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6G
lobal
Int
erac
tion
s 2:
Sec
ond E
dit
ion
7Eco
syst
ems
at R
isk:
An
Ove
rvie
w
exam
-sty
le q
uest
ion
s
At
the
beg
innin
g of
the
twen
tiet
h c
entu
ry t
her
e w
ere
1.6
bill
ion
peo
ple
on e
arth
and w
hile
pol
luti
on a
nd e
nvir
onm
enta
l deg
radat
ion w
ere
com
mon
, th
e pro
ble
ms
wer
e ge
ner
ally
loc
al.
The
wor
ld s
till
seem
ed v
ast,
and lar
ge a
reas
rem
ained
vir
tual
ly
unto
uch
ed b
y hum
an a
ctiv
ity.
Just
ove
r 100 y
ears
lat
er t
he
wor
ld’s
pop
ula
tion
has
gro
wn t
o m
ore
than
6 b
illio
n a
nd t
he
envi
ronm
enta
l pro
ble
ms
that
hav
e re
sult
ed f
rom
this
rap
id
gro
wth
now
aff
ect
the
whol
e pla
net
. W
hol
e ec
osys
tem
s ar
e at
ris
k;
agri
cult
ura
l an
d u
rban
dev
elop
men
ts h
ave
deg
raded
the
pla
net
an
d a
lter
ed its
atm
ospher
e. A
s hab
itat
s ar
e des
troy
ed, th
e sp
ecie
s of
pla
nts
and a
nim
als
that
dep
end o
n t
hem
bec
ome
exti
nct
. Th
ese
pro
ble
ms
can o
nly
wor
sen a
s th
e w
orld
’s p
opula
tion
gro
ws
to a
n e
stim
ated
10 b
illio
n b
y 2050, an
d t
he
size
of
the
glob
al e
conom
y gro
ws
to a
t le
ast
five
tim
es its
pre
sent
size
. C
an
this
rat
e of
pop
ula
tion
and e
conom
ic g
row
th b
e su
stai
ned
? W
hat
ab
out
the
countr
ies
of t
he
dev
elop
ing
wor
ld w
her
e m
illio
ns
of
peo
ple
sti
ll don
’t h
ave
an a
ccep
table
sta
ndar
d o
f liv
ing?
Do
they
hav
e a
righ
t to
the
sam
e st
andar
d o
f liv
ing
as w
e in
the
dev
elop
ed
wor
ld h
ave?
Can
this
be
achie
ved w
ithou
t fu
rther
env
iron
men
tal
deg
radat
ion?
Thes
e ar
e th
e ques
tion
s th
at m
ust
be
answ
ered
if
we
are
to s
ust
ainab
ly m
anag
e an
d p
rote
ct t
he
glob
al e
nvir
onm
ent,
it
s hab
itat
s an
d b
iolo
gica
l div
ersi
ty.
It s
hou
ld n
ot b
e as
sum
ed t
hat
hum
an im
pac
t on
the
bio
phys
ical
env
iron
men
t is
a r
elat
ivel
y re
cent
even
t. F
or m
any
thou
sands
of y
ears
man
y in
dig
enou
s peo
ple
s beh
aved
in w
ays
that
tra
nsf
orm
ed e
cosy
stem
s an
d led
to
the
exti
nct
ion o
f m
any
spec
ies.
Such
im
pac
ts w
ere,
how
ever
, usu
ally
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng
per
iods
of e
nvir
onm
enta
l st
abili
ty d
uri
ng
whic
h t
he
bio
phys
ical
en
viro
nm
ent
adju
sted
to
the
hum
an im
pac
t. S
ome
exper
ts
argu
e th
at t
he
eart
h’s
eco
syst
ems
are
in fac
t ‘h
um
an a
rtef
acts
’:
ecos
yste
ms
mod
ifie
d b
y th
ousa
nds
of y
ears
of
hum
an u
se.
Ecos
yste
ms
at
Risk
: An
Ove
rvie
w
unit 1.1
exte
nd
ed
re
spo
nse
s
Anal
yse
the
bio
phys
ical
inte
ract
ions
that
lea
d t
o div
erse
ec
osys
tem
s an
d t
hei
r fu
nct
ionin
g.
Exp
lain
the
fact
ors
that
pla
ce e
cosy
stem
s at
ris
k.
Acc
ount
for
the
vuln
erab
ility
and r
esili
ence
of
ecos
yste
ms.
Com
par
e an
d c
ontr
ast
the
vuln
erab
ility
and r
esili
ence
of
two
ecos
yste
ms
at r
isk.
O
utl
ine
the
nat
ura
l an
d h
um
an-induce
d m
odific
atio
ns
that
ca
use
str
ess
in e
cosy
stem
s.
Exp
lain
why
it is
impor
tant
to m
anag
e an
d p
rote
ct
ecos
yste
ms.
Eva
luat
e th
e tr
adit
ional
and c
onte
mpor
ary
man
agem
ent
stra
tegi
es u
sed t
o pro
tect
eco
syst
ems.
‘Lo
st W
orl
d’:
tre
asur
e tr
ove
of n
ew
spe
cie
s fo
und
in
Ind
on
esi
an N
ew G
uin
ea
Scie
ntis
ts d
on’t
have
to v
entu
re
into
spa
ce to
dis
cove
r ne
w w
orld
s.
In la
te 2
005,
a te
am o
f Ind
ones
ian,
A
ustr
alia
n an
d U
S sc
ient
ists
spe
nt
near
ly a
mon
th in
the
Foja
Mou
ntai
ns
on th
e w
este
rn s
ide
of N
ew G
uine
a (t
he p
art o
f the
isla
nd b
elon
ging
to
Ind
ones
ia) s
urve
ying
the
area
’s
wild
life
and
pla
nts.
Wit
hin
min
utes
of
arr
ivin
g in
the
area
, the
sci
enti
sts
enco
unte
red
a b
izar
re, o
rang
e-fa
ced
ho
neye
ater
bir
d. I
t pro
ved
to b
e a
new
bir
d s
peci
es; t
he fi
rst d
isco
vere
d
in N
ew G
uine
a si
nce
1939
. O
n th
e se
cond
day
the
scie
ntis
ts
mad
e an
othe
r am
azin
g d
isco
very
w
hen
a m
ale
and
fem
ale
Ber
leps
ch’s
si
x-w
ired
bir
d o
f par
adis
e ca
me
into
thei
r ca
mp
to p
erfo
rm a
mat
ing
dan
ce. U
ntil
then
the
hom
elan
d o
f th
is ‘l
ost’
bird
had
bee
n un
know
n. It
w
as th
e fi
rst t
ime
Wes
tern
sci
enti
sts
had
eve
n se
en a
n ad
ult m
ale
of th
is
spec
ies.
Ano
ther
sur
pris
e fo
r th
e sc
ient
ists
w
as th
eir
dis
cove
ry o
f the
gol
den
-m
antl
ed tr
ee k
anga
roo.
The
ani
mal
is
the
rare
st a
rbor
eal (
tree
-dw
ellin
g),
jung
le-d
wel
ling
kang
aroo
in th
e w
orld
. Thi
s w
as th
e fi r
st ti
me
this
m
amm
al w
as fo
und
in In
don
esia
, m
akin
g it
onl
y th
e se
cond
sit
e in
the
wor
ld w
here
the
spec
ies
is k
now
n to
exi
st.
unit
1.1
W
e d
o n
ot i
nh
eri
t th
e e
arth
fro
m o
ur
ance
sto
rs, w
e b
orr
ow it
fro
m o
ur c
hil
dre
n.
Na
tive
Am
eric
an
pro
verb
“ E
arth
pro
vid
es
en
oug
h to
sat
isfy
eve
ry
man
’s n
ee
d, b
ut n
ot e
very
man
’s g
ree
d.
Ma
ha
tma
Ga
nd
hi,
In
dia
n i
nd
epen
den
ce l
ead
er“
““
FIGURE 2.6
New
ly d
iscove
red a
rbore
al, jungle
-dw
elli
ng k
angaro
o.
7Eco
syst
ems
at R
isk:
An
Ove
rvie
w6
Glo
bal
Int
erac
tion
s 2:
Sec
ond E
dit
ion
Sample
page
s
glossary 8G
lobal
Int
erac
tion
s 2:
Sec
ond E
dit
ion
9
Eco
syst
em
s an
d th
eir
fun
ctio
nin
gW
hat
is a
n ec
osys
tem
?E
colo
gy is
the
scie
nce
that
exa
min
es th
e in
tera
ctio
ns b
etw
een
orga
nism
s an
d t
heir
livi
ng (
bio
tic)
and
non
-liv
ing
(ab
ioti
c) e
nvir
onm
ent.
The
key
w
ord
in
this
defi
nit
ion
is i
nter
acti
ons.
Gro
ups
of o
rgan
ism
s an
d t
heir
bi
ophy
sica
l en
viro
nmen
t in
tera
ct a
nd e
xcha
nge
mat
ter
and
ene
rgy.
C
olle
ctiv
ely,
they
form
an
ecol
ogic
al sy
stem
or e
cosy
stem
. Con
sequ
entl
y,
we
refe
r to
eco
syst
ems
as b
eing
dyn
amic
; th
is m
eans
tha
t th
ey a
re
cons
tant
ly c
hang
ing
and
ad
apti
ng.
By
iden
tify
ing
char
acte
rist
ic p
atte
rns
of i
nter
acti
on i
t is
pos
sibl
e to
d
isti
ngui
sh d
iffe
rent
typ
es o
f ec
osys
tem
. A
n ec
osys
tem
is,
the
refo
re,
defi
ned
as
an
id
enti
fi abl
e sy
stem
of
in
terd
epen
den
t re
lati
onsh
ips
betw
een
livin
g or
gani
sms
and
thei
r bi
ophy
sica
l env
iron
men
t.E
cosy
stem
s ar
e sy
stem
s th
roug
h w
hich
in
com
ing
sola
r en
ergy
is
cap
ture
d a
nd c
hann
elle
d t
hrou
gh a
hie
rarc
hy o
f lif
e fo
rms.
Eac
h ec
osys
tem
has
its
ow
n ch
arac
teri
stic
pla
nt a
nd a
nim
al c
omm
un
ity.
Plan
ts,
both
on
land
and
in
the
sea,
con
vert
sun
light
(vi
a a
proc
ess
know
n as
pho
tosy
nthe
sis)
into
sto
rabl
e—an
d e
dib
le—
chem
ical
ene
rgy.
A
nim
als
feed
on
thes
e pl
ants
and
on
othe
r an
imal
s. T
he q
uest
for
foo
d
is th
e ce
ntra
l org
anis
ing
prin
cipl
e w
ithi
n ec
osys
tem
s.A
n im
port
ant
feat
ure
of e
cosy
stem
s is
the
set
of
proc
esse
s by
whi
ch
nu
trie
nts
are
ret
aine
d a
nd r
ecyc
led
. L
ivin
g th
ings
do
not
crea
te n
ew
mat
ter.
Inst
ead
, the
y re
cycl
e nu
trie
nts
obta
ined
from
air
, soi
l, w
ater
and
ot
her
orga
nism
s, u
sing
sol
ar e
nerg
y to
bui
ld a
nd m
aint
ain
them
selv
es.
Vari
atio
ns in
eco
syst
ems
It is
impo
rtan
t to
not
e th
at t
he c
ompo
nent
s of
any
eco
syst
em c
an v
ary
natu
rally
or
as a
res
ult
of h
uman
int
erve
ntio
n. E
ach
vari
atio
n w
ill, i
n
abio
tic
the
non
-liv
ing
com
pon
ents
of
ecos
yste
ms,
su
ch a
s lig
ht,
soi
l, w
ater
and a
ir.aq
uati
c ec
osys
tem
a w
ater
-bas
ed e
cosy
stem
, su
ch
as a
pon
d, la
ke o
r oc
ean.
auto
trop
hic
orga
nism
an o
rgan
ism
that
m
anufa
cture
s it
s ow
n foo
d f
rom
sunlig
ht,
wat
er
and m
iner
als;
als
o kn
own a
s a
pro
duce
r or
ganis
m.
ben
chm
ark
a st
andar
d r
efer
ence
poi
nt
use
d in a
st
udy
for
com
par
ison
.bio
accu
mul
atio
n a
pro
cess
wher
eby
toxi
c ch
emic
als
are
conce
ntr
ated
at
succ
essi
vely
hig
her
tro
phic
le
vels
wit
hin
the
food
chai
n.
bio
div
ersi
ty t
he
vari
ety
of s
pec
ies
and t
he
genet
ic
vari
abili
ty a
mon
g in
div
idual
s w
ithin
eac
h s
pec
ies.
bio
me
the
bio
logi
cal co
mpon
ents
of
an e
cosy
stem
.bio
tic
the
orga
nis
ms
that
mak
e up t
he
livin
g par
ts
of e
cosy
stem
s.ca
rniv
ore
a m
eat-
eati
ng
anim
al.
com
mun
ity
a gro
up o
f in
terd
epen
den
t or
ganis
ms
livin
g to
geth
er in a
com
mon
env
iron
men
t an
d
inte
ract
ing
wit
h o
ne
anot
her
.dec
ompos
er a
n o
rgan
ism
that
fee
ds
by
bre
akin
g dow
n t
he
dea
d o
rgan
ic m
atte
r in
an e
cosy
stem
. Exa
mple
s in
clude
bac
teri
a, m
ush
room
s an
d
fungi
. M
ost
chem
ical
s ar
e re
turn
ed t
o th
e so
il an
d
gro
undw
ater
for
reu
se b
y au
totr
ophic
org
anis
ms.
des
erti
fica
tion
the
pro
cess
of
turn
ing
non
-des
ert
lands
into
des
ert
by
poo
r m
anag
emen
t of
the
ecos
yste
m. It
is
usu
ally
cau
sed b
y a
com
bin
atio
n
of o
verg
razi
ng,
soi
l er
osio
n, pro
longe
d d
rough
t an
d
per
hap
s cl
imat
ic c
han
ge.
dyna
mic
equi
libri
um a
sit
uat
ion in w
hic
h s
tabili
ty is
achie
ved in a
n e
cosy
stem
.ec
olog
y th
e st
udy
of o
rgan
ism
s an
d t
hei
r re
lati
onsh
ip t
o on
e an
other
and t
hei
r su
rrou
ndin
gs.
ecos
phe
re t
he
ecos
yste
m o
f th
e pla
net
; th
e to
talit
y of
all
ecos
yste
ms.
ecos
yste
m t
he
dyn
amic
com
ple
x of
pla
nt,
anim
al
and m
icro
-org
anis
m c
omm
unit
ies
and t
hei
r non
-liv
ing
envi
ronm
ent
as a
funct
ional
unit
.ec
oton
e th
e tr
ansi
tion
zon
e w
her
e on
e ty
pe
of
ecos
yste
m b
lends
into
anot
her
. It
usu
ally
con
tain
s m
any
of t
he
pla
nt
and a
nim
al s
pec
ies
found in
bot
h e
cosy
stem
s an
d s
omet
imes
thos
e not
fou
nd
in e
ither
.ex
iste
nce
valu
e th
e am
ount
of m
oney
that
peo
ple
ar
e pre
par
ed t
o sp
end o
r fo
rgo
in o
rder
to
keep
an
eco
syst
em (
or s
pec
ies
wit
hin
an e
cosy
stem
) in
exi
sten
ce.
food
cha
in a
ser
ies
of o
rgan
ism
s, e
ach e
atin
g or
dec
ompos
ing
the
pre
cedin
g on
e.fo
od w
eb a
net
wor
k of
inte
rcon
nec
ted foo
d c
hai
ns.
gene
tic
engi
neer
ing
the
scie
nce
of
man
ipula
ting
the
DN
A o
f or
ganis
ms
to m
odify
orga
nis
ms.
habit
at t
he
envi
ronm
ent
of a
liv
ing
orga
nis
m.
herb
ivor
e an
org
anis
m t
hat
con
sum
es p
lants
as
its
only
sou
rce
of foo
d.
hete
rotr
ophi
c or
gani
sm a
con
sum
er o
rgan
ism
that
is
unab
le t
o m
ake
its
own foo
d.
inte
rdep
enden
ce t
he
dep
enden
ce o
f or
ganis
ms
wit
hin
a h
abit
at o
n e
ach o
ther
for
the
surv
ival
of
thei
r sp
ecie
s.le
achi
ng t
he
rem
oval
, by
wat
er, of
min
eral
s fr
om t
he
upper
lay
ers
of a
soi
l to
the
low
er lay
ers.
mon
ocul
ture
an e
nvir
onm
ent
wher
e on
e pla
nt
spec
ies
dom
inat
es t
otal
ly.
nutr
ient
s el
emen
ts o
r co
mpou
nds
nee
ded
for
the
surv
ival
, gro
wth
and r
epro
duct
ion o
f a
pla
nt
or
anim
al.
omni
vore
an o
rgan
ism
that
con
sum
es b
oth p
lants
an
d a
nim
als
as a
sou
rce
of foo
d.
opti
on v
alue
the
mon
ey t
hat
peo
ple
are
pre
par
ed
to p
ay in o
rder
to
inte
ract
wit
h a
n e
cosy
stem
or
spec
ies.
per
maf
rost
per
man
entl
y fr
ozen
soi
ls; usu
ally
fou
nd
in t
undra
eco
syst
ems.
phy
topla
nkto
n sm
all, d
rift
ing
pla
nts
, m
ostl
y al
gae,
fo
und in a
quat
ic e
cosy
stem
s.pre
dat
or a
n o
rgan
ism
that
cap
ture
s an
d fee
ds
on
anot
her
spec
ies.
pro
duc
er o
rgan
ism
see
auto
trop
hic
org
anis
m.
pro
duc
tivi
ty t
he
rate
at
whic
h b
iolo
gica
l m
atte
r (b
iom
ass)
is
pro
duce
d b
y an
eco
syst
em o
r par
t of
an
eco
syst
em.
spec
ies
all or
ganis
ms
of t
he
sam
e ki
nd t
hat
are
pot
enti
ally
cap
able
of
bre
edin
g an
d p
roduci
ng
fert
ile o
ffsp
ring.
tech
nosp
here
a s
pher
e of
tec
hnol
ogic
al influen
ce,
crea
ted b
y peo
ple
, w
hic
h o
verw
hel
ms
nat
ura
l ec
osys
tem
s.te
rres
tria
l to
do
wit
h t
he
land.
xero
phy
tic
pla
nts
that
exi
st o
n e
xtre
mel
y sm
all
amou
nts
of
wat
er.
zoop
lank
ton
smal
l, f
loat
ing
her
biv
ores
that
fee
d o
n
phyt
opla
nkt
on.
unit
1.1
Eco
syst
ems
at r
isk:
An
Ove
rvie
w
FIGURE 2.6
FIG
UR
E 1
.1.2
Fungi are
an e
xam
ple
of re
cyc
lers
that
ensure
nutr
ients
are
retu
rned t
o a
n e
cosys
tem
.
s
low Precipitation high
bel
ow fre
ezin
g Te
mper
ature
v
ery
hot
Tem
per
ate
rain
fore
st
Subtr
opic
alra
info
rest
Tropic
alra
info
rest
Monso
on
fore
stTe
mper
ate
bro
ad-lea
ved
and m
ixed
fo
rest
Tem
per
ate
scru
b o
r gra
ssla
nd
Tropic
al s
crub
fore
st o
r gra
ssla
nd
Des
ert
Pola
r
Tundra
Nort
her
n
conifer
ous
fore
sts
Cli
mat
e re
gion
s an
d m
ajor
ter
rest
rial
ec
osys
yste
ms
FIGURE 2.6
FIG
UR
E 1
.1.1
Pre
cip
itation a
nd t
em
pera
ture
inte
ract
to d
ete
rmin
e c
hara
cte
ristics o
f ecosys
tem
s.
This
gra
ph d
em
onst
rate
s how
the v
ariabili
ty o
f th
is r
ela
tionship
results in a
wid
e v
ariety
of ecosys
tem
s.
5000 m
m
ge
ojo
bs
Env
iron
men
tal co
nsul
tant
The
requir
emen
t fo
r ec
ologi
cally
sust
ainab
le
dev
elop
men
ts h
as b
ecom
e m
ore
wid
ely
acce
pte
d.
As
a re
sult
, th
ere
is g
row
ing
dem
and f
or c
onsu
ltan
ts t
o as
sist
dev
elop
ers
and g
over
nm
ents
cre
ate
dev
elop
men
ts t
hat
ar
e en
viro
nm
enta
lly f
rien
dly
. Ty
pic
al a
reas
th
ese
consu
ltan
ts w
ork
in a
re:
ad
dre
ssin
g so
il er
osio
n
reco
rdin
g, m
appin
g an
d p
rese
rvin
g nat
ive
flor
a an
d fau
na
dev
elop
ing
stra
tegi
es t
o dea
l w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
dea
ling
wit
h d
emogra
phic
(pop
ula
tion
) ch
ange
s.
Sev
eral
univ
ersi
ties
now
off
er d
egre
es
spec
ialis
ing
in e
nvir
onm
enta
l co
nsu
ltan
cy.
The e
art
h w
e a
buse a
nd t
he liv
ing t
hin
gs w
e k
ill w
ill,
in t
he e
nd,
take
their r
eve
nge;
for
in e
xplo
itin
g t
heir
pre
sence w
e a
re d
imin
ishin
g o
ur
futu
re.
Mar
ya M
anne
s
Sample
page
s
12G
lobal
Int
erac
tion
s 2:
Sec
ond E
dit
ion
13Eco
syst
ems
at R
isk:
An
Ove
rvie
w
unit
1.1
Nort
hern
coni
fero
us fore
st
Tem
pera
te b
road
-leav
ed a
ndm
ixed fore
st: open
woodla
nd
Tem
pera
te g
rass
land
: so
me
areas
hav
e w
idely
spac
ed t
rees
Tropic
al s
cru
b fore
st
Mons
oon
fore
st
Tropic
al r
ainf
ore
st
Dese
rt
Pola
r (ic
e c
ap)
Tund
ra
Moun
tain
s
Arc
tic C
ircle
Tropic
of C
ancer
Equa
tor
Tropic
of C
apricorn
N
Tropic
al g
rass
land
(sa
vann
a)
Mediterr
anean
typ
e
vegeta
tion
(tem
pera
te s
cru
b)
01
00
02
00
0 k
m
N
Arc
tic C
ircle
Tropic
of C
ancer
Equa
tor
Tropic
of C
apricorn
Gro
nfjö
rden
Pal
erm
oM
osu
l
In S
alah
Colo
mbo
Sin
gap
ore
Dar
win
Har
bin
Belo
Horizo
nte
Chu
rchi
ll
01
00
02
00
0 k
m
Cold
most
mont
hs
with
a sh
ort
sum
mer
Cold
all
year
Clim
ate s
trong
ly a
ffecte
d b
y al
titu
de
Hot
and r
ainy
all
year
Hot
and r
ainy
most
of th
e y
ear
Hot
and m
ost
ly d
ry a
ll ye
ar;
unre
liable
rai
nfal
l
Hot
all y
ear
, ra
iny
most
mont
hsbut
with
a defin
ite d
ry s
eas
on
War
m t
o m
ild s
umm
er,
cool t
o c
old
win
ter,
wet
all y
ear
War
m t
o m
ild s
umm
er,
cool
to c
old
and
dry
win
ter
Hot
and d
ry a
ll ye
ar; un
relia
ble
rai
nfal
l
War
m t
o m
ild m
ont
hs, w
et
all y
ear
War
m t
o m
ild m
ont
hs, dry
in w
inte
r
Hot
dry
sum
mer,
mild
wet
win
ter
FIGURE 2.6
FIG
UR
E 1
.1.7
Worldw
ide c
limatic p
att
ern
s.
TAB
LE 1
.1.1
C
hara
cter
isti
cs o
f m
ajor
ter
rest
rial
eco
syst
ems
Eco
syst
em
Cha
ract
eris
tics
Pol
ar
Per
man
ent
ice
cap,
in p
lace
s up t
o 5 k
m d
eep
N
o pla
nt
gro
wth
; no
anim
al life
away
fro
m c
oast
Tund
raC
over
ed w
ith ice
and s
now
for
much
of
the
year
; per
man
entl
y fr
ozen
subso
il; 1
–3 m
onth
gro
win
g se
ason
Tr
eele
ss;
shru
bby
or m
at-lik
e ve
geta
tion
M
ost
exte
nsi
ve in N
orth
ern H
emis
pher
e
Nor
ther
n co
nife
rous
Lo
ng
win
ters
wit
h a
thic
k co
ver
of s
now
; su
mm
er s
hor
t but
wit
h lon
g, o
ften
war
m,
day
s;
fore
st (
taig
a)
3–4
mon
th g
row
ing
seas
on
Dom
inat
ed b
y co
nifer
tre
es;
thic
k la
yer
of n
eedle
s on
the
gro
und
O
ccurs
on lar
ge c
onti
nen
tal la
nd m
asse
s
Tem
per
ate
gras
slan
d
Err
atic
rai
nfa
ll; f
ires
occ
ur
Dom
inat
ed b
y gra
sses
and a
nnual
s (p
lants
that
com
ple
te t
hei
r lif
e cy
cle
and s
et s
eed
wit
hin
a s
ingl
e gro
win
g se
ason
)
Oft
en e
xplo
ited
for
gra
zing
shee
p a
nd c
attl
e
Tem
per
ate
bro
ad-l
eave
d
War
m,
mild
gro
win
g se
ason
that
var
ies
wit
h lat
itude;
mod
erat
e pre
cipit
atio
n e
venly
an
d m
ixed
for
est
dis
trib
ute
d t
hro
ugh
out
year
; la
rge
seas
onal
diffe
rence
s an
d c
han
ges
in d
ay len
gth;
rich
top
soil
S
ome
tree
s ev
ergre
en,
som
e dec
iduou
s; w
ell-dev
elop
ed u
nder
stor
ey
Med
iter
rane
an-t
ype
vege
tati
onLo
ng,
hot
, dry
sum
mer
s; m
ild w
inte
rs w
ith r
elia
ble
rai
nfa
ll; g
row
th o
ften
sto
ps
in
sum
mer
dro
ugh
tO
pen
for
est
wit
h s
tunte
d t
ree
gro
wth
; w
oodla
nd a
nd s
hru
bla
nd;
man
y bush
es a
nd
shru
bs;
tou
gh e
verg
reen
lea
ves
that
are
oft
en s
pin
yK
now
n a
s ch
apar
ral in
Nor
th A
mer
ica,
mat
orra
l in
Chile
and m
aquis
in t
he
Med
iter
ranea
n a
rea;
als
o fo
und in p
arts
of
south
ern W
este
rn A
ust
ralia
and p
arts
of
Sou
th A
fric
a
Des
ert
Very
lit
tle
rain
; tr
ue
des
ert
has
les
s th
an 1
00 m
m p
reci
pit
atio
n p
er y
ear
and a
rid
area
s le
ss t
han
250 m
m;
hig
h s
um
mer
day
tim
e te
mper
ature
s (o
ften
>37°C
); lar
ge
tem
per
ature
diffe
rence
bet
wee
n d
ay a
nd n
ight
Wid
ely
scat
tere
d s
hru
bs;
wat
er-c
onse
rvin
g pla
nts
and n
on-d
rough
t-ad
apte
d e
phem
eral
s (g
row
and s
et s
eed q
uic
kly
on r
are
occa
sion
s w
hen
wat
er is
avai
lable
); s
ome
very
dry
, sa
ndy
des
erts
hav
e al
mos
t no
pla
nt
gro
wth
G
ener
ally
loc
ated
bet
wee
n 2
0°
and 3
5°
nor
th a
nd s
outh
of
the
Equat
or
Trop
ical
gra
ssla
nd (
sava
nna)
Lo
w r
ainfa
ll but
seas
onal
hea
vy s
torm
s ca
n o
ccur;
fre
quen
t fire
s; t
hin
soi
l
Gra
sses
wit
h s
catt
ered
clu
mps
of t
rees
, gra
din
g in
to e
ither
open
pla
in o
r w
oodla
nd
Trop
ical
scr
ub f
ores
t
Rai
nfa
ll not
abundan
t; h
igh e
vapor
atio
n
Thor
ny s
hru
bs
and t
rees
G
rades
into
tro
pic
al g
rass
land a
nd s
avan
na
Mon
soon
for
est
In
the
trop
ics
but
wit
h d
isti
nct
wet
and d
ry s
easo
ns
Tree
s le
ss c
lose
ly s
pac
ed t
han
in r
ainfo
rest
; m
any
tree
s sh
ed t
hei
r le
aves
in t
he
dry
se
ason
Trop
ical
rai
nfor
est
War
m a
nd h
um
id;
freq
uen
t ra
in;
aver
age
tem
per
ature
is
25°C
all
year
; no
true
seas
ons;
lit
tle
chan
ge in d
ay len
gth;
gro
wth
thro
ugh
out
the
year
; in
fert
ile c
lay
soil
Clo
sed c
anop
y; lit
tle
under
stor
ey;
larg
e num
ber
of
pla
nt
spec
ies
(gre
at d
iver
sity
) co
mpet
ing
for
avai
lable
lig
ht;
tre
es o
ften
hav
e la
rge
trunks
and b
utt
ress
ed r
oots
; m
any
epip
hyt
es (
pla
nts
that
gro
w o
n o
ther
pla
nts
) an
d v
ines
; lit
tle
leaf
lit
ter
Mou
ntai
nIn
crea
sing
alti
tude
pro
duce
s a
dec
reas
e in
tem
per
ature
, si
mila
r to
the
effe
ct o
f in
crea
sing
lati
tude
Vege
tati
on t
ypes
var
y w
ith a
ltit
ude;
bey
ond a
cer
tain
hei
ght,
tre
es d
o not
gro
w a
nd t
he
vege
tati
on r
esem
ble
s tu
ndra
Sou
rce:
Aust
ralia
n A
cadem
y of
Sci
ence
, En
viro
nmen
tal S
cien
ce
FIGURE 2.6
FIG
UR
E 1
.1.6
The w
orld’s
majo
r te
rrest
rial ecosy
stem
s.
Sample
page
s
54G
lobal
Int
erac
tion
s 2:
Sec
ond E
dit
ion
glossary
55
accr
etio
n th
e gro
wth
of
a dune
due
to t
he
build
up
of s
and.
aeol
ian
tran
spor
t th
e m
ovem
ent
of m
ater
ial, s
uch
as
san
d, by
win
d.
bea
ch a
n a
ccum
ula
tion
of
sedim
ent
acti
ng
as t
he
bou
ndar
y bet
wee
n t
he
land a
nd s
ea.
bea
ch n
ouri
shm
ent
the
arti
fici
al r
eple
nis
hm
ent
of
bea
ch s
and.
ber
m t
he
firs
t co
mpon
ent
of t
he
dune
syst
em.
It lie
s cl
oses
t to
the
wat
er’s
edge
and is
crea
ted
by
wav
es p
iling
up s
and. It
is
som
etim
es r
efer
red
to a
s an
inci
pie
nt
dune.
blo
wou
t th
e m
ovem
ent
of s
and inla
nd, of
ten
resu
ltin
g fr
om a
dis
turb
ance
to
the
dune
vege
tati
on.
coas
tal
dun
es e
xpos
ed s
hor
elin
e sy
stem
s of
on
e or
mor
e sa
nd r
idge
s der
ived
fro
m m
ater
ial
tran
spor
ted b
y w
ind a
nd w
aves
.cu
rren
t th
e flow
or
mov
emen
t of
a lar
ge b
ody
of
wat
er in a
n o
cean
. Th
e m
ovem
ent
is c
ause
d b
y pre
vaili
ng
win
ds,
the
eart
h’s
rot
atio
n a
nd t
he
dis
trib
uti
on o
f th
e co
nti
nen
tal la
nd m
asse
s.D
une
Car
e a
com
munit
y bas
ed a
ctio
n g
roup t
hat
ai
ms
to p
rese
rve,
pro
tect
and r
ehab
ilita
te c
oast
al
dune
ecos
yste
ms.
fore
dun
e th
e co
asta
l dune
or lin
e of
dunes
that
is
found b
ehin
d t
he
ber
m. Fo
redunes
are
subje
ct
to e
rosi
on a
nd t
hei
r fo
rm a
nd c
ompos
itio
n a
re
const
antl
y ch
angi
ng.
Als
o kn
own a
s a
fron
tal dune.
long
shor
e dri
ft t
he
mov
emen
t of
sed
imen
t by
curr
ents
runnin
g par
alle
l to
the
shor
e.
mig
rati
ng d
une
a dune
that
is
crea
ted w
hen
a
blo
wou
t is
ext
ended
by
conti
nued
des
truct
ion o
f th
e dune
syst
em. Th
ey m
ove
inla
nd, co
veri
ng
the
landsc
ape
wit
h s
and.
par
abol
ic d
une
a dune
crea
ted b
y blo
wou
ts. Th
ese
are
dunes
that
tak
e on
a ‘U
’ sh
ape
as t
hey
mov
e bac
k th
rough
the
dune
syst
em.
par
alle
l dun
es t
he
lines
of
dunes
that
lie
beh
ind t
he
fore
dune.
They
for
m in lin
es t
hat
run p
aral
lel to
the
bea
ch. A
lso
know
n a
s tr
ansv
erse
dunes
.pre
vail
ing
win
d t
he
mos
t co
mm
on d
irec
tion
fro
m
whic
h t
he
win
d b
low
s in
a g
iven
are
a.sa
ltat
ion
the
tran
spor
tati
on o
f par
ticl
es in a
cu
rren
t of
win
d (
or w
ater
) by
a se
ries
of
bou
nci
ng
mov
emen
ts.
sand
gra
ins
of w
eath
ered
roc
k, s
omet
imes
mix
ed
wit
h c
rush
ed s
hel
l.se
res
each
sta
ge in p
lant
succ
essi
on a
s a
pla
nt
com
munit
y dev
elop
s at
a p
arti
cula
r si
te.
susp
ensi
on p
arti
cles
of
sand c
arri
ed a
long
by
the
win
d, of
ten w
ell ab
ove
the
gro
und.
swal
e a
trou
gh o
r dep
ress
ion t
hat
dev
elop
s bet
wee
n
two
adja
cent
dunes
.w
asho
ut w
ater
was
hin
g ov
er t
he
dune
syst
em f
rom
in
land lak
es a
nd w
ater
cou
rses
. w
ave
a m
ovem
ent
of e
ner
gy
thro
ugh
wat
er c
ause
d
by
the
fric
tion
al d
rag
of w
ind b
low
ing
acro
ss t
he
surf
ace
of a
bod
y of
wat
er. Th
e dev
elop
men
t of
the
wav
e in
volv
es t
he
tran
sfer
of
ener
gy
from
the
win
d
to t
he
wat
er’s
surf
ace.
Wh
at a
re c
oas
tal d
une
s?C
oast
al d
un
es a
re l
arge
acc
umul
atio
ns o
f sa
nd
loc
ated
im
med
iate
ly
behi
nd th
e ac
tive
bea
ch z
one.
The
y ar
e fo
rmed
whe
n sa
nd is
dep
osit
ed
onto
the
shor
e by
wav
e ac
tion
, dri
es o
ut a
nd is
blo
wn
to th
e ba
ck o
f the
b
each
. Thi
s pr
oces
s is
ref
erre
d to
as
accr
etio
n.
On
coas
ts w
here
the
re i
s re
lati
vely
lit
tle
wav
e ac
tion
and
a l
arge
ti
dal
ran
ge,
exte
nsiv
e ar
eas
of t
idal
fl a
ts a
re e
xpos
ed a
t lo
w t
ide.
As
the
tid
e re
trea
ts, t
he s
and
dri
es o
ut a
nd i
s ex
pose
d t
o th
e w
ind
. Ove
r ti
me,
pre
vail
ing
win
ds
shap
e th
e sa
nd i
nto
a sy
stem
of
dun
es.
The
d
une
syst
ems
foun
d a
long
the
Nor
th S
ea c
oast
s of
Den
mar
k, B
elgi
um,
Ger
man
y an
d th
e N
ethe
rlan
ds
wer
e fo
rmed
und
er s
uch
cond
itio
ns.
On
coas
ts w
here
the
tid
al r
ange
is r
elat
ivel
y sm
all,
sand
is d
eliv
ered
to
the
bea
ch b
y w
ave
acti
on. T
he d
unes
for
med
und
er s
uch
cond
itio
ns
rely
mor
e he
avily
on
a co
mbi
nati
on o
f w
ave
and
win
d a
ctio
n. D
une
syst
ems
form
ed u
nder
suc
h co
ndit
ions
are
fou
nd a
long
the
sou
th-e
ast
and
wes
t co
asts
of
Aus
tral
ia, t
he w
est
coas
t of
Afr
ica
and
par
ts o
f th
e ea
st a
nd w
est c
oast
s of
Nor
th A
mer
ica.
In s
ome
part
s of
the
wor
ld,
sand
has
bee
n ac
cum
ulat
ing
sinc
e th
e Pl
eist
ocen
e pe
riod
. T
his
is t
he g
eolo
gica
l pe
riod
dat
ing
from
abo
ut
unit
1.2
Coa
stal
Dun
es
2 m
illio
n ye
ars
ago
to th
e en
d o
f the
last
Ice
Age
, abo
ut 1
0 00
0 ye
ars
ago.
T
hese
anc
ient
san
d d
epos
its
have
, ove
r ti
me,
dev
elop
ed in
to e
norm
ous
dun
efi e
lds
that
hav
e si
gnifi
cant
ly a
lter
ed th
e to
pogr
aphy
of t
he la
nd.
Mas
sive
dun
e fi e
lds,
wit
h d
unes
str
etch
ing
back
man
y ki
lom
etre
s fr
om t
he b
each
, of
ten
dev
elop
in
area
s w
here
ari
d l
and
s ar
e fo
und
ad
jace
nt t
o th
e co
ast.
Des
ert
dun
es,
whi
ch a
re f
orm
ed b
y th
e w
ind
sh
ifti
ng d
ry s
and
s, s
omet
imes
mer
ge w
ith
the
coas
tal d
unes
form
ed b
y th
e la
ndw
ard
mov
emen
t of
bea
ch s
and
s. S
uch
dun
e fi
eld
s ar
e fo
und
al
ong
the
coas
ts b
ord
erin
g th
e Sa
hara
Des
ert i
n N
orth
Afr
ica
and
alo
ng
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ia’s
nor
ther
n co
astl
ine.
The
se d
unes
can
gro
w t
o va
st
heig
hts
and
can
be
seve
ral k
ilom
etre
s in
leng
th. (
See
fi gu
re 1
.2.1
.)
FIGURE 2.6
FIG
UR
E 1
.2.1
Massiv
e d
une fi e
lds h
ave
deve
loped a
long t
he a
rid
coast
of nort
hern
Weste
rn A
ustr
alia
.
Spat
ial d
istr
ibut
ion
and
dim
ensi
ons
of c
oast
al d
une
ecos
yste
ms
Coa
stal
dun
es a
re fo
und
on
all t
he w
orld
’s c
onti
nent
al la
nd m
asse
s, w
ith
the
exce
ptio
n of
Ant
arct
ica.
The
y fo
rm w
here
ver
ther
e is
san
d a
vaila
ble
for
thei
r co
nstr
ucti
on.
Sand
—gr
ains
of
wea
ther
ed r
ock—
can
be c
lass
ifi ed
as
very
coa
rse
(wit
h a
dia
met
er o
f 1–
2 m
m),
coar
se (
0.6–
1 m
m),
med
ium
(0.
2–0.
6 m
m)
and
ver
y fi n
e (0
.06–
2 m
m).
Win
dbl
own
des
ert s
and
is u
sual
ly fi
ner
than
be
ach
sand
. Bea
ches
gen
eral
ly o
btai
n th
eir
sand
fro
m r
iver
s fl
owin
g to
th
e se
a an
d fr
om th
e w
eari
ng a
way
of c
liffs
.In
som
e co
asta
l ar
eas
othe
r fo
rms
of c
oast
al s
edim
ents
dom
inat
e.
In t
he s
outh
-eas
t of
Eng
land
, for
exa
mpl
e, t
he p
rim
ary
sed
imen
t ty
pe
is s
hing
le.
The
se a
re r
ound
ed,
wat
erw
orn
ston
es,
whi
ch h
ave
been
er
oded
from
the
surr
ound
ing
clif
fs. I
n su
ch c
ircu
mst
ance
s d
unes
do
not
have
the
opp
ortu
nity
to
dev
elop
. T
he s
ourc
e of
coa
stal
sed
imen
ts i
s,
ther
efor
e, v
ery
impo
rtan
t in
det
erm
inin
g w
heth
er s
and
is a
vaila
ble
for
the
cons
truc
tion
of c
oast
al s
and
dun
es.
The
oth
er s
igni
fi can
t fa
ctor
is
win
d. I
t is
the
sin
gle
mos
t im
port
ant
fact
or in
det
erm
inin
g th
e sh
ape
and
ext
ent
of c
oast
al d
unes
. Dun
es a
re
mos
t lik
ely
to d
evel
op in
coa
stal
reg
ions
that
exp
erie
nce
stro
ng o
nsho
re
prev
ailin
g w
ind
s. F
or t
his
reas
on t
he m
ost
exte
nsiv
e d
une
ecos
yste
ms
Of
all
the coast
al
ecosys
tem
s,
sand dunes
have
suff
ere
d th
e gre
ate
st degre
e of
hum
an pre
ssure
. M
any
sand
dunes
have
been
irre
vers
ibly
altere
d
thro
ugh t
he a
ctivi
ties
of
[people
], b
oth
by
accid
ent
and d
esi
gn.
R.W
.B.
Car
ter, c
oast
al g
eom
orphol
ogis
t
ge
ojo
bs
Em
erge
ncy
man
ager
Geo
gra
pher
s st
udy
nat
ura
l haz
ards
and
the
impac
t th
at t
hes
e ca
n h
ave
on t
he
envi
ronm
ent
and c
omm
unit
ies.
Em
erge
ncy
m
anag
ers
are
trai
ned
to
find w
ays
to r
educe
th
e ri
sks
of n
atura
l haz
ards
and t
o pro
tect
co
mm
unit
ies
that
are
in h
azar
d-p
rone
area
s.
The r
eal
confl ic
t of
the b
each i
s n
ot
betw
een s
ea
and s
hore
, fo
r th
ere
is o
nly
a l
ove
r’s q
uarr
el, b
ut
betw
een m
an a
nd n
atu
re.
On t
he b
each,
natu
re h
as
achie
ved a
dyn
am
ic e
quili
brium
that
is a
lien t
o m
an
and h
is s
tatic s
ense o
f equili
brium
.
G.
Sou
cie,
env
iron
men
talis
t
Sample
page
s
58G
lobal
Int
erac
tion
s 2:
Sec
ond E
dit
ion
59C
oast
al D
unes
unit
1.2
Tem
per
atur
eTe
mpe
ratu
re p
lays
an
impo
rtan
t ro
le i
n d
eter
min
ing
the
rate
at
whi
ch
beac
h sa
nd d
ries
and
the
ext
ent
and
typ
e of
veg
etat
ion
that
gro
ws
in
an a
rea.
As
men
tion
ed a
bove
, ve
geta
tion
pla
ys a
n im
port
ant
role
in
det
erm
inin
g th
e ra
te o
f ae
olia
n tr
ansp
ort.
The
tem
pera
ture
als
o af
fect
s th
e fu
ncti
onin
g of
oce
an c
urr
ents
. The
se c
urre
nts
may
hav
e th
e po
tent
ial
to m
ove
sed
imen
t lo
ng d
ista
nces
or
to c
ause
bea
ches
to
be e
rod
ed o
r bu
ilt u
p.
Pre
cipit
atio
nL
evel
s of
pre
cipi
tati
on (
rain
fall)
are
als
o im
port
ant
in d
eter
min
ing
the
natu
re a
nd e
xten
t of
the
veg
etat
ion
bind
ing
the
sand
tog
ethe
r. A
reas
w
ith
regu
lar
rain
fall
are
mor
e lik
ely
to h
ave
a ve
geta
tion
pro
fi le
. Are
as
wit
h lo
w o
r ir
regu
lar
rain
fall
are
likel
y to
rem
ain
unst
able
and
sup
port
lit
tle
vege
tati
on g
row
th.
Hyd
rolo
gica
l pro
cess
esH
ydro
logi
cal p
roce
sses
are
thos
e th
at in
volv
e w
ater
, whi
ch is
one
of t
he
mos
t im
port
ant
agen
ts o
f ch
ange
on
eart
h. A
long
coa
sts
it i
s a
crit
ical
fa
ctor
in
det
erm
inin
g th
e na
ture
of
coas
tlin
es. R
iver
sys
tem
s tr
ansp
ort
sed
imen
t to
the
coa
st,
whe
re i
t is
dis
trib
uted
by
lon
gsh
ore
dri
ft a
nd
ocea
n cu
rren
ts. W
aves
ero
de
clif
fs a
nd h
ead
land
s, p
rovi
din
g ad
dit
iona
l se
dim
ent.
(See
fi gu
re 1
.2.6
.) St
orm
wav
es c
ause
dam
age
to b
each
es, b
ut
cons
truc
tive
wav
es r
ebui
ld th
em.
Win
d-i
nduc
ed
wav
es
play
a
part
icul
arly
im
port
ant
role
in
th
e d
evel
opm
ent o
f coa
stal
dun
es. W
aves
tran
spor
t the
san
d th
at is
nee
ded
fo
r d
une
cons
truc
tion
and
the
y cr
eate
cha
nge
in d
une
syst
ems
by
atta
ckin
g th
em d
urin
g st
orm
s.D
urin
g pe
riod
s of
rel
ativ
ely
calm
wea
ther
, w
aves
bri
ng s
and
fro
m
offs
hore
dep
osit
s (s
uch
as o
ffsh
ore
bars
) an
d d
epos
it i
t on
to b
each
es.
Thi
s sa
nd i
s th
en a
vaila
ble
for
the
win
d t
o tr
ansp
ort
it i
nto
the
dun
e sy
stem
. In
peri
ods
of s
ever
e an
d u
nsta
ble
wea
ther
, sto
rms
crea
te l
arge
an
d p
ower
ful
wav
es t
hat
stri
ke t
he c
oast
wit
h su
ch f
orce
tha
t th
ey
rem
ove
sand
from
bea
ches
and
the
fore
du
ne
area
. In
very
sev
ere
stor
ms
the
wav
es m
ay a
ttac
k th
e d
une
syst
em,
crea
ting
was
hove
rs.
(The
se
even
ts a
re e
xam
ined
in m
ore
det
ail o
n pa
ge X
XX
.)In
ad
dit
ion
to th
e ac
tion
of w
aves
ther
e is
a ra
nge
of o
ther
hyd
rosp
here
-re
late
d p
roce
sses
that
impa
ct o
n co
asta
l dun
es. T
he e
ffec
t of
curr
ents
is
very
impo
rtan
t, pa
rtic
ular
ly th
e pr
oces
s of
lon
gsh
ore
dri
ft.
The
im
port
ance
of
long
shor
e d
rift
lie
s in
its
rol
e as
a t
rans
port
er o
f se
dim
ent.
Sed
imen
t, w
hich
is p
rod
uced
or
dep
osit
ed in
one
par
t of
the
co
asta
l sy
stem
, is
tran
spor
ted
to
othe
r lo
cati
ons
wit
hin
the
syst
em b
y th
e pr
oces
s of
lon
gsho
re d
rift
. Thi
s al
low
s d
unes
and
oth
er s
edim
ent-
base
d l
and
form
s to
dev
elop
in
area
s so
me
dis
tanc
e fr
om t
he s
ourc
e of
co
asta
l sed
imen
ts.
Que
ensl
and
’s F
rase
r Is
land
, a
vast
isl
and
mad
e en
tire
ly o
f sa
nd,
dem
onst
rate
s th
is p
oint
. Som
e of
the
sand
that
mak
es u
p th
e is
land
and
it
s hu
ge d
une
syst
em is
der
ived
fro
m s
and
ston
e d
epos
its
foun
d in
the
Sy
dne
y re
gion
. Lon
gsho
re d
rift
and
oce
an c
urre
nts
have
tran
spor
ted
the
sand
nor
thw
ard
s al
ong
Aus
tral
ia’s
eas
tern
coa
stlin
e.R
ainf
all
is a
noth
er i
mpo
rtan
t fa
ctor
in
the
dev
elop
men
t of
coa
stal
d
unes
. W
hile
rai
nfal
l in
fi ltr
ates
san
d d
unes
wit
h re
lati
ve e
ase,
hea
vy
dow
npou
rs
can
prod
uce
runo
ff,
whi
ch
erod
es
the
sand
y su
rfac
e,
expo
sing
it to
the
win
d. A
noth
er im
port
ant c
hang
e ca
used
by
rain
fall
is
the
dev
elop
men
t of
dun
e la
kes.
The
se la
kes
form
in lo
w-l
ying
are
as o
f th
e d
une
syst
em. F
rase
r Is
land
has
a la
rge
num
ber
of d
une
lake
s.
In t
imes
of
heav
y ra
infa
ll, s
urfa
ce r
unof
f ac
cum
ulat
es i
n a
swal
e,w
hich
is
a tr
ough
or
shal
low
dep
ress
ion
betw
een
the
cres
ts o
f co
asta
l d
unes
. Eve
ntua
lly th
e sa
nd b
ecom
es s
atur
ated
and
the
wat
er ta
ble
rise
s.
Wit
h th
e re
turn
of
war
mer
wea
ther
, the
sw
ale
dri
es o
ut a
nd t
he w
ater
ta
ble
retr
eats
. By
this
tim
e, h
owev
er, m
uch
of t
he p
rote
ctiv
e ve
geta
tion
ha
s d
row
ned
and
the
sand
is n
ow le
ft e
xpos
ed. T
his
caus
es a
mig
rati
ng
du
ne
to fo
rm a
nd b
egin
mov
ing
away
from
the
now
dry
lake
.In
som
e lo
cati
ons,
not
ably
on
Fras
er I
slan
d, d
unes
may
for
m a
cros
s th
e m
outh
of a
val
ley.
If a
str
eam
run
s th
roug
h th
e va
lley,
pon
din
g m
ay
occu
r: t
he d
unes
, act
ing
like
a d
am, h
old
bac
k th
e st
ream
’s w
ater
and
so
a l
ake
is f
orm
ed. S
uch
lake
s te
nd t
o be
sem
iper
man
ent
(or
in s
ome
plac
es p
erm
anen
t) a
nd c
ause
a m
ajor
cha
nge
in t
he lo
cal e
nvir
onm
ent,
enco
urag
ing
dif
fere
nt fl
ora
and
faun
a to
col
onis
e th
e af
fect
ed a
rea.
wo
rkin
g g
eo
gra
ph
ical
ly
+
1D
efin
e an
d e
xpla
in t
he
term
aeo
lian t
ransp
ort.
2O
utli
ne t
he
fact
ors
that
aff
ect
the
rate
of
aeol
ian t
ransp
ort.
1In
terp
reti
ng d
iagr
ams
Exa
min
e figu
re 1
.2.3
. D
escr
ibe
the
rela
tion
ship
bet
wee
n w
ind
velo
city
and t
he
rate
of
aeol
ian t
ransp
ort.
Exp
lain
what
this
indic
ates
abou
t th
e ro
le o
f w
ind in d
une
const
ruct
ion.
2W
riti
ng t
ask
Wri
te a
rep
ort
outl
inin
g th
e ro
le
of w
eath
er in t
he
dev
elop
men
t of
coa
stal
dune
syst
ems.
3W
riti
ng t
ask
Stu
dy
the
Geo
focu
s box
‘Aeo
lian
tran
spor
t’.
aS
tudy
figu
re 1
.2.4
. W
rite
a b
rief
rep
ort
on
the
way
s w
ind t
ransp
orts
san
d.
bW
rite
a p
arag
raph e
xpla
inin
g th
e te
rms
salt
atio
n a
nd c
riti
cal ve
loci
ty.
cD
isti
ngu
ish b
etw
een t
he
pro
cess
es o
f su
rfac
e cr
eep a
nd s
usp
ensi
on.
und
ers
tan
din
g th
e te
xt
FIG
UR
E 2
.6FI
GU
RE
1.2
.6
Much o
f th
e s
edim
ent
used for
dune b
uild
ing c
om
es
from
the e
rosi
on o
f headla
nds
and o
ther
coast
al
featu
res.
ge
ofo
cus
Imp
act o
f Hur
rica
ne
Kat
rin
a o
n th
e
Ch
and
ele
ur Is
lan
ds
i
The
Chan
del
eur
Isla
nds
are
a co
llect
ion o
f lo
w-lyi
ng
isla
nds
off
the
coas
t of
New
Orl
eans,
in t
he
south
ern U
nit
ed S
tate
s.
An e
xten
sive
dune
syst
em is
found o
n t
he
isla
nds
and a
uniq
ue
ecos
yste
m h
ad d
evel
oped
ove
r a
long
per
iod o
f ti
me.
This
par
t of
the
US
coa
stlin
e is
ver
y su
scep
tible
to
hurr
ican
e ac
tivi
ty,
wit
h s
ever
al lar
ge h
urr
ican
es s
trik
ing
the
isla
nds
since
2000:
Hurr
ican
e Li
li (2
002),
Hurr
ican
e Iv
an (
2004)
and H
urr
ican
e D
ennis
(2005).
How
ever
, it
was
H
urr
ican
e K
atri
na
in A
ugu
st 2
005 t
hat
cau
sed t
he
mos
t dam
age
to t
he
dune
syst
em.
Figu
re 1
.2.7
A s
how
the
Chan
del
eur
Isla
nds
in 2
001.
As
can b
e se
en,
a la
rge
dune
syst
em is
loca
ted a
round
the
edge
s of
the
isla
nds.
Fig
ure
1.2
.7B
is
take
n in t
he
day
s fo
llow
ing
Hurr
ican
e K
atri
na.
As
is c
lear
, th
e w
hol
e dune
syst
em h
as b
een d
estr
oyed
by
a m
assi
ve s
torm
sur
ge t
hat
has
engu
lfed
much
of
the
isla
nds.
FIGURE 2.6
FIG
UR
E 1
.2.7
A C
handele
ur
Isla
nds
in 2
001. The e
xtensiv
e d
une s
yste
m is v
isib
le. B
Chandele
ur
Isla
nds
follo
win
g H
urr
icane K
atr
ina in 2
005.
AB
In N
ovem
ber
1970 a
mas
sive
sto
rm s
urg
e an
d
cycl
one
hit
the
coas
t of
India
and B
angl
ades
h
and w
as r
espon
sible
for
as
man
y as
300 0
00
dea
ths.
>
stor
m s
urge
a v
ery
hig
h t
ide
crea
ted b
y a
com
bin
atio
n o
f a
king
tide
(the
hig
hes
t ti
de
in
a ti
dal
cyc
le)
and a
lar
ge s
torm
.
did
yo
u k
now
?!
1
Out
line
the
role
of
hyd
rolo
gica
l pro
cess
es
in t
he
form
atio
n o
f co
asta
l sa
nd d
unes
.2
Exp
lain
the
contr
ibuti
on o
f lo
ngs
hor
e dri
ft
to t
he
dev
elop
men
t of
coa
stal
dunes
.3
Exp
lain
the
pro
cess
es inv
olve
d in t
he
dev
elop
men
t of
dune
lake
s an
d s
wal
es.
4D
efin
e th
e te
rm p
ondin
g. W
hy
is it
so
sign
ific
ant
to t
he
dune
envi
ronm
ent?
und
ers
tan
din
g th
e te
xt
Com
posi
tion
of
sand
sSa
nd i
s no
t un
ifor
m.
Its
chem
ical
and
min
eral
com
posi
tion
var
ies
grea
tly
from
pla
ce t
o pl
ace.
Thi
s is
bec
ause
san
ds
have
bee
n d
eriv
ed
from
dif
fere
nt t
ypes
of
rock
. T
he c
hem
ical
and
min
eral
com
posi
tion
of
san
ds
is v
ery
impo
rtan
t in
det
erm
inin
g th
e na
ture
of
coas
tal
dun
e ec
osys
tem
s.Sam
ple pa
ges
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