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EchinodermsEchinoderms
““Spiny Skinned Animals”Spiny Skinned Animals”
Spiny skinned because of the Spiny skinned because of the calcium carbonate internal calcium carbonate internal skeletonskeleton
Echinoderm CharacteristicsEchinoderm Characteristics• Radial Symmetry (aboral and oral Radial Symmetry (aboral and oral
sides)sides)• All marineAll marine• Most pentamerousMost pentamerous• No heart, gills, lungs, brain, or eyesNo heart, gills, lungs, brain, or eyes• Nutrients and gases transported in Nutrients and gases transported in
fluid that fills body cavityfluid that fills body cavity• Water vascular systemWater vascular system• Calcium carbonate internal skeletonCalcium carbonate internal skeleton• Nervous system is simple nerve netNervous system is simple nerve net
Sides of the Sides of the EchinodermEchinoderm
Oral Side: Oral Side:
• mouthmouth• ampullae- ampullae- store store
waterwater
• ambulacral grooveambulacral groove
• tube-feettube-feet
Aboral Side:Aboral Side:• pedicellariae-pedicellariae-
pincherspinchers
• anusanus• Madreporite-Madreporite-water water
openingopening
Oral SideOral Side
Ampullae
Tube Feet
Aboral Aboral SideSide
Pedicellariae(all over surface)
Pedicellariae: tiny pinchers Pedicellariae: tiny pinchers amongst the spines to help amongst the spines to help keep off parasites & catch bits keep off parasites & catch bits of foodof food
Water Vascular System Water Vascular System (WVS)(WVS)• Hydraulic system containing Tube Hydraulic system containing Tube
Feet, attached to appullae which Feet, attached to appullae which store water for the WVS.store water for the WVS.
• Used for:Used for:
locomotionlocomotion
attachmentattachment
sensationsensation
feedingfeeding
gas exchangegas exchange
Water Vascular SystemWater Vascular System
Madreporite
Ring Canal
Radial CanalWith Ampullae
Water Vascular SystemWater Vascular System
Water Vascular System Water Vascular System Tube FeetTube Feet
Tube feet and ampullaTube feet and ampulla
FeedingFeeding• Some carnivorous (sea stars)Some carnivorous (sea stars)
• Some detritus foragers ( urchins & sea Some detritus foragers ( urchins & sea cucumbers)cucumbers)
• Some planktonic feeders (feather stars Some planktonic feeders (feather stars and basket stars)and basket stars)
• Many have mouth on oral surface and Many have mouth on oral surface and anus on aboral surface. Sea stars can anus on aboral surface. Sea stars can extend stomach out of mouth and extend stomach out of mouth and engulf and digest preyengulf and digest prey
• Sea cucumbers can eviscerate gutSea cucumbers can eviscerate gut
Sea Star feeding on clamSea Star feeding on clam
ReproductiReproductionon
• The sexes are separate in mostThe sexes are separate in most
• Many release sperm and egg into waterMany release sperm and egg into water
• Most form pelagic bilaterally symmetrical Most form pelagic bilaterally symmetrical larvaelarvae
• Asexual reproduction and RegenerationAsexual reproduction and Regeneration
Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Fertilization produces pelagic planktonic Fertilization produces pelagic planktonic larvaelarvae
Brittle Star Larvae
Sea Urchin Larvae
Sea Star Larvae
Asexual Reproduction by Asexual Reproduction by regeneration-all you need is regeneration-all you need is one arm & part of the one arm & part of the central disk!central disk!
Echinoderms : Five ClassesEchinoderms : Five Classes
• Feather Stars, sea Lillies (Crinoidea)Feather Stars, sea Lillies (Crinoidea)
• Sea Stars (Astroidea)Sea Stars (Astroidea)
• Brittle Stars, Basket Stars Brittle Stars, Basket Stars (Ophiuroidea)(Ophiuroidea)
• Sea Urchins, heart urchins, sand Sea Urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars (Echinoidea)dollars (Echinoidea)
• Sea Cucumbers (Holothuroidea)Sea Cucumbers (Holothuroidea)
Feather Stars and Sea Lilies Feather Stars and Sea Lilies (Crinoidea)(Crinoidea)
• 600 species600 species
• CrinoidsCrinoids
• Most ancient classMost ancient class
• Mouth open up instead of downMouth open up instead of down
• 5 arms radiate from pentagon 5 arms radiate from pentagon shaped body- arms branch into 10 or shaped body- arms branch into 10 or more armsmore arms
• Tube feet used for filter feedingTube feet used for filter feeding
• Sea lilies found in deeper waterSea lilies found in deeper water
Golden Chrinoid CR-269/355 found on coral Golden Chrinoid CR-269/355 found on coral reefsreefs
Feather StarFeather Star
CR-269/355 here the arms are closed (rolled up) notice the claw-like appendages attaching it to rock
Sea Stars (Asteroidea)Sea Stars (Asteroidea)
• 1500 living species1500 living species
• Usually 5 rays radiating from central Usually 5 rays radiating from central diskdisk
• Many are active carnivoresMany are active carnivores
• Excessive numbers can harm marine Excessive numbers can harm marine ecosystemsecosystems
• Ability to regenerate entire body from Ability to regenerate entire body from one arm and portion of central diskone arm and portion of central disk
West Indian Sea Stars Juvenile and Adult CR-271 / West Indian Sea Stars Juvenile and Adult CR-271 / 367367Shallow sea grass beds and sandy flatsShallow sea grass beds and sandy flats
West Indian Cushion Star in a West Indian Cushion Star in a Turtle Grass bedTurtle Grass bed
West Indian Cushion Star Four Rays OnlyWest Indian Cushion Star Four Rays Only
Cushion star Oral viewCushion star Oral view
West Indian Cushion Star Six RaysWest Indian Cushion Star Six Rays
Seven Ray Cushion StarSeven Ray Cushion Star
Common Comet Stars CR-275/361 found on reef Common Comet Stars CR-275/361 found on reef - notice the different numbers of rays- why the - notice the different numbers of rays- why the name Comet?name Comet?
Two-Spined Sea Star Oral View CR-277/363Two-Spined Sea Star Oral View CR-277/363Notice the ambulacral groove on reach rayNotice the ambulacral groove on reach ray
Two-Spined Sea Star Aboral View most often Two-Spined Sea Star Aboral View most often found on sandy bottoms in shallow waters- often found on sandy bottoms in shallow waters- often burrow into sandburrow into sand
Thorny Sea Stars CR-277/365 found on rock Thorny Sea Stars CR-277/365 found on rock rubble and mangrove roots (same genus as Orange-rubble and mangrove roots (same genus as Orange-ridged sea star)ridged sea star)
Thorny Sea Star often found hiding under rocksThorny Sea Star often found hiding under rocks
Brittle Stars, Basket Stars, Brittle Stars, Basket Stars, Serpent Stars (Ophiuroidea)Serpent Stars (Ophiuroidea)
• Brittle stars are most numerous (2000 Brittle stars are most numerous (2000 species)!!!species)!!!
• Most active echinoderm with swift snake-like Most active echinoderm with swift snake-like movementsmovements
• Under rocks during day & feed on detritus at Under rocks during day & feed on detritus at nightnight
• Usually 5 thin, flexible arms radiate from Usually 5 thin, flexible arms radiate from central diskcentral disk
• Basket stars have complex branched arms used Basket stars have complex branched arms used to catch planktonto catch plankton
Blunt Spined Brittle Star CR-283/373Blunt Spined Brittle Star CR-283/373
Blunt-Spined Brittle StarBlunt-Spined Brittle Star
• CR-283CR-283
Red Brittle Star Red Brittle Star
Banded-Arm Brittle Star CR-285/375Banded-Arm Brittle Star CR-285/375
Sponge Brittle Star (CR 281/371)Sponge Brittle Star (CR 281/371)
Sponge Brittle Star on zoanthid CR-281/371Sponge Brittle Star on zoanthid CR-281/371
Ruby Brittle Star CR-283/373Ruby Brittle Star CR-283/373
Giant Basket Star (closed) CR-287/377Giant Basket Star (closed) CR-287/377
Giant Basket Star (open) open mostly at Giant Basket Star (open) open mostly at night filtering planktonic animalsnight filtering planktonic animals
Sea Urchins, Heart Urchins, Sea Urchins, Heart Urchins, and Sand Dollars (Echinoidea)and Sand Dollars (Echinoidea)
• ““without arms”without arms”• Test: Calcareous plates fused into shell Test: Calcareous plates fused into shell • Often covered with spines- spines often Often covered with spines- spines often
used for locomotion instead of tube feetused for locomotion instead of tube feet• Most hide during day and are more active Most hide during day and are more active
at nightat night• Sand dollars and heart urchins burrow Sand dollars and heart urchins burrow
under the sand during dayunder the sand during day• Most feed on detritus or algaeMost feed on detritus or algae
Diadema Long Spined Sea Urchin CR-287/379Diadema Long Spined Sea Urchin CR-287/379
Rock Boring sea Urchin CR-289/380 Rock Boring sea Urchin CR-289/380 Aboral View - shorter spines- shallow rocky Aboral View - shorter spines- shallow rocky tidal areatidal area
Rock Boring Sea Urchin Oral ViewRock Boring Sea Urchin Oral View
Diadema Rock BoringDiadema Rock Boring
Slate Pencil Sea Urchin CR= 291/385 Slate Pencil Sea Urchin CR= 291/385 found on sea grass beds and reef rublefound on sea grass beds and reef ruble
West Indian Sea Egg CR-293/385 found in West Indian Sea Egg CR-293/385 found in sea grass beds and shallow reefs sea grass beds and shallow reefs
West Indian Sea Egg oral viewWest Indian Sea Egg oral view
Variegated Urchin CR-291/383Variegated Urchin CR-291/383
Red Heart Urchin CR-293/387 hide under Red Heart Urchin CR-293/387 hide under sand during day – when discovered, will sand during day – when discovered, will “jump” out“jump” out
Six-Keyhole Sand Dollar CR-295/389 Six-Keyhole Sand Dollar CR-295/389 covered with short spine “fuzz”covered with short spine “fuzz”
Sea Cucumbers Sea Cucumbers (Holothuroidea)(Holothuroidea)• Elongated soft body – no spinesElongated soft body – no spines• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry• Skeletal plates are very small and Skeletal plates are very small and
buried under leathery body wallburied under leathery body wall• Some have tentacle-like tube feet Some have tentacle-like tube feet
around moutharound mouth• Mouth in front and anus at rearMouth in front and anus at rear• Defense mechanismsDefense mechanisms
Three Rowed Sea Cucumber (CR-297/392)Three Rowed Sea Cucumber (CR-297/392)
Agassiz Sea CucumberAgassiz Sea Cucumber
Florida Sea Cucumber CR-397 found in Florida Sea Cucumber CR-397 found in shallow sand flats and sea grass bedsshallow sand flats and sea grass beds
Donkey Dung Sea Cucumber CR-297/395 Donkey Dung Sea Cucumber CR-297/395 inhabit sandy areas around reefs and sea inhabit sandy areas around reefs and sea grass bedsgrass beds
Behavior
Sea CucumberExpelling CuvierianThreadsDefense Mechanism (actually Part of the animal’s gut
These threads are toxicAnd can be quicklyRegenerated.
Sea Cucumber PoopSea Cucumber Poop
Pearlfish and Sea Cucumbers Pearlfish and Sea Cucumbers have an INTERESTING have an INTERESTING RELATIONSHIPRELATIONSHIP
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