RESPONSIVE GOVERNANCE

The Greek Framework Plan

for Women

RecommendationsFor women in administrative and technical

positions:Provide business communications trainingProvide intensive English language training

RecommendationsFor women in support positions such as

cleaners and tea servers:Conduct a relevant needs assessment

RecommendationsFor women who will be displaced in the civil

service reform process:Provide opportunity for retraining as teachersProvide intensive English language training

The National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) 2007-2013, Operational Programme (OP) “Public Administration Reform”, is the central funding framework of these policies and activities

The Programme is structured on three pillars. They entail, respectively:

a. proposed legislative regulations to improve family law, reform and enhance legislation addressing violence and introduce new provisions aimed at substantive gender equality;

b. GSGE specialised gender equality policies (interventions in selected areas of public policy and creation of policy making institutions, structures and bodies); and

c. interventions by other Ministries and public agencies which foster gender equity via public policies

(mainstreaming policies).

RecommendationsFor women who will enter the civil service in the

near- and medium-term future:Assist in GTZ research project on civil service

employment for women

Working Towards equal opportunities for women in the civil service

IntroductionReport PurposeCommitments to Gender Equality by Greek

GovernmentMethodology

Women in the Civil ServiceStatisticsCurrent EnvironmentCategoriesCivil Service Reform

OBJECTIVES

Provide, greek government agencies, and development practitioners with a common set of analytical concepts and tools for integrating gender concerns into development programs and projects

Help achieve gender equality in, and empower women through, projects and programs

Statisticsnumber of civil servants 1.100.000 gender-disaggregated data180,000 to 325,000 totalOne estimate 38,000 womenOne estimate 60% of women teachers

Current EnvironmentLack of central coordination and trackingLack of merit-based selection systemLack of post-training evaluationLack of post-training information sharingFossilized/discriminatory civil service

infrastructure

Categories Women in senior- and mid-level

managerial and policy-making positions Women in administrative and technical

positions Women in support positions such as

cleaners and tea servers Women who will be displaced in the civil

service reform process Women who will enter the civil service in

the near- and medium-term future

Civil Service TrainingNo centralized coordination or trackingAttempt at general inventory by ministry and

provincial administrationSource – ministries, NGO’s and training

providers

RecommendationsGeneral:Greek government should hold government

officials publicly responsible for a commitment to gender equality

Independent Administrative Reform & Civil Service Commission should form an equity unit

Implement process immediately with gender component

Implement gender-sensitive merit-based selection processes for training attendees.

Ministries and donors participate in central training tracking

RecommendationsFor women in senior- and mid-level managerial

and policy-making positions:Provide business communications trainingProvide training for effective access to women

in the Parliament

Thank you and Welcome to Discussion…..

Amoutzias.dimitris@n3.sezefxis.gov.gr