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Ecology Ecology is the
study of the
interactions of
living organisms with one another
and their physical
environment
Levels of Organization Use the words on your notes to fill in the blanks. Words may be used once or not at all.
Throughout the notes, write down the
definition of these words.
Biome
a large region
characterized by
a specific type of
climate and
certain types of
plant and animal
communities.
*Biomes are made up
of smaller
ecosystems. Examples of North American
biomes
Ecosystem: made up of a living (community) and
nonliving (habitat) factors of an environment.
A community
many
different
species
that live
together in
a habitat
Habitat:
the place where a
particular population
lives
What are some interactions that
could occur between organisms
(living things) within an ecosystem?
COMMUNITY
Interactions
(Parasitsm went to the next
page on your N.T.)
Community Interactions
Commensalism: + / 0
Mutualism: + / +
Predation : + / -
Parasitism: +/ -
Whale with
barnacles on skin
Bat about to eat frog
Mistletoe growing
into a mangrove tree
Bee pollinating flower
Population:
All the members of one species that live in
one place at one time.
Abiotic vs. Biotic
Biotic-All the LIVING or ONCE LIVING components of an ecosystem. Also includes the product of living things.
Examples: hair, fingernails, etc.
The community of organisms
Abiotic factors-All the non-living components of an ecosystem
Using the list below, write an “A” next to
factors you think are abiotic and a “B”
next to factors you think are biotic.
__ water __ bacteria __ humidity
__ temperature __precipitation __ tree
__ soil __ dead leaf __ feces
__ owl __ light __ fingernail
Food Chain Describes one feeding relationship
and one path of energy through
food consumption.
FOOD WEB
shows the interactions between a wide
variety of organisms in the environment
creating a complicated, interconnected path
of energy flow.
are used to study effects of the changing
or introduction of a variable in an
environment
Food webs show the energy flow among producers and consumers.
As you define these terms and other categories, use the food web shown to provide you examples (in addition to the ones on the following slides).
Producer produces food (make energy storing
molecules),
Also Known As (AKA): Autotrophs
Eg. Plants, algae and some kinds of bacteria
Consumer
Obtains its energy and nutrients by consuming plants or other organisms
Different levels of consumers depending on where they eat
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Primary Consumers
eats producers
AKA herbivores
Eg. Cows, horses,
caterpillars and ducks
Secondary Consumers
(2nd order consumers)
eats herbivores
AKA carnivores
Eg. Wolf, ferret, and leopard
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumer
(3rd order consumer)
eats second order (other
carnivores)
AKA carnivores
Eg. Hawk
Cougar
Quaternary Consumer
(4th order consumer)
this is very rare…
Not enough energy at the level before
to support these higher levels
AKA carnivore
Eg. Orca
Voracious Voracious, synonymous with ravenous or insatiable, means “having a great appetite” or refers to intense
greediness or eagerness. The noun form is voracity.
Herbivore
Herb “plant”
Eats only plants
Carnivore
Carn “flesh”
Eats living organisms
Omnivore
Omni “all”
Eat both plants and animals
Looking at the food web, can you now label A, B, C, D with the correct terms based on how these organisms obtain energy? (Be sure to state the specific level – primary, secondary etc.)
Notice there are some organisms that fall into both categories (e.g. Sea sponge and Reef shark).
Why is that?
What happens when a
variable is introduced to food
webs?
Answer the following questions on page 45 of your notes.
Explain at least THREE consequences of the change.
1. Using the aquatic food web above, explain what would happen if the zooplankton population drastically declined.
2. Explain what would happen if the reef shark population drastically increased.
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