Ecosystems and Energy Chapter 3. “In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love...

Ecosystems and Energy

Chapter 3

“In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, we will understand only what we are

taught.”

-Baba Dioum

O'Connell 3

Chapter 3 Overview

Ecology

Feeding Relationships

The Energy of Life

The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems

What is Ecology?

Ecology –

study of the interactions among organisms, and between organisms (biotic) and their abiotic (non-living) environment.

What is Ecology?

Levels of Biological Organization

What is Ecology?

Ecological Levels of Organization:

Population

What is Ecology?

Community

What is Ecology?

Ecosystem

What is Ecology?

Biomes (Landscape ) –

encompasses larger area and several ecosystems

Biosphere –

the whole earth

O'Connell 10

THE STRUCTURE OF ECOSYSTEMS

The parts that fit togetherPhysical and chemical factors

Feeding relationships

Species interactions

Climate

O'Connell 11

How Ecosystems Are Formed

Abiotic

Plants

Animals

(moisture and temperature)

(+ moisture = forest)(temperature = forest type)

(lynx or bobcat)

predict

O'Connell 12

Inorganic and Organic

Inorganic

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nitrogen

Organic

All living things

Products of living things

O'Connell 13

Inorganic and Organic

O'Connell 14

Moisture and Temperature

O'Connell 15

Abiotic Factors

The physical and chemical part of an ecosystem.

Conditions: Vary in time and space.No Competition

Temperature

Salinity

O'Connell 16

Abiotic Factors (cont.)

Resources: Consumed by organisms.Competition

Chemical nutrients

Oxygen

Spatial needs

O'Connell 17

Abiotic Effects in Ecosystem Development

The Energy of Life

Potential vs. Kinetic Energy

The Energy of Life

Thermodynamics –

The Energy of Life

1st Law of Thermodynamics –

energy can change forms, but is not created or destroyed

2nd Law of Thermodynamics –

“Entropy Rules!”

amount of usable energy decreases as energy changes forms

1st Law deals with quantity of energy,

2nd Law with quality of energy.

The Energy of Life

Photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + radiant energy

C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2

The Energy of Life

Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy

The Energy of Life

Case-in-Point: Life Without the Sun

O'Connell 24

Trophic Categories

AutotrophsProducers – make their own organic food

from inorganic materialsSome bacteria, algae, plants

Heterotrophs Consumers – eat live plants and/or animals

From bacteria to blue whales

Detritus feeders and decomposers – eat dead matter

Ravens and vultures; bacteria, earthworms, some insects

O'Connell 25

Trophic Categories and Terminology

Autotrophs Heterotrophs

Producers Consumers Decomposers & Detritus Feeders

Photosynthetic Primary

Chlorophyll Herbivores Fungi, Bacteria, Earthworms

Purple Pigments Secondary Hydrogen Sulfide Carnivores

Omnivores Parasites

04/22/23

O'Connell 26

AutotrophsAutotrophs

O'Connell 27

Trophic Relationships Among Producers and

Consumers

O'Connell 28

Detritus Feeders

O'Connell 29

Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels

Third-order Consumer

Secondary Consumer

Primary Consumer

Producer

O'Connell 30

Match Organisms With Trophic Level(s)

Trophic Levels

Organisms

Producer Primary Consumer

Secondary Consumer

Third-Order Consumer

Plants X

Rabbits X

Snakes X

Owls X X

Bacteria X X X X04/22/23

O'Connell 31

Match Organisms With Trophic Level(s)

Trophic Levels

Organisms

Producer Primary Consumer

Secondary Consumer

Third-Order Consumer

Autotrophs

Herbivores

Carnivores

Omnivores

Parasites X X X

04/22/23

The Path of Energy Flow

Food Chains –

The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems

Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers

Food Webs –

O'Connell 35

Marine Food Web

Case-in-Point: How Humans Have Affected the Antarctic Food Web

Baleen whales

Squid Fishes

Toothed whalesSealsPenguins

What would happen if you eliminated krill?

O'Connell 37

Where the Biomass Comes From

Ecological Pyramids

Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass

Ecological Pyramids

Pyramid of Energy

O'Connell 40

Trophic Level Energy Exchanges

Third-order Consumer

Secondary Consumer

Primary Consumer

Producer10,000 Kcal

- 100x

100 Kcal

10 Kcal

Example: Thermodynamics in Action

Desert: Primary producers = 100 g / m2

Temperate forest: Primary producers = 1,500 g / m2

Food webs very simple, very few tertiary consumers

Food webs very complex, more tertiary consumers, some quaternary.

Desert Biomass Pyramid

Primary producers = 100 g / m2

Primary consumers = 10 g / m2

Secondary consumers = 1.0 g / m2

Tertiary consumers = 0.1 g / m2

Tertiary consumers must range over large areas to obtain enough energy to subsist.

such as . . .13.5 kg coyote must range ~12 ha to subsist (30 acres).

Temperate Forest Biomass Pyramid

Primary producers = 1,500 g / m2

Primary consumers = 150 g / m2

Secondary consumers = 15 g / m2

Tertiary consumers = 1.5 g / m2

13.5 kg coyote only needs ~1 ha to subsist (2.5 acres).

Also, possibility of quaternary consumers, like bears.

NOTE: just relative examples, not accurate

Ecosystem Productivity

Ecosystems and Energy Chapter 3. “In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love...

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