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Making change happenEBRD Donor Report 2007
1 MessagefromthePresident2 TheEBRD’sareaofoperations4 Highlights6 Donor-fundedactivitiesandofficialco-financing16 Earlytransitioncountries28 WesternBalkans40 Russia,Belarus,Kazakhstan,TurkmenistanandUkraine52 EUmemberstatesandCroatia60 Annex1:Donoragreementsandreplenishmentsin200661 Annex2:TCcommitmentsin2006,bydonor62 Abbreviations63 Glossaryofterms
ForfurtherinformationontheEBRD’sdonor-fundedprogrammes,pleasevisitwww.ebrd.com/oppor/tc
Contents
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TheEBRD’spartnershipswithdonorsandofficialco-financingagenciesarehelpingtoraiselivingstandardsinourmembercountries.Acrosstheregionourworkisprovidingimprovementsinbasicservicessuchascleanwaterandmorereliabletransport;jobcreationisbeingsupportedthroughgrowthinprivateenterprise;andpublicagenciesareworkingwithbetterlawsandregulations.Thesebenefitsaretakingplaceacrossnumeroustowns,citiesandregions,thankslargelytothedonorandco-financingagenciesthatworkwithus.
Thegrowthoftheregionisdrivingenergydemand,butatthesametimetherearemanyinefficientpracticesthatresultinneedlessenergywaste.TheEBRDhaslaunchedtheSustainableEnergyInitiativeasanewpartnershipwithdonorstocutbackonwastefulandpollutingenergyuse.OurpartnershipincludestheG8groupofindustrialisedcountries,theEuropeanUnion,internationalfinancialinstitutionsandourcountriesofoperations.Theaimistoinvestupto€1.5billioninenergyefficiency,renewableandcleanenergyprojectsoverthreeyears.
Thereisalsorenewedinterestinharnessingtheprivatesectortoinvestinmoreenergyandinfrastructureprojects.TheBankrecognisestheneedforgreaterinstitutionalstrengtheningofpublicagenciesthatengagewithprivatefirms,includingatthemunicipallevel.Dialoguehasbegunwithdonorstosupportthetransferofskillsandknow-howtogovernmentagenciesresponsibleforpublic-privateconcessionsandothercontractingarrangements.Weseethisasanimportantstepincreatingimprovedaccesstoenergyandinfrastructure.
ThelaunchoftheWesternBalkansFundlastNovemberisaverywelcomedevelopment.Thisnewmulti-donorinitiative
enablesustocoordinateourworkmuchmoreeffectively,includingwiththeEuropeanUnionunderitspre-accessionarrangementsfortheregion.IwelcomethedecisionsoftheCzechRepublic,Poland,theSlovakRepublicandSloveniatojointheEBRD’sdonorcommunitythroughmembershipofthisfund.Welookforwardtootherdonorsjoininginthecomingyear.
TheETCFund,nowinitsthirdyear,takesonadditionalresponsibilitywiththeembraceofMongoliaundertheEarlyTransitionCountriesInitiative.Thismulti-donorfundhasplayedacriticalroleinsupportingtheBank’sworkinourpoorestcountries,andIlookforwardtothecontinuedleadershipthathasbeenprovidedbydonors.TheOECD’srecognitionoftheETCFund’seligibilityforOfficialDevelopmentAssistancehasbeenafactorinmaintainingdonorsupport,andwehopetoreceivesimilarrecognitionfortheWesternBalkansFundlaterintheyear.
Finally,asImentionedlastyear,theEBRDispleasedtobeabletomoveforwardwithdonorpartnershiparrangementsthatreflecttheprioritieswehavesigneduptointernationally.IammindfuloftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsastheyrelatetoareassuchasjobcreationandcleanwater.Iamalsopleasedforthesupportgivenbydonorstothe2005OECDDACParisDeclarationonAidEffectiveness.Welookforwardtocontinuingourworktogetherinthecomingyear.
JeanLemierrePresident,EuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopment
Message from the President
29countries
4�0millionpeople
BycoordinatingtheeffortsoftheEBRD,donoragenciesandco-financingpartners,weareabletomakearealdifferencetothelivesofthepeoplelivingacrosstheBank’sareaofoperations.
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Earlytransitioncountries1 Armenia2 Azerbaijan3 Georgia4 KyrgyzRepublic5 Moldova6 Mongolia7 Tajikistan8 Uzbekistan
WesternBalkans9 Albania10 BosniaandHerzegovina11 FYRMacedonia12 Montenegro13 Serbia
EUmemberstatesandCroatia19 Bulgaria20 Croatia21 CzechRepublic22 Estonia23 Hungary24 Latvia25 Lithuania26 Poland27 Romania28 SlovakRepublic29 Slovenia
Russia,Belarus,Kazakhstan,TurkmenistanandUkraine14 Russia15 Belarus16 Kazakhstan17 Turkmenistan18 Ukraine
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Chapter1Donor-fundedactivitiesandofficialco-financing
Chapter2Earlytransitioncountries
Highlights
€113mwasprovidedbydonorsin2006,primarilyassistingtheregionsfacingthegreatesttransitionchallenges.
70%oftechnicalcooperationprojectsundertakenintheEBRD’spoorestcountrieswerefundedthroughthemulti-donorEarlyTransitionCountriesFund.
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Chapter3WesternBalkans
Chapter5EUmemberstatesandCroatia
Chapter4Russia,Belarus,Kazakhstan,TurkmenistanandUkraine
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Morethan€167millionwasprovidedbypublicsectoragenciestoco-financekeyinfrastructureprojectsintheWesternBalkans.
63,200loanswereextendedtosmallbusinessesundertheEU/EBRDSMEFinanceFacility,whichsupportsenterprisesinthenewEUmemberstatesandcandidatecountries.
95%ofdonor-fundedprojectsundertakeninRussiawerelocatedoutsideofMoscowandStPetersburg.
y Grantfundingtotalling€290millionwasmobilisedfromdonorsin2006.TheEuropeanUnionwasthemaingrantprovider.
y NewcountriestojointheEBRDdonorcommunityin2006weretheCzechRepublic,theRepublicofKorea,Poland,theSlovakRepublicandSlovenia.
y TCassignmentsfundedbydonorsconcentratedontheEBRD’sleastadvancedregions–theearlytransitioncountries(ETCs)andtheWesternBalkans.
�Donor-funded activities and official co-financing
Technicalcooperation(TC)andofficialco-financingareintegralpartsofEBRDinvestments.GrantsprovidedbydonorgovernmentshelptopreparethewayforEBRDprojectsandallowclientstobenefitfromexpertadvice.Prioritysectorsincludemicroandsmallbusinesses,infrastructureandinstitutionalreform.
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y Investmentco-financingof€1.45billionwasprovidedtoEBRDprojectsthroughofficialpartnersandagencies.TheEuropeanInvestmentBankwasthelargestinvestmentco-financingpartner.
y Newmulti-donorinitiatives–theSustainableEnergyInitiativeandtheWesternBalkansFund–werelaunchedin2006.
y Majornewbilateralinitiativeswereestablished.TheseincludedfundingfromCanadatosupportprivatesectordevelopment,governanceandenvironmentprojectsinGeorgia,Armenia,UkraineandRussia,andassistancefromItalyfortheWesternBalkansLocalEnterpriseFacility.
y TheEuropeanUnionprovidedfundstoUkraineandMoldovatoimproveenergyefficiency,JapansupportedmunicipalprojectsinSiberiaandFarEastRussia,SwedencontributedtotheETCMunicipalProgramme,andSwitzerlandprovidedfundingfordistrictheatinginRomania.
“TheUKgovernmentsupportstheEarlyTransitionCountriesandWesternBalkansfunds.Thesefundsillustratetheeffectivenessofpooleddonorassistanceandembodytheprinciplesunderlyingthe2005OECDParisDeclarationonAidEffectiveness.”
SimonRay BoardDirectorforthe
UnitedKingdom,EBRD
� Donor-funded activities and official co-financing
In2006theEBRDmobilised
€290m ingrantfunding
€201mforinvestmentco-financingand
€89m forTCandrelatedpurposes
In2006theEBRDsignedgrantagreementsforalmost
€113m innewdonorfunding,mainlyforTC
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Morethan30governmentministriesandagenciesprovidesupportthroughtheEBRD’sTechnicalCooperationFundsProgramme(TCFP).Muchofthisassistanceisusedtosupportsmallbusinesslending,tradefinance,advisoryservicesandlegalreform.Fundingarrangementsvaryfromagreementswithsingledonorsforspecificprojectstoprogramme-widearrangementsinvolvingmultiplecontributors.During2006agreaterproportionofdonorfundingwasallocatedtomultilateral“untied”funds(meaningthemoneycanbeusedwithoutanyrestrictionastothenationalityofthefirmorexpertscontractedinaparticularproject).Thesefundsproveveryefficientinsupportinglarger-scaleprojectsinvolvingmorethanonecountrywhileeffectivelyintegratingtechnicalcooperation(TC)fundingintoEBRDoperations.
Thekeyprogrammesreceivingassistanceinclude:
ymicroandsmallenterpriselendingprogrammes,whichpromoteeasieraccesstofinanceforsmallbusinessesinnearlyalloftheBank’scountriesofoperations
yinfrastructuresupporttodevelopmunicipalservices,suchaswatertreatmentplants,andregulatory
structuresthatencouragedecentralisationandcommercialisation
ytheDirectInvestmentFacilityandtheDirectLendingFacility,whichprovideequityandloansforlargerbusinesses
ytheTradeFacilitationProgramme,whichhelpstofinancebusinessesengagedinexportandimporttrade
ytheTurnAroundManagementprogrammeandtheBusinessAdvisoryServicesprogramme,whichprovidetechnicalandmanagementadvicetolocalbusinesses
ytheLegalTransitionProgramme,whichhelpsgovernmentstodevelopthelawsandregulationsneededtofosterbusinessgrowth.
Donor funding and beneficiaries in 2006
TheEBRDundertookawiderangeofinitiativesinpartnershipwithdonorsandofficialco-financingagenciesin2006.TCfinancinglastyearaimedtoexpandbusinessinvestment,createemploymentopportunities,encouragelocalbankfundingformicro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(MSMEs)andincreaselocaltradefinance.Businessesintheinfrastructureandenergysectorshavebenefitedfromadviceonprojectinvestment,whilegovernment
regulators,policymakersandlegalofficialshavebeenabletogainfromadviceonadministrativereforms.Throughdonorfinancing,theBankhascontinuedtoextendthebenefitsofthetransitionprocesstoanincreasingnumberofpeopleinallcountriesofoperations.
In2006theEBRDsignedgrantagreementsforalmost€113millioninnewdonorfunding,mainlyforTC.Asinpreviousyears,thelargestcontributionwasprovidedbytheEuropeanUnion(€36million).AlargevolumeofTCgrantfunding(€26million)wasalsomobilisedthroughmulti-donorarrangements.DetailsofgrantfundingmobilisedthroughagreementswithdonorsareshowninAnnex1.Additionalgrantsof€177millionwerealsomobilisedfromtheEuropeanUnionforspecificinvestmentprojects.
NewTCspendingcommitmentsin2006amountedto€74million.Muchofthis–€37.2million(50percent)–wastargetedattheWesternBalkansandtheearlytransitioncountries(ETCs).SeeChapters2and3forfurtherdetails.
AssistancetothenewEUmemberstatesofcentralEuropeandCroatiaamountedto€13million,mainlyprovidingfinancetoMSMEs.
NewTCspendingcommitmentsin2006amountedto
€74m €37.2m wastargetedattheWesternBalkansandtheETCs
InRussia,€9.6millionsupportedthedevelopmentofsmallbusinessandthestrengtheningofinfrastructureandenvironmentalprojects.InBelarus,Kazakhstan,TurkmenistanandUkraine,€10.6millionwasdedicatedtoexpandingprivateenterpriseandcreatingenvironmentallysoundinfrastructure,inparticularintheenergysector.SeeChapters4and5formoredetailsofTCassistanceprovidedtoprojectsinthesecountries.Inaddition,€3.1millionwasprovidedforprojectactivitiescoveringmorethanonecountry(regionalassignments).TheuseofdonorfundingreflectedtheEBRD’sprioritiesinrespondingtotheever-changingregionalandglobalbusinessenvironment.Forexample,bysettinguptheSustainableEnergyInitiativeandtheWesternBalkansFund,theEBRDconfirmeditscommitmenttotacklingclimatechangeandtosupportingthelong-termEUaspirationsofsouth-easternEurope.Partnershipswithofficialco-financingagencieswerestrengthenedduringtheyear.ThisincludednewworkingarrangementswiththeEuropeanInvestmentBank(EIB)andparticipationintheEU-IFIcooperationinitiative.
�0 Donor-funded activities and official co-financing
CasestudySupportingenergyefficiency,renewableenergyandcleantechnologies
TheEBRD’sregionofoperationsisoneofthefastest-growingpartsoftheworld,anditsenergyneedsareincreasing.However,itusesuptoseventimesmoreenergyperunitofgrossdomesticproductthanwesternEurope.IftheregionwereasefficientaswesternEurope,globalenergyconsumptionwouldfallby7.2percent.
Thiswastefulandpollutinguseofenergyisadamagingenvironmentallegacyofformercentrallyplannedeconomies.Inresponse,theEBRDhasestablishedtheSustainableEnergyInitiative(SEI).TheinitiativereflectsthepriorityoftheG8,theEuropeanUnionandmanyEBRDcountriesofoperationstoaddresstheissueofenergywasteandsecurity,climatechangeandtheneedforcleanerfuelsources.
UndertheSEI,theEBRDwillinvestupto€1.5billioninenergyefficiencyandrenewableandcleanenergyprojectsoverthreeyears.Togetherwithpartnerco-financing,totalinvestmentcouldreachupto€5billion.Theinitiativeaimstomobiliseafurther€100millionfromdonorgovernmentstoraiseawarenessofthepositivereturnsoninvestmentfromenergyefficiencymeasuresandtohelptheBankmakethebusinesscaseforcleanerenergytechnologies.Almost€50millionhasalreadybeenpledged.
TheSEIfocusesspecificallyonenergyefficiencyandthereductionofcarbonintensityby:
y acceleratingthepaceofinvestmentinenergyefficiencybylargeindustrialusersintheEBRD’scountriesofoperationstohelpreducecarbonemissions
y expandingenergyefficiencycreditlinestolocalbanksforon-lendingtosmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesforsmallenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyprojects
y supportingthedevelopmentofcleanerenergysuppliesinpowerandnaturalresourceprojects
y supportingthedevelopmentandfinancingofrenewableenergyprojects
y investinginprojectstoincreasetheirefficiencyandtoreducethecarbonemissionsofdistrictheatingandurbantransport
y supportingthedevelopmentofcarbontradingintheBank’scountriesofoperations.
TheEBRDalreadyhasaproventrackrecordinsupportingenergyefficiencyandprotectionoftheenvironment.From2001to2005itinvestedalmost€680millioninprojectswithenergyefficiencycomponents,whileafurther€406millionwasinvestedoverthesameperiodinpowerprojects,resultinginreducedcarbonemissions.
IftheregionwereasefficientaswesternEurope,globalenergyconsumptionwouldfallby
7.2%
From2001to2005theEBRDinvestedalmost
€680minprojectswithenergyefficiencycomponents
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TheEU-IFIinitiativerespondstotheEuropeanUnion’sneedtointensifyitscooperationwithinternationalfinancialinstitutions,particularlyinsupportingpre-accessionprogrammesintheWesternBalkans.TheETCandWesternBalkanfundsprovidesupporttotheOECDDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(DAC)principlesonassistancetopoorcountries.DACisthemainbodythroughwhichtheOECDdealswithissuesrelatedtocooperationwithdevelopingcountries.
Throughtheseinitiatives,theBankhasadvanceditsoperations,actedasacatalystforfurtherinvestmentandpromotedfundamentalsustainabledevelopmentinthemorechallengingenvironmentsofitssouthernandeasterncountriesofoperations.
Emerging priorities
Byfocusingontheareasthataremostinneedoffinance,theEBRDisabletomakemaximumuseofdonorfunding.
Sustainable Energy Initiative TheSustainableEnergyInitiative(SEI)isanewEBRD-donorpartnershipthatwaslaunchedinMay2006toimproveenergyefficiencyintheBank’scountries
Chart 1.1Donor spending by region, 2006 (€ million)
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Russia
Notes1 TheEUmemberstatesareBulgaria,theCzechRepublic,Estonia,Hungary,
Latvia,Lithuania,Poland,Romania,theSlovakRepublicandSlovenia.CroatiaisanEUcandidatecountry.
2 Formostof2006theETCscomprisedArmenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,theKyrgyzRepublic,Moldova,TajikistanandUzbekistan.MongoliajoinedtheminOctober2006.
3 TheWesternBalkansconsistsofAlbania,BosniaandHerzegovina,FYRMacedonia,MontenegroandSerbia(includingKosovo).
4 Regionalfundingsupportsassignmentsthatspanvariouscountries.
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Belarus,Kazakhstan,TurkmenistanandUkraine
EUmemberstatesandCroatia 1
ETCs 2 WesternBalkans 3
Regional 4
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ofoperationswiththehelpofdonorfunding.InitialdonorpledgeshavebeenreceivedfromAustria,Canada,theEuropeanUnion,France,Italy,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Spain,SwedenandtheUnitedKingdom.Discussionsarealsotakingplacewithotherpotentialdonors.ThesupplyofcarboncreditsacrosscountriesfromcentralEuropetoCentralAsiawillbeincreasedsignificantlyunderthetwocarboncreditfunds:theEBRD-EIBMultilateralCarbonCreditFund,whichbeganin2006withacommitmentof€165millionfromsixcountriesandsixcompanies;andthe€32millionNetherlands-EBRDCarbonFundcreatedin2003(oneofEurope’sfirstcarbontradingfunds).Thefundspurchasegreenhousegasemissionreductions,knownascarboncredits,forparticipantsofaprojectandprovidefundingforgreeninvestmentschemes.ThisisdoneusingtheJointImplementationCleanDevelopmentMechanismsoftheKyotoProtocol(seecasestudyonpage26).
ETC FundTheEarlyTransitionCountries(ETC)Fund,launchedin2004,isanuntiedmulti-donorfundthatismanagedthroughanAssemblyofContributors.Bytheendof
2006,donorpledgestotheETCFundamountedto€40.5million,withanadditional€5millionfromtheNetherlandsforco-financingofEBRDprojects.Nearly€22millionfor108TCprojectshadbeencommittedbytheendoftheyear(seeChapter2).
Amajordevelopmentin2006wastheinclusionofMongoliaastheeighthETCFundbeneficiarycountry.TheothersevenareArmenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,KyrgyzRepublic,Moldova,TajikistanandUzbekistan.
Western Balkans FundTheWesternBalkansFundwassetupin2006tomobiliseadditionalgrantfundingforAlbania,BosniaandHerzegovina,theFormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia,MontenegroandSerbia(includingKosovo),andtostrengthenthecoordinationofEBRD-donorassistance.
TheFundwasinauguratedwithinitialpledgesamountingto€13.7million.AustriawaselectedChairandFinlandVice-Chairattheinauguralmeeting.Aprioritywillbethecoordinationofitsactivitieswiththoseofothermajordonorsintheregion,includingItaly,theEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates(seeChapter3).
Romanian textile (detail)
“SloveniaisconvincedthattheprojectssupportedbytheWesternBalkansFundwillenhancetheregion’seconomicandsocialdevelopment,creatingsustainableemploymentandimprovingpeople’slives.SloveniaishappytojointheEBRDdonorcommunityandshareitsownsuccessfultransitionexperience.”
AndrejKavcic MinistryofFinance,Slovenia
�2 Donor-funded activities and official co-financing
andCentralAsia.During2006itcontinuedtopromoteprojectsinenvironmentalinfrastructure,energyefficiency,renewableenergy,emissionstradingandbiodiversity.
TheEuropeanUnion,Finland,Italy,Luxembourg,theNetherlandsandSwedenprovidedongoingfundingforPPCstaffworkinginEBRDbankingteams,andtheUnitedKingdomcontinueditssupportforthePPCSecretariat.AdditionalcontributionsweremadebyFinlandandSweden.
In2006,PPCenvironmentalinfrastructureinvestmentsreceivedover€21millionindonorco-financingfromtheEuropeanUnion,SwedenandtheUnitedStates.TheETCFund,GermanyandtheUnitedKingdomfundedPPCprojectfinancingworkshopsinArmenia,Georgia,FYRMacedonia,RussiaandUkraine.
Official co-financing
Co-financingofEBRDinvestmentprojectsbyofficialagenciesandpublicsectorinstitutionsin2006amountedto€1.45billion(considerablyhigherthanthe€770millionrecordedthepreviousyear).Around70percentofthisfigurewasfor
Northern Dimension Environmental PartnershipAttheendof2006,fundscontributedtotheNorthernDimensionEnvironmentalPartnership(NDEP)totalled€241million,withnearly€150milliondesignatedfortheupgradingofnuclearenergyfacilitiesinnorth-westernRussia.Fornon-nuclearactivities,theFundhascommitted€56millionandrequestsforanother€45millionhavebeenpresented.Thenon-nuclearcontributorsincludeDenmark,theEuropeanUnion,Finland,Germany,Norway,RussiaandSweden.TheprincipalaimofNDEPgrantsfornon-nuclearpurposesistoactasacatalystforfurtherinvestmentsinenvironmentalprojects.
TheNDEPwasdevelopedin2001inresponsetocallsfromRussiaandtheinternationalcommunityforaconcertedefforttoaddressenvironmentalproblemsinnorth-westernRussia(seeChapter4).
Project Preparation Committee TheProjectPreparationCommittee(PPC)isanetworkofdonors,internationalfinancialinstitutionsandpartnercountriesinvestinginEBRDenvironmentalprojectsineasternandsouth-easternEurope,theCaucasus
Attheendof2006,fundscontributedtotheNorthernDimensionEnvironmentalPartnershiptotalled
€241m
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developingmunicipalandenvironmentalinfrastructureprojectsinthenewEUmemberstatesandCroatia.
Asinrecentyears,theBank’slargestofficialco-financingpartnerwastheEIB,withacontributionof€822million.Overall,sixprojectshavebeendirectlyco-financedbytheEIBandtheEBRD.Otherimportantloanco-financinghasbeenmadebytheNordicInvestmentBank(€187.9million).Energy,municipalinfrastructureandtransportsectorprojectsaccountedfor80percentoftheco-financingprovidedbyofficialagencies.
Investmentfundingprovidedby20officialco-financiersin2006wasmainlyintheformofloans(€1.1billion).Officialco-financiersalsoprovidedriskparticipations(€82million)andgrants(€192million).Canadaalsoprovidedexportcreditagencyfundingof€38.0million.Investmentgrantsarebecomingincreasinglyimportantinprojectimplementation.TheEuropeanUnionisthelargestproviderofinvestmentgrantstoEBRDprojects,supportinginvestmentsinArmenia,Bulgaria,Croatia,GeorgiaandRomania.In2006anumberofotheragenciesalso
Co-financingofEBRDinvestmentprojectsbyofficialagenciesandpublicsectorinstitutionsin2006amountedto
€1.45bn
“WebelievetheEBRDhasalwaysledonissuesofenergyefficiencyandwelikethewaymultilateraldevelopmentbanksworktogethertoachieveanefficientinvestmentframeworkoncleanerenergy.InsupportingtheSustainableEnergyInitiative,Franceispleasedtoprovidefundsthroughthemobilisationofitsfinancialinstruments.”
VincentPerrin MinistryofEconomy,
FinanceandIndustry,France
providedgrantstoBankprojects.Theseincludedgrantco-financingfrom:
yTheSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgencyfortwowaterprojectsinGeorgia(inKutaisiandPoti)
yTheSwissStateSecretariatforEconomicAffairsforthedistrictheatingsysteminIasiinRomania
yItaly,throughtheLocalEnterpriseFacilityfortheWesternBalkans,foracompanyproducingbuildingmaterialsandabankinKosovo
yTheUSMillenniumChallengeCorporation(MCC)andtheEBRD,whichagreedapipelineofsupporttofinancemunicipalinfrastructure,energyandroadsectorprojectsinGeorgia.InSeptembertheMCCandtheBanksignedthefirstco-financingagreementforgrantsupporttoawaterproject
yTheNetherlands,whichcontributedinvestmentgrantsof€5millionfortwoprojectsinMongolia.ThiscontributionwasmadethroughtheETCFund.
“InGeorgia,co-financingmunicipalinfrastructureprojectswithorganisationssuchastheEBRDisessentialforthesuccessofourprogramme,whichfocusesongrowthandpovertyreduction.”
StephenGroff USMillenniumChallengeCorporation,
UnitedStates
�4 Donor-funded activities and official co-financing
Chart 1.2EBRD investments in 2006, by number of projects
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Notes1 TheWesternBalkansconsistsofAlbania,BosniaandHerzegovina,
FYRMacedonia,MontenegroandSerbia(includingKosovo).2Formostof2006theETCscomprisedArmenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,
theKyrgyzRepublic,Moldova,TajikistanandUzbekistan.MongoliajoinedtheminOctober2006.
3 TheEUmemberstatesareBulgaria,theCzechRepublic,Estonia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Poland,Romania,theSlovakRepublicandSlovenia.CroatiaisanEUcandidatecountry.
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WesternBalkans 1
Earlytransitioncountries 2
Russia,Belarus,Kazakhstan,TurkmenistanandUkraine
EUmemberstatesandCroatia 3
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Numberofinvestments
NumberofinvestmentssupportedbyTC
Investment impact
Akeyobjectiveofdonor-fundedTCistoleveragecapitalinvestmentthroughEBRDprojects.From1991to2006,theEBRD’sTCcommitmentsthatdirectlysupportedinvestmentstotalled€761million.Thesefundshavehelpedleverageinvestmentsof€38.3billion,withaleveragingeffectof52:1(inotherwords,€1ofTCledto€52ofinvestment).
OfalltheinvestmentprojectssignedbytheEBRDin2006,53percentweresupportedbyTC.ThelargestnumberofTC-supportedprojectswasintheETCs,indicatingthecontinuingneedfortechnicalcooperationinthisregion(seeChart1.2).
Donor visibility
TheEBRDpromotesawarenessandrecognitionoftheroleplayedbydonorsinitsoperationsthroughvariousmeans:theBank’swebsite,donorpublications,videosandposters.Theaimofthisworkistoinformtargetaudiencesindonorandbeneficiarycountries.Decisionmakersintheinternationalcommunityarealsomadeawareoftherolethatdonorsareplaying.
Anumberofnewdonorvisibilityinitiativesarebeingundertaken,asdetailedbelow.
yTheseriesofbookletsonEBRD-donorcooperationhasbeenexpanded.AnewpublicationonLuxembourg’sinvolvementintheEBRDregionwaspublishedinearly2007.Atotalof11bookletsintheserieshavenowbeenproduced.
yEBRDcountrywebpageshavebeenupdatedtoincludecasestudies,slideshowsandprojectsimplementedunderpartnershiparrangementswithdonorsandofficialco-financiers(seewww.ebrd.com/country).TwonewwebpageswerecreatedforItalyandJapanasdonorcountries.
yIn2006,30articlesondonor-fundedprojectsintheEBRD’scountriesofoperationswerepostedontheBank’swebsite(seewww.ebrd.com/new/stories/2006/index).SelectedstorieswereincludedinanEBRDpublicationentitled“VoicesofChange2006–Thepeoplebehindourprojects”.
yAtotalof73pressreleasesfeaturingdonor-supportedprojectswerereleased(seewww.ebrd.com/new/pressrel/2006/index).
“Forenlargementandpre-accessionpolicytobesuccessful,assistancethroughtheEUbudgetisnotenough.TheEUishappytoworkalongsidetheEBRDindevelopingtheinfrastructureoftheWesternBalkansandinfindingwaystoachieveabetterleveragebetweenEUfundingandEBRDlending.”
DirkMeganck Directorate-GeneralforEnlargement,
EuropeanCommission
��
From1991to2006,theEBRD’sTCcommitmentstotalled
€761m
yTheBankreleasedaweb-basedslideshowin2006called“Livesandlivelihoods:Buildingprosperitywithdonorsupport”(www.ebrd.com/oppor/tc/video).Launchedatthe2006AnnualDonorMeetinginLondon,itfeaturessmallbusinessbeneficiariesrangingfromsouth-easternEuropetoRussiaandCentralAsia.TwonewvideosontheEBRDanditsdonorsinRussiaandtheETCswillbereleasedattheBank’s2007AnnualDonorMeetinginKazan.
yAslideshowonMongolia,theBank’snewestcountryofoperations,markingtheachievementsoftheMongoliaCooperationFund(MCF)andintroducingnewinvestmentopportunitiestodonors,waspresentedtotheMCFmeetingin2006.
yProductionanddistributionofdonor-focusedmaterialincreasedin2006,andwasdistributedtodonors,externalpartnersandthemediaintheBank’scountriesofoperations.ThematerialwasalsousedbytheBank’sResidentOfficestohighlightdonorsatthelocallevel.
“TheNetherlandswelcomesMongoliatotheETCInitiative.WearepleasedtheETCFundhasbecomethemainvehiclefortechnicalcooperationintheregion,andthatithasexpandedtoprovideinvestmentgrantco-financingforEBRDprojects.”
CasparVeldkamp MinistryofForeignAffairs,
theNetherlands
Architectural detail, Belgrade
InvestmentclimateAnincreaseindomesticspendinghasgeneratedhigheconomicgrowthacrosstheearlytransitioncountries(ETCs)–Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,theKyrgyzRepublic,Moldova,Mongolia,TajikistanandUzbekistan.However,alleviatingpovertyandcorrectingregionaldisparitiesremainkeyobjectives.TransitionchallengesThemainchallengesareto:
y improveinstitutions,labourskillsandoverallinfrastructure,especiallyinCentralAsia,whichwillhelptoextendthebenefitsofmarketreformstothepoorestcommunities
y undertakefurtherreformsinthebankingsectortoachievebetterprivatesectoraccesstofinancesupportedbyreliablelegalandregulatoryframeworks,whichwillattractgreaterforeigninvestmentandfostercompetition.
2Early transitioncountries
SinceNovember2004theEarlyTransitionCountriesInitiativehasbeencoordinatingdonorandEBRDassistanceinthepoorestcountrieswheretheBankoperates.Itsaimistoalleviatepovertybyfinancingmostlysmall-scaleprojectsintheprivatesectorandbydevelopingmunicipalinfrastructureandthelegalenvironment.
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y Bytheendof2006,atotalof€40.5millionfortechnicalcooperationand€5millionforinvestmentgrantco-financinghadbeenpledgedtotheETCFund.
y Nearly€22millionwascommittedtoprojectsin2006,upfrom€18.2millionin2005.
y MongoliabecametheeighthbeneficiarycountryoftheETCInitiativein2006.
y Morethan500,000loanshavebeenprovidedtosmallbusinesses.
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02 04 05 06
Sector/Industry Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia KyrgyzRep Moldova Mongolia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Regional Total
Smallbusinessfinance 1,116 550 340 1,696 1,300 1,000 421 118 431 6,972
TAM/BAS 203 261 116 335 838 86 122 140 1,430 3,532
Financialinstitutions 500 445 495 – 195 235 – – 1,061 2,931
Municipalandenvironmentalinfrastructure – – 2,243 – – – 435 – – 2,678
DIF/DLF/MCFF – – – – – – – – 1,944 1,944
Energy 50 800 306 – – – – – – 1,156
Legaltransition – – – 611 293 – – – – 904
Transport – – 373 – – 350 50 – – 773
Naturalresources – – – – – 114 – – – 114
Environment 23 – – – – – – – 50 73
Telecommunications – – – – – 50 – – – 50
Others – – – – – 5 35 – 802 842
Total 1,893 2,056 3,874 2,642 2,626 1,840 1,062 258 5,718 21,969
Pledgesmorethantripledfrom
€14.7min2004toreach
€45.5m bytheendof2006
Chart 2.2Number of projects, 2002–06
Table 2.1TC commitments in 2006 by country (€’000)
�� Early transition countries
Chart 2.1TC commitments in the ETCs, 2002–06 (€ million)
8
12
16
20
18
14
2
22
10
Bilateral ETCFund MCF
120
03
0
6
4
0302 04 05 06
0
“GenderequalityisanimportantissueacrosstheBank’scountriesofoperations.AsChairoftheETCFund,theNetherlandsfullysupportsprojectsthathelpwomentoplayalargerroleinbusinessintheETCregion.”
JoanvanRijswijk MinistryofForeignAffairs,
TheNetherlands
Donor funding in 2006
Sinceitsestablishment,theETCInitiativehasbeenhelpingtheEBRD’spoorestcountriesofoperations.ThisgrouphasincludedMongoliasinceOctober2006,whenitbecameanEBRDcountryofoperations.
ContributingcountriestotheFundareCanada,Finland,Ireland,Japan,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Norway,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TaipeiChinaandtheUnitedKingdom.Pledgesmorethantripledfrom€14.7millionin2004toreach€45.5millionbytheendof2006.
Thefirsttechnicalcooperation(TC)projectinMongoliafundedthroughtheETCFundwasapprovedinNovember2006.Uptothattime,Mongoliahadreceivedassistancefromthemulti-donorMongoliaCooperationFund(MCF),towhichJapan,Luxembourg,theNetherlandsandTaipeiChinahadcontributedatotalof€10.3million.TheMCFwillsupportnewprojectsuntilJune2007.
JapanactedasChairoftheETCFund’sAssemblyofContributorsduring2006andwassucceededbytheNetherlands(withSpainasViceChair)for2007.
TCcommitmentstotheETCsin2006(includingMongolia)totalled€22million(seeChart2.1),exceedingthelevelof2005,whichhadbeenarecordyearbyvolume,andshowinga60percentincreasesince2004.
Therehasbeenasteadyincreaseinthenumberofassignmentssince2002,withjustover100recordedin2006.TheETCFundhasbeenthelargestTCcontributor,accountingfor70percentoftotalcommitments.Georgiawasthemainbeneficiaryin2006,receivingnearly€3.9million(seeTable2.1).MajorbilateraldonorsincludedtheEuropeanUnion,Japan,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedStates.
Support programmes and facilities
SmallbusinessdevelopmentcontinuestobethemaininstrumenttopromotingtheprivatesectorintheETCs,alleviatingpovertyandraisinglivingstandards.TheEBRDandbilateraldonorsencouragesmallbusinessesthroughmicrolendingandtheTurnAroundManagement(TAM)andBusinessAdvisoryServices(BAS)programmes.TheBankalsohelpsmedium-sizedlocalbusinessesthroughthedonor-supportedDirectInvestmentFacility(DIF),DirectLendingFacility(DLF)andMedium-sizedCo-FinancingFacility(MCFF).
TheETCFundwasthelargestdonorsupportingmicrolendingin2006,focusingpredominantlyonMoldovaandMongolia.ThelargestbilateraldonorwastheUnitedStates,helpingArmeniaandtheKyrgyzRepublicinparticular.
ThelargestdonorstotheTAMandBASprogrammesacrossalleightcountriesintheETCregionwereCanada,theETCFundandJapan.
Micro and small enterprise lendingTheEBRD’smicroandsmallenterprise(MSE)projectsintheETCshaveprovidedmuch-neededaccesstofinanceandstimulatedlocaleconomicgrowth.TheBankmakesequityinvestmentsandprovidesloanstofinancialinstitutions,whichon-lendtosmallbusinesses.IntheETCs,suchloanstypicallyaverage€2,300butmaybeaslowas€300.TheselevelsoffinancearegenerallylowerthaninothercountrieswheretheEBRDoperates.
TheEBRDworkswithanumberofmicrofinanceproviders,includingnewandestablishedbanksandspecialisedfinancialinstitutions.Bytheendof2006,theBankhadworkedwith100banksandothertypesofmicrofinanceinstitution,dispensingatotalof€816.2millioninequityanddedicatedMSEcreditlines.
�9
TheBank’sinvestmentsintheMSEsectorareaccompaniedbytechnicalassistancetostrengthenpartnerinstitutionsandtoestablishefficientcreditmethodologiestolendtotheirsmallestclients.
TheEBRD’sMSEactivitiesintheETCscontinuedtogrowthroughout2006,attracting13newpartnerbanks,ofwhichsevenarenon-bankinstitutions,whichbetweenthemdisbursedatotalof€1.3billionin597,946sub-loanstosomeofthesmallestentrepreneursintheregion.
TheEBRDhasdevelopeditsmarketsupportforMSEprojectsineachETC,focusingonagriculturalandrurallendingintheKyrgyzRepublicandTajikistaninpartnershipwiththeUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganisation.
During2006theBankintroducednewMSEprogrammesinArmeniaandMoldova,whilecontinuingtodevelopnewpartnerbankrelationshipsinmoreestablishedprogrammes.InGeorgia,twoofthelargestpartnerbanks“graduated”fromtheMSEprogramme,meaningthattheynolongerrequiredonorfundingtocontinuetheirsupportforsmallbusinesses.SeveralbanksintheKyrgyzRepublicalsograduatedfromtechnicalassistance.GraduationistheBank’sgoalforallMSElendingprogrammesasthissignifiestheabilityofeachpartnerbanktolendindependently.Partnerbankswillcontinuetoreceivetargetedandtailoredassistanceasrequired,particularlyrelatedtoagriculturallending.
Non-bankmicrofinanceinstitutionsarealsoimportantconduitstofinancethesmallestbusinesses,ofteninruralareasthatarenotservedbycommercialbanks.TheBankisnowworkingwithsevenacrosstheETCs.
Aninnovationin2006wastheintroductionofcreditscoringforMSElending.Creditscoringistypicallyusedforstandardised,smallloanswherebyscoresareassignedtothemostimportantcriteria,thereforeautomatingthedecisionprocess.Thisisintendedtoreducetransactioncostsandtoencouragepartnerorganisationstoexpandtheiroperationsfurther.TheBankconductedfeasibilitystudiesinArmenia,GeorgiaandtheKyrgyzRepublicand,during2007,planstoimplementcreditscoringinmanyotherpartnerinstitutions.ThenewtechnologyisbeingsuccessfullyusedinoneoftheEBRD’spartnerbanksinMoldova.
Lending results BytheendofDecember2006theEBRD’ssmallbusinessfinanceprojectsintheETCshaddisbursednearly600,000sub-loanstotallingover€1.3billion,withanaverageloansizeofunder€2,200.Portfolioqualityishighwitharrearsover30daysstandingatonly1.2percent.Resultsdiffermarkedlybetweencountriesduetothelevelofmaturityofeachprojectandthevariableeconomicsituation.
AcrosstheETCs,45,480loanstotalling€85.6millionweredisbursedinDecember2006alone.
Microfinanceinstitutionsoutsidethebankingsectorarecontributinganever-growingshareoftheBank’sMSElending.During2006,sixofthemdisbursed188,320loanstoMSEsfor€171.2million,withanaverageloansizeofjust€1,000.
Capacity buildingMorethan400localbrancheshavebeencreatedin39banksandmicrofinanceinstitutionsemployingover2,000loanofficerstrainedbyEBRDconsultants.Previously,bankstafftypicallylackedlendingskillsandclientfocus,reflectingpoorproceduresandloanproducts.Trainingofinternal
20 Early transition countries
“TheuniquethingabouttheETCInitiativeisthatthemulti-donorfundhasbeendevelopedbydonorcountriesthemselves.Thishascreatedasharedsenseofpurposethatmakesiteasiertoreachdecisionsondeliveringassistancetopoorcountries.”
GonzaloRamos BoardDirectorforSpain
andMexico,EBRD
2�
CasestudyInMongolia:whereagerguaranteesaloan
InOctober2006MongoliabecametheEBRD’snewestcountryofoperations,anoccasionmarkedbya€3.8millionloansignedwithXacBank,asuccessfulMongolianbank.TheinvestmentinXacBankwasaccompaniedbytechnicalassistancefromtheETCFundfor€1millionundertheMongolianMulti-BankFramework.ThisfacilityencouragestheEBRD’spartnerinstitutionstodevelopcreditandmanagementskills,createsupportiveinstitutionalstructuresforMSE(microandsmallenterprises)andSME(smallandmedium-sizedenterprise)lending,anddiversifyintonewfinancialproducts,suchasleasing,mortgageandtradefinance.
Withnearlythree-quartersofitsclientslivingingers,thetraditionalnomadichomesmadeofblankets,XacBankhasstartedacceptingtheseassetsaspledgesforloansthatitmakesformicrobusinessventures.
MrsElbegzayaSersenjav’sexperienceisanexampleofhowXacBank’sunconventionallendingishelpingtobuildtheMongolianeconomy.Havingmovedwithherdaughter
toUlaanbaatar,Mongolia’scapital,afterbeingwidowed,shedecidedthattheonlywaytomakeaproperlivingandfundauniversityeducationforherdaughterwastostartasmallbusiness.In2003shecontactedXacBank.Hergerandhomeapplianceswerepledgedagainsta€150loansothatshecouldlaunchherventuresellingscarvesandglovesinthecity’sopenairmarket.Twofurtherloans,eachfortwicethepreviousamount,helpedtoincreaseherprofitanddevelopherbusiness.
XacBankwasfundedin1998asaUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeMicroStartproject,withaninitial€750,000tolendtopoorpeoplewithbusinessideas.Withinterestincomeandinvestmentfromitsfounders(MercyCorpsandlocalnon-governmentalorganisations,aswellassupportfromTriodosFund,FairShareFund,ShoreCapInternationalandMicroVest),XacBank’scapitalhasgrowntomorethan€7.5millionwithtotalassetsofalmost€60millionin2006.InnineyearsthenumberofXacBank’sclientshasincreasedfrom50to55,000,with90percentofloansmadetosmallbusinesses.
auditorshasbeenapriority.Formicrofinanceinstitutionsoutsideofthebankingsector,theBankhasprovidedtargetedtechnicalassistancetoeachorganisation,identifyingspecificareaswhereassistancehasbeenrequired.TheBankisnowfocusingontransformingthelargestandmostsuccessfulETCmicrofinanceinstitutionsintostrong,fullycommercialorganisations.
Donor and IFI coordinationTheEBRDcontinuestoworkwithotherdonorsinbuildingalarge-scalelendingcapacityinbanksandotherfinancialinstitutionsastheydevelopintocommercialdeposit-takingorganisations.ManyoftheETCsstillsufferfromweakfinancialsystemsandeconomicandpoliticalinstability,andneedsubstantiallong-termtechnicalassistance.MostoftheMSEprojectsbenefitfromthemulti-donorETCFundaswellasfundingfromacoregroupofdonorswithsharedobjectives–BP,theEuropeanUnion,Japan,theNetherlands,Switzerland,TaipeiChina,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.Thesedonorshavesofarprovidedover€30millioninTCfunds.
Thesefundshavealreadyenabledpartnerbankstofinanceanever-increasingnumberofloans.However,furtherfundingwillberequired,particularlyforruralfinance.TheEBRDworkscloselywiththeInternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC)andKreditanstaltfürWiederaufbau(KfW)toimplementprojectswithpartnerbanks.TheInternationalCooperationDevelopmentFundofTaipeiChina(TaiwanICDF)hassupportedmanyoftheBank’sMSElendingprogrammes,includingtheETCNon-bankMicrofinanceInstitutionFramework.Morerecently,theBankhasworkedwiththeWorldBanktobuildonestablishedprojects,suchastheKyrgyzAgriculturalFinanceCorporation(KAFC)andtheRuralFinanceCorporationinMoldova,tosupportcommercialsustainablelending.
CasestudyCottonseedoilisbackinTajikistan’snationaldish
WiththeendoftheSovietUnion,thenewlyindependentCentralAsianrepublicofTajikistansawalmostitsentiremanufacturingsectorcollapse.Thisincludedtheproductionofcottonseedoil,anirreplaceableingredientforthecountry’snationalricedish,theplov.
Threeyearsago,localentrepreneurTofikAkhmedovhadtheideatorestartcottonseedoilproductioninthenorthernTajiktownofKhujand.Heboughtanoldex-Sovietpropertywheretherefinerywastobebuilt,importedequipmentfromtheUnitedStates,boughtcottonseeds,hiredstaffandstartedproduction.In2005,hefoundedKomronAgroHoldingtorefinecottonseedoil.
However,KomronAgrohadenoughmoneyforjust8,000tonnesofcottonseedsayear,meaningtheplantoperatedat30percentofitscapacity,butthankstoanEBRDloanofUS$1.4million(€1.1million),agreedinApril2006,MrAkhmedovhasbeenabletobuy24,000tonnesofcottonseedsthatwillkeeptherefineryworkingthroughoutthe10-monthseason.Theloanwasgranted
aftertheBankundertookathoroughtechnicalandlegalduediligenceofKomron,anessentialsteptodeterminethecompany’screditworthinessandtoguideitsfuturebusinessplan.Komron’sduediligenceandtechnicalassessmentwerefundedthroughtheEBRDETCFund,undertheDirectLendingFacility.
Thankstothisassistance,KomronAgroHoldingnowemploys180staffandhasdoubleditscottonseedoilproductionto3,000tonnesperseason.Thishasalsoindirectlyimprovedthelivingstandardsofthe30farmsthatsupplyMrAkhmedovwiththeseeds,becausemorereliablecontractshavemeantmorecashtospendforeachfamilyandthevillage.
Followingthesuccessofthefirstadvertisingcampaign,whichsawsalesgoupby20percent,MrAkhmedovissettoexpandhisbusinessfurther;heiscurrentlyassistingcompaniesinthesouthofTajikistantobuildupcottonseedoilrefineries.Sothefutureoftheplov–completewithitsessentialingredientofcottonseedoil–issafe.
22 Early transition countries
TraditionalsilkpatternusedinUzbekistan.Everyyear30,000tonsofsilkcocoonsareproducedinthecountry.
2�
Direct Investment Facility and Direct Lending FacilityTheDirectInvestmentFacility(DIF)providesequityandlimiteddebtfinancing(usuallybetween€0.5millionand€3million)topromisingprivatesectorbusinesses,especiallythoseledbymotivatedandexperiencedlocalentrepreneurs.TheDirectLendingFacility(DLF)providesfunding(between€0.5millionand€4million)forexpansion,modernisationandacquisitionprojectsintheprivatesector.
TheDIFandDLFareimportantinstrumentsintheETCsforsupportingmedium-sizedenterprises.In2006,eightnewDIFinvestmentsand13DLFprojectswerefinancedinsevencountries.Theseinvestmentssupportedcompaniesinthebeverage,supermarket,icecream,insurance,hotel,fruitprocessing,propertyandtextileindustries.
In2007theDIF,DLFandtheMedium-sizedCo-FinancingFacility(MCFF)willbeavailableinMongolia,wheretheETCFundwillreplacetheMCFforTCprojectfunding.
Financial sector development TCassistanceforfinancialinstitutionsfocusesonimprovingaccesstofundingforenterprises,particularlySMEs.Bytheendof2006,€3.3millionhadbeencommittedbytheETCFundfor13projects,ofwhich€2.2millionhadbeendisbursed.Anothersixprojectstotalling€2millionwereapprovedattheETCFund
“WhiletheETCFundhasalreadycontributedagreatdealtoEBRDprojectsintheearlytransitioncountries,itmustcontinuetosupporturgentmunicipalinfrastructureprojectsinthesecountries.”
BirgerKarlsson MinistryofForeignAffairs,Sweden
AssemblyofContributorsinFebruary2007.TheseincludedaTCassignmenttoimproveinsuranceregulationsinMongoliaandtheGeorgianEnergyEfficiencyProgramme,whichwillsupportthecreditlinetolocalbanksbyprovidinginitialtrainingtothepartnerbanks,coordinatingenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyprojects,andidentifyingpotentialindustrialandresidentialprojects.Theprogrammeisseekinga33percentcontributionfromtheETCFundtohelpreachthe€2.3millionfundingrequirement.
TCfundsaresupportinginstitutionaldevelopmentandnewfinancialproductsandfacilities.AssignmentsunderwayinfourparticipatingbanksarehelpingtheorganisationstocomplywithEBRDcorporategovernancerequirementsandpromotestability,prudentpracticeandeffectivecustomerservice.Meanwhile,leasingcompanies,particularlythosetargetingSMEsinemergingmarketswheresecuredlendingcanbeproblematic,havereceivedsubstantialinvestmentintraining.AnassignmentforthefirstleasingcompanyinAzerbaijanshouldcommencein2007.Twomortgage-relatedassignmentshavebeenapprovedforArmeniaandGeorgia.Theexpansionofhousingfinance(forhousebuilding,purchaseorrenovation)shouldencouragegrowthinconstructionactivityandcontributetosustainableeconomicdevelopment.
24 Early transition countries
“SidahascontinuedtosupporttheETCregionthroughacooperationarrangementwiththeEBRDthatcoversbothtechnicalassistanceandinvestmentco-financing.Wehavesofaridentifiedabout10municipalenvironmentprojectsthatwillbenefitfromsuchsupport.”
PeeterHorm SwedishInternationalDevelopment
CooperationAgency(Sida)
TurnAround Management and Business Advisory Services programmesTheTAMandBASprogrammesprovideexperttechnicalandmanagementadvicetolocalbusinesses.In2006theycommittedalmost€3millionreceivedfromCanada,theETCFund,Japan,Luxembourg,theMCF,SwitzerlandandTaipeiChinaintheETCregion.
TheTAMprogrammehasworkedwithover144companiesinalloftheETCs(includingMongolia)since1997.DuringthisperiodCanada,theETCFund,theEuropeanUnion,Japan,theMCF,SwitzerlandandTaipeiChinahavecommittedover€11.8milliontotheprogramme.
In2006,13TAMprojectswerestartedintheregion.TAM/BAS-assistedcompanieshaveattracted€85millionofinvestmentfromtheEBRDandrelatedinstitutions,reflectingtheirincreasingcreditworthiness.InadditiontoestablishedSMEsupportmeasures,theTAMprogrammeisalsoimplementingnewprojectsinAzerbaijanandtheKyrgyzRepublicthatfocusontheinformationandcommunicationstechnology(ICT)businesssector.BASoperationsinTajikistanshouldbeginin2007.
Legal reformDuring2006theEBRD’sLegalTransitionProgrammelaunchedtwoprojectsinMongoliawiththehelpofdonorfunding.Thefirstprovidedlegalassistancetothegovernmenttodealwiththeprivatisationandregulationofthetelecommunicationssector.Thesecondfocusedonreformofthelegalregimeforsecuringloanswithmovablepropertypledgedascollateral.EBRDrecommendationspresentedtotheMongoliangovernmentinNovember2006willformthebasisforreformstobeimplementedoverthenextfewyears.BothprojectsarefundedbytheMCF.
During2007,basedonanEBRDprojectinMoldovafundedbytheSwissgovernment,theLegalTransitionProgrammeisaimingtoissuestandardsforenactingeffectivemortgagelegislationinthecountrieswheretheBankoperates.
IntheKyrgyzRepublictheBankbeganimplementingaprogrammetohelpjudgesdealwithcommercialissues.FundedbytheETCFund,JapanandSwitzerland,itaimstostrengthenlocaljudicialeducation,tocreatealawlibraryandtoestablishinternshipsabroadforyoungjudgeswithleadershippotential.AlsointheKyrgyzRepublic,theEBRDhaspreparedanactionplanforenhancinginvestorprotectioninthesecuritiesmarket,andhascontinuedtodevelopalegalframeworkforthetelecommunicationssectorandtoimproveaccesstoICTinthecountry(seecasestudyonpage25).
2�
CasestudyModerncommunicationsfortheKyrgyzRepublic
Accesstonetworksforinformationandcommunicationstechnology(ICT)iscrucialtoeconomicgrowthandsocialinclusion.However,inmanytransitioncountries,telephoneservicesandinternetconnectionsaremainlyconfinedtocitiesorlargerpopulationcentresandmaybesporadicatbest.
IntheKyrgyzRepublictheEBRDisprovidingtechnicalassistancetoovercomelegal,technicalandeconomicobstaclestoreliableandaffordableuniversalaccess,particularlyinruralareas.
Forinterconnectionandtariffing,theBankishelpingtheauthoritiestocollectallrelevantstatisticalinformationinordertopreparethenecessaryenablinglawsandregulations.Forbetterruralaccess,ithasbeenconductingastudythroughoutthecountrytogaugethecost,levelofdemandandaffordabilityofcommunicationsservices.
TheEBRDwilladvisetheKyrgyzauthoritiesonaddressingthecostofuniversalaccessthroughcontributionsfromtheservicerevenuesoflicensedoperators,fromgovernmentand,perhaps,fromdonors.
Georgian embroidered bag
2� Early transition countries
Other sectors
Economic reformAnimprovedinvestmentclimateintheETCsisexpectedtoleadtohighereconomicgrowth,inparticularintheSMEsector,thereforehelpingtoalleviatepoverty.InArmenia,GeorgiaandtheKyrgyzRepublic,theETCFundissupportingInvestorCouncilstoencouragedialoguebetweenthebusinesscommunityandgovernmentpolicy-makers.ItisexpectedthatanewInvestorCouncilwillbeestablishedinGeorgia,theexistingoneinArmeniawillbereinforced,andaformerCouncilintheKyrgyzRepublicwillberevived.
Energy In2006Armenia,AzerbaijanandGeorgiabenefitedfromenergysectorfundingfromtheETCFund.Inparticular,theAzeristate-ownedelectricitycompanyAzerenerjiJSC,followingasubstantialloaninOctober2005,isupgradingtheAzDRESPowerPlant,thecountry’slargestthermalpowerstation,andimplementingacomprehensiveenvironmentalandhealthandsafetyactionplan.TheETCFundisalsosupportingthedevelopmentofanewtariff-settingsystemandutilitysectorregulationinAzerbaijan.
Environmental and social issuesThereisanurgentneedformoreinvestmentinenvironmentalinfrastructure,suchaswatersupply,sanitationservicesandsolidwastemanagement.However,municipalitiesstilllacktheskillsandexperiencetodevelopappropriateprojectsthatcanbeconsideredforfinancingbytheEBRDandotherinternationalfinancialinstitutions(IFIs).
CasestudyRenewableenergyforArmenia
Toreduceitsdependenceonnuclearpower,oilandgas,theArmeniangovernmentwantstoincreaseenergyoutputfromrenewablesources.About36percentofthenationalpowersupplycomesfromhydropower,butthegovernmentwantsasmuchas70percentofitsenergytocomefromrenewablesby2020.Newregulatoryandtaxlegislationisencouragingprojectsinthesector.
CascadeCredit,alendinginstitutionestablishedin1994byGerardCafesjian(aUScitizenofArmeniandescent),hasbeeninvestinginsmallhydro-powergenerationprojectsandothercompetitiverenewableenergyventurestofosterenvironmentallyfriendlyeconomicdevelopment.
Committedtoinvestmentinrenewablepower,theEBRDhasgoneintopartnershipwithCascadeCreditthrougha€5.4millionloantothecompany,combinedwith€3.8millionfromtheWorldBankand
€2.3millionfromtheCafesjianFamilyFoundation(CFF).Thiswillprovidelong-termfundingforrenewableenergyprojects–primarilymini-hydrogenerationbutpotentiallywindandbiomassaswell.Theprojectwillalsobenefitfrom€2.3millioningrantfundingfromtheGlobalEnvironmentFacility.
Initsfirstyearofoperation,CascadeCreditexpectstofinancebetweensevenand10mini-hydroprojects,providing70percentoftheprojectcost.Theother30percentwillbeprovidedbyprivatedevelopers.Sincerenewableenergysourcescreateminimalgreenhousegasemissions,CascadeCreditwillhelpitsclientssellcarboncreditsundertheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)frameworkoftheKyotoProtocol.TheETCFundhasprovidedTCfundingtoassistCascadeinregisteringitsinvestmentprojectsundertheCDMframework.Thissupportshouldeventuallyattractco-financingfromotherlocalbanks.
2�
“IbelievetheEBRDhasshowntheeffectivenessofworkinginpartnershipintheearlytransitioncountries.Weshouldthereforeallowitsomeflexibilityinproposinginnovativeprojectsinthesecountries.”
Jean-ClaudeJuncker PrimeMinisterofLuxembourg
AlongwithETCFundsupport,theEBRDorganisedaworkshopinArmeniaformunicipalstaff.TheaimwastoenablethemtodevelopbankableenvironmentalinvestmentprojectsandtofosterconstructivedialoguebetweenmunicipalitiesandtheEBRDandotherIFIs.ThiswillcomplementrelatedworkonenvironmentalfinancingstrategiesbeingcarriedoutbytheEnvironmentalActionProgrammeforCentralandEasternEuropeTaskForceinArmenia.
TheUK’sDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID)andtheCanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgency(CIDA)aresupportingaprojecttoassessgenderequalityissuesintheBank’scountriesofoperationsandthepotentialforgivinggreaterweighttogenderissuesintheBank’soperations,basedonresearchinBulgaria,GeorgiaandtheKyrgyzRepublic.ThesummaryreportwillbereleasedontheBank’swebsite.
Municipal and environmental infrastructure TheEBRDprovidedfundingof€5.5millionin2006fortwowaterprojectsinGeorgiaatPotiandKutaisi(servingpopulationsof60,000and186,000respectively).Bothprojectsbenefitedfrominvestmentgrantco-financingfromtheSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency(Sida)of€4.4million,theUSMillenniumChallengeCorporationforanequivalentof€4.3millionandtheEuropeanUnionWaterInitiativefor€1.5million.TheETCFundalsocommittedTCfundsforthetwowatersupplyprojectsinGeorgia.TheTCswillcomplementtheEBRD’sinvestmentprojects
inGeorgiabystrengtheningthedeliveryofwaterservices.Thiswillbedonethroughfinancingcriticalinvestmentsinkeycitiesthatarewillingtoimplementreformssuchastariffpoliciesdesignedtotakeintoaccountaffordabilityconcernsaswellasimprovedcollections.InadditiontothePotiandKutaisiprojects,SidahascommittedtofundtwoassignmentsinTbilisiinrelationtoaninvestmentprogrammetorenovatetheTbilisimunicipalwatersupplysystem.Mongolia’scapital,Ulaanbaatar,willbenefitfromanimprovedurbantransportnetworkwithinvestmentgrantco-financingprovidedbytheNetherlandsthroughtheETCFund.
Transport InMay2006theEBRDprovidedloanfinancingof€20.8millionforthedevelopmentofTbilisiInternationalAirportinGeorgiaand€15.4millioninJulyforArmeniaInternationalAirportinYerevan.TheBankiscommittedtoencouraginggreaterprivatesectorinvolvementinthemanagementandoperationoftransportinfrastructure.TheBankmobilised€1.5millioningrantfundsfromtheNetherlandsin2006tosupporta€6millionroadmaintenanceprojectinTajikistan.TheBankwillprovidealoanof€4.6millionforthisproject,whichwillimproveTajikistan’scapacitytoundertakeroadmaintenance.ThiswillcomplementfinancingfromtheAsianDevelopmentBankandIslamicDevelopmentBankfortheupgradingofkeyroadtransitcorridorsinTajikistan.
InvestmentclimateStronggrowthandtheprospectofaccessiontotheEuropeanUnionforsomecountriesintheWesternBalkanshaveboostedinvestorconfidence,leadingtohigherinflowsofforeigndirectinvestment.WithMontenegro’snewlyacquiredindependenceandKosovo’sdevelopmentneeds,additionaldonorfinancingwillberequiredinthecomingyears.
TransitionchallengesThemainchallengesareto:
y improveaccesstofinanceandupgradetransportinfrastructuretosustaintradewithintheWesternBalkansandtointegratetheregionintotheEUeconomy
y speedupprivatisationandtherestructuringoflargecompaniestoimprovecompliancewithinternationalenvironmentalstandardsandtopromotebetterbusinesspractices,leadingtosustainedgrowth.
�Western Balkans
ImprovementstoinfrastructureandprivatesectorgrowthremainkeyprioritiesfortheEBRDintheWesternBalkans.Thankstodonorfinancing,theBankissupportingsmallbusinesses,developinglocalfinancialinstitutions,andfundingimportantmunicipalservicesandtransportprojects.
2�
29
y TheWesternBalkansreceiveddonorfundingof€15.3millionin2006.
y TheEBRDestablishedtheWesternBalkansFundwithstrongsupportfromtheinternationaldonorcommunity.
y TheEuropeanInvestmentBankandtheEBRDco-financedmajorinfrastructureprojectsinBosniaandHerzegovinaandinSerbia.
Project Albania Bosniaand FYR Montenegro Serbia(incl’ Regional Total Herzegovina Macedonia Kosovo)
Financialinstitutions 160 – 800 – 2,536 – 3,496
TurnAroundManagementandBusinessAdvisoryServicesprogrammes 287 332 199 1,016 3,251 1,234 6,319
Municipalandenvironmentalinfrastructure 796 – 277 – – – 1,073
Transport 250 966 249 – 340 – 1,805
Energy – – 141 – – – 141
Investmentsupport – – – – – 2,000 2,000
Other(forexample,tourism) – 340 11 – – 130 481
Total 1,493 1,638 1,677 1,016 6,127 3,364 15,315
Note:Regionalfundingreferstoprojectsthatwereundertakenintwoormorecountries.
Donorfinancingin2006totalled
€15.3m
Table 3.1TC commitments in 2006 by country (€’000)
�0 Western Balkans
Chart 3.1TC commitments in the Western Balkans, 2001–06 (€ million)
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12
16
18
14
10
6
4
2
0301 04 05 0602
0
“TheCEIhasprovedtobeanimportantforumforpoliticaldialogue.Itsfocushasrecentlymovedtowardsnon-EUmembercountriesintheWesternBalkansandineasternEurope.PrioritysectorsfortheInitiativearecapacitybuilding,transport,energyefficiencyandtheenvironment.”
LauraMirachian MinistryofForeignAffairs,Italy
Donor funding in 2006
Donorfundingin2006totalled€15.3million,slightlydownfrom€16.2millionthepreviousyear.Projectsupportcontinuedtotargetsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs),thefinancialsector,andmunicipalandcountry-wideinfrastructure.
TheprincipaldonorsweretheEU-fundedEuropeanAgencyforReconstruction(EAR;contributing€4.8million),Italy(€3.3million),Canada(€1.5million),andFrance,JapanandtheNetherlands(about€1millioneach).Serbia,includingKosovo,receivedthelargestportionoffunding(€6.1million)followedbyBosniaandHerzegovina(€1.6million)andFYRMacedonia(€1.6million).InAlbania,fundsforbusinesssupportwereprovidedbyCanadaandJapanthroughtheEBRD’sTurnAroundManagement(TAM)programme,whileItalyhelpedtodesignatransportstrategyforthecapital,Tirana,andfundedawaterresourcesstudyinthesouthofthecountry.GreecesupportedtheAlbanianSecuritiesCommissionindraftinganewlawonbondissues.
InBosniaandHerzegovina,fundingfromCanada,JapanandSpainmainlysupportedsmallbusinessdevelopment.Francehelpedtofundatourismstudyandtoprepareanationaltransportstrategy.TheCentralEuropeanInitiative(CEI)aidednationalrailwayrestructuringandtheUnitedStatesTradeand
DevelopmentAgency(USTDA)backedanairtrafficnavigationandcontrolproject.
InFYRMacedoniatheEBRDinvestedinTTKBankADSkopje,amedium-sizedbankprovidingfinanceforSMEsacrossthecountry.Theinstitutionalbuildingplanisbeingfinancedthroughtechnicalcooperation(TC)fundsfromtheNorwegianMinistryofForeignAffairs(seepage32).SeveralotherdonorshavesupportedTAMprojectsandprovidedfundsforTCassignmentsrelatedtoinvestmentsinthemunicipalsector.Austria,Canada,theCEI,Denmark,Ireland,JapanandtheUnitedKingdomhavebeenkeydonorsinthecountry.
InMontenegroinvestmentofover€1millionthroughtheTAMandBusinessAdvisoryServices(BAS)programmeshashelpedlocalSMErestructuringandstart-upswithrelevantcontributionsfromtheEAR.Additionaldonorfundingwillsupportprojectsininfrastructurerestructuringandcommercialisation.
Serbiaattractedthegreatestlevelofsupportin2006.Donorfundinghashelpedtostrengthenlocalfinancialinstitutions,introducenewfinancialproducts,supportrailwayrestructuringandprovideadvisoryservicestolocalbusinesses.TheEARhasfundedextensiveTAMprogrammesinSerbia,includinginKosovo.OtherkeydonorswereCanada,theCEI,France,Italy,JapanandtheUnitedKingdom.
��
“AustriahasstronglysupportedtheEBRD’seffortstoestablishamulti-donorfundfortheWesternBalkansasawayofincreasingdonorcoordination,especiallyincriticalinfrastructureprojects,andenhancingeconomicintegration.”
ThomasWieser MinistryofFinance,Austria
�2 Western Balkans
Support programmes and facilities
Sincetheearly1990s,theEBRDhasinvestedmorethan€2.4billionintheWesternBalkans,supportingprojectswithatotalvalueofalmost€5.5billion.Donor-fundedTCremainsacrucialfocalpointoftheBank’soperationalstrategyintheregion.
In2006theEBRDestablishedthemulti-donorWesternBalkansFundwithcontributionsfrom14countries(seeboxonpage33).Forthefirsttime,theBankwelcomedthegovernmentsoftheCzechRepublic,Poland,theSlovakRepublicandSloveniatothedonorcommunity.
In2006theItaliangovernmentandtheEBRDsignedanagreementfortheestablishmentofanewinstrument–theItaly-EBRDWesternBalkansLocalEnterpriseFacility–toprovideequity,risk-sharinganddebtfinancingtolocalenterprises.ThisnewfinancinginstrumentbuildsonthesuccessfulItalianRisk-sharingFacility.TheBankwillcontribute€20milliontothenewfacilityandtheItaliangovernment€10million.TCsupportof€2millionwillalsobeprovidedbyItaly.
DuringtheyearalargeproportionofTCfundingwascommittedtosupportinglocalenterprisesthroughtheTAMandBASprogrammes(€6.3million),strengtheninglocalfinancialinstitutions(€3.5million)andprovidingprojectassistancetothetransport,municipalinfrastructureandenergysectors(€1.8million,€1millionand€0.14millionrespectively).TheItalian-fundedLocalEnterpriseFacilityhelpedtoidentifyinvestmentopportunities,withTCsupportof€2million,andtheFrenchgovernmentcommitted€340,000foratourismstudyinBosniaandHerzegovina.
Micro and small enterprise lendingMicro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(MSMEs)arethebackboneoftheeconomiesoftheEBRD’scountriesofoperations,includingtheWesternBalkans.Improvingtheiraccesstofinanceisanimportantsteptowardsensuringsustainedgrowth.TheBankextendscreditlinesandmakesequityinvestmentsinlocalbanksandmicrofinanceinstitutions,suchasnon-governmentalorganisations(NGOs),toincreasetheirlendingcapacityandtoencourageacultureofsmallbusinesslending.Donorfundsfortechnicalassistanceareacrucialcomponentofthisstrategy.
In2006theBankapprovedanew€75millionfacilityaugmentingtheexistingWesternBalkansSMEFinanceFramework.Itaimstoextendsmallbusinessaccesstofinancialinstitutions,improvefinancialintermediationintheregionandstrengthencompetition.
TheEBRDisenlistingdonorsupportforthecommercialisationofexistingmicrofinanceNGOsinBosniaandHerzegovina.InFYRMacedoniaithaslentTTKBankADSkopje,amedium-sizedbank,€5milliontoexpandsmallbusinessfinanceacrossthecountry.TheloanfallsundertheWesternBalkansSMEFinanceFramework.TheItaliangovernmentwillalsoprovideTCfundsundertheCooperationFundforPrivateSectorDevelopmentintheWesternBalkanstohelptrainTTK’semployeesinmodernSMElendingtechnologies.
TheEBRDhasalsoacquireda25percentstakeinTTKtosupportrestructuringandgrowthplans,includinganinstitutionalbuildingplantoraisecorporategovernancestandardstointernationallevelsandtostrengthencontrolprocessesandriskmanagementprocedures.TheplanwillbefinancedthroughTCfundingfromtheNorwegianMinistryofForeignAffairs.
“TheEU’senlargementinsouth-easternEuropewillcontinue.Thecountriesoftheregionneedit–butsodoestheEU.Thiswillmeanthatthepresent‘enlargementfatigue’couldendwithinthenextcoupleofyears.”
ChristopherCviic ConsultantSeniorPoliticalCounsellor,
EBRD,speakingattheWesternBalkansFundAssemblyon2March2007
“SecoseestheEBRDasakeypartnerinhelpingtheWesternBalkancountriesbenefitfromremittancessenthomefromtheirworkersabroad.”
EstherHauertWermuth SwissStateSecretariatforEconomic
Affairs(Seco),Switzerland
CasestudyTheWesternBalkansFund
TheEBRD’sAnnualDonorMeetingin2005reviewedtheBank’sstrategyformobilisingassistanceandcoordinatingactionwithdonorsintheWesternBalkans.CitingthesuccessoftheEarlyTransitionCountriesFund,donorsaskedtheBanktoconsiderasimilarinitiativefortheWesternBalkans.
Follow-updiscussionswithdonorrepresentativeswereheldin2006toidentifythepriorityneedsintheregionandtoclarifythebenefitsthatanewmulti-donorfundcouldprovide.Itwasagreedthatthefundshouldpromotecoordinatedandefficientassistanceforinfrastructuredevelopment,SMEaccesstofinance,institutionalreformandcross-bordercooperation.
InauguratedinNovember2006,thenewmulti-donorWesternBalkansFundaimstomobiliseandcoordinateadditionalgrantresourcesforAlbania,BosniaandHerzegovina,FYRMacedonia,MontenegroandSerbia(includingKosovo).
TheFund’scontributorsareAustria,Canada,theCzechRepublic,Finland,Ireland,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Norway,Poland,theSlovakRepublic,Slovenia,Spain,SwedenandtheUnitedKingdom.TheparticipationoftheCzechRepublic,Poland,theSlovakRepublicandSloveniaisparticularlysignificant,astheyarethefirstEBRDcountriesofoperationstojointheBank’sdonorcommunityascontributors.
TheFundoperatesasanuntied,multi-donorcooperationfund(untiedmeaningthatthemoneycanbeusedwithoutany
restrictionastothenationalityofthefirmorexpertscontractedinaparticularproject).ItismanagedbyanAssemblyofContributors(thedonors),supportedbytheOfficialCo-financingUnitoftheEBRD,whichactsasitsSecretariat.Throughitsmultilateralstructure,theFundwillhavegreaterflexibilityforeachprojectandwillbeabletorespondmorequicklyandeffectivelytothedemandsoflargerprojectsinvolvingmorethanonecountry(traditionallyproblematicforasingledonor).TheAssemblywillalsoprovideachannelforidentifyingco-financingopportunitiesandaforumforpolicydiscussionsatprojectandstrategiclevels.
TheFundfocuseson:
y improvingaccessto,anddeliveryof,affordablebasicservices,suchaswater,electricity,transportandcommunications
y promotingasoundenvironmentforprivatesectordevelopment,witheffectivelegalandregulatoryframeworksandtransparentaccountingandcorporategovernancepractices
y encouragingmicro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesbystrengtheningaccesstofinanceandadviceandsupportingthecreationofnewbusinesses,especiallybywomenentrepreneurs
y strengtheningfinancialinstitutionsy promotingsustainableenvironmental
standardsy extendinginnovativeandinclusive
initiativestoharnessthepotentialofthewidercommunity.
Sincetheearly1990s,theEBRDhasinvestedmorethan
€2.4bn intheWesternBalkans
��
Architectural detail, Belgrade
�4 Western Balkans
CasestudyMakingabigimpactwithsmallloansinFYRMacedonia
Microandsmallenterprises(MSEs)havealwaysbeenintegraltoeconomicdevelopment.WithdonorfundingfromtheUS/EBRDSmallAndMedium-SizedEnterpriseFacility,ProCreditBankMacedoniaisprovidinginvaluablesupporttoagrowingnumberofsmallentrepreneurs.Thisdevelopment-orientedbank,inwhichtheEBRDholdsanequitystakeof12.4percent,ispartoftheProCreditglobalnetworkoffinancialinstitutionsoperatingin18countriesandfocusingonlendingtoMSEs.ThemajorityofProCreditBankMacedonialoansareforsumsunder€10,000.
EntrepreneurSashoKuzmanovskiisoneofthemanybeneficiariesofthiscreditfacility.In1999heopenedtheIkonabookstorewhich,despitethecountry’sseriouspoliticalandsocialturmoilin2001,provedasuccess.Subsequently,withaviewtoexpansion,heapproachedProCreditBankMacedoniawiththerequestfora€6,000
loan.Heusedthemoneytopurchasespecialisedbooks,technicalmanuals,foreignlanguagepublicationsanddictionaries,whichwerestillrareonthedomesticmarket.Strongdemandgeneratedfurtherexpansion.WiththreeIkonabookstoresinthecapital,Skopje,heisplanningtoopenfurtherbrancheswiththehelpofanotherloan,thistimefor€14,000.
Anotherentrepreneur,GoranGorkievski,ownstheSpecijalbakeryinSkopje,whichhestartedin1991.Tofinanceexpansion,heturnedtoProCreditBankMacedoniaforhisfirstloaninSeptember2003.The€30,000advancefinancedtheconstructionofnewbusinesspremiseswithanenlargedbakery.InOctober2004hetookoutanotherProCreditloanfor€50,000tofundfurtherexpansionofhisbakerybusinessandanewrestaurantinthecentreofSkopje.SpecijalhasbecomeahouseholdnameinFYRMacedonia.
In2006over
€6.3mingrantswasprovidedtoimplementTAMandBASactivitiesintheWesternBalkans
Duringtheyear,
71 TAMprojectsstartedintheregion,bringingthetotalnumberinprogressto
119
��
Building stronger businessesTheTAMprogrammeusesindustry-specificmanagementexpertisetohelpenterprisesdevelopnewbusinessskillsattheseniormanagementlevel.TheBASprogrammeisamulti-donor-fundedprogrammewhichhelpsMSMEs(from10-500employees)improvetheircompetitivenessbyusinglocalbusinessadvisers.
In2006over€6.3millioningrantswasprovidedtoimplementTAMandBASactivitiesintheWesternBalkans.Duringtheyear,71TAMprojectsstartedintheregion,bringingthetotalnumberinprogressto119.SincetheprogrammebeganintheWesternBalkans,ithasimplementedmorethen340assignments,anddonorshavecontributedabout€15.7million.TheEARhasbeenthekeyTAMdonor(approximately€11million),togetherwithCanada,Ireland,ItalyandtheJapan-EuropeCooperationFund.TheTAMprogrammehasfocusedincreasinglyonSMEsupportinruralandlessdevelopedareas.
TheBASprogramme,supportedmainlybytheEAR,LuxembourgandtheNetherlands,hassixofficesintheWesternBalkans(inTirana,Sarajevo,Pristina,Skopje,PodgoricaandBelgrade).OperationsinAlbaniaandSerbiastartedin2006.Overall,266BASprojectswereundertakenintheregionduringthatyear.
Since2001,over760projectshavebeenimplemented,withalmost600completedsofar,representingatotalturnoverofalmost€1.3billionandinvolving124,000employees.Theprogrammeisstrengtheningcross-borderinitiativeswhichenhanceorre-establishtrade
andbusinesslinksinpreviouslyintegratedregions.In2006aBASprojectsupportedbytheNetherlandshelpedacompanyinKosovosuccessfullyupgradeitsglobalpositioningsystem(GPS)technologyservices.WithTAMassistancefundedbytheEAR,themanagementteamofNišairportinSerbiabenefitedfromadviceonthefreemarketregulationofairtransportandtheformulationofapragmaticbusinessplan.
Trade Facilitation Programme TheTradeFacilitationProgramme(TFP)promotesforeigntradeintheEBRD’scountriesofoperations.Italsosupportsintra-regionaltradethroughthecreationorrestorationoftraditionaltradelinksbetweencountries.IntheWesternBalkans,over50percentoftradedealssince1999haveinvolvedsumsunder€100,000,emphasisingtheimportanceofSMEsincommerce.Austria,theEBRD,NorwayandSwitzerlandhavesupportedtheTFPthroughtheBalkanRegionSpecialFund.
Legal reformTheEBRD’sLegalTransitionProgrammeusestechnicalassistancetodevelopinvestor-friendlylegalsystemsintheBank’sregionofoperations.In2006theAlbanianSecuritiesCommissionaskedforassistancetoimproveitslegalandregulatoryframeworkgoverningcorporategovernanceandtheissuanceofbondsbycorporateentitiesandmunicipalities.TheGreekgovernmentagreedtofundastudyonestablishinganactiveandefficientdomesticbondmarketforraisingdebtcapitalandfinancingeconomicdevelopment.
“IntheWesternBalkans,Norwayhasfocuseditsfundingonjobcreationandtheimprovementofinfrastructure,whichwillhelpcreatefurtherinvestmentopportunitiesintheregion.Thismustbeaccompaniedbyacommitmenttotransparency,anti-corruptionandgoodcorporategovernanceateverylevel.”
PerKjellMannes MinistryofForeignAffairs,Norway
�� Western Balkans
Other sectors
Energy Akeydeterminantofasuccessfulenergymarketistheextenttowhichenergypricesreflectactualcostsforeachcategoryofcustomer.Tocorrectexistingpricestructures,whereindustrialuserspayahigherpricethanresidentialcustomers,requiresasignificanteffortandsubstantialrisesinresidentialcharges.AnimportantTCassignmentsupportedbytheDanishgovernmentadvisedtheauthoritiesinFYRMacedoniahowtohelpthemostvulnerabledealwithrisingenergytariffswithouthinderingthedevelopmentoftheenergysector.
Financial sectorIn2006theEBRDacquireda25percentstakeinCacanskaBanka,amajoritystate-ownedbankinCacak,centralSerbia,tohelpwithitsrestructuringaheadoffullprivatisation.TheEBRDaimstocreateaninstitutioncapableofcompetingefficientlyinanincreasinglysophisticatedfinancialmarketandisimplementinganinstitutionalbuildingplansupportedwithTCfundsfromtheEAR.TheplanhasbeendevelopedincooperationwiththemanagementofCacanskaBankaandwiththegovernmentasashareholder.Itwillhelpraisecorporategovernancestandardstointernationallevels,strengthencontrolprocessesandcreditandriskmanagementprocedures,trainstaffandimprovecustomerservices.ItalianfundshavebeencommittedtoprovideFactoring*AdvisoryServicestobanksandfactoringcompaniesinSerbia.
IndustryIn2006theEBRDadvanceditsfirstdirectloantoaprivatecompanyinKosovotohelpfinancebusinessexpansion.The€1.3millionloanwillenableEuroFat,alimitedliabilityfirmproducingpolystyreneinsulatingpanels,tomorethandoubleitsoutputtosatisfyincreasingdemand.TheloanisalsosupportedbytheItalian-fundedWesternBalkansLocalEnterpriseFacility,whichprovidesindividualinvestmentsintherangeof€1millionto€4millionaswellastechnicalassistanceifrequired.
InfrastructureTheEBRDhasbeenactiveinfinancingmunicipalinfrastructureintheWesternBalkans–providingequipmentandservices,strengtheningregulatorystructures,promotingprivatesectorinvestment,andfacilitatingEUgrantandloanco-financing.In2006donorfundingof€1millionsupportedTCinvestmentsinAlbaniaandFYRMacedonia.Themaindonorswere:
yItaly,whichsupportedanassignmenttopreparearoadtransportstrategyfortheAlbaniancapital,Tirana
yAustria,whichfundedexpertprogrammemanagementandcontractsupervisionforawatersupplyandsewerageprojectinFYRMacedonia
yCanada,whichsupportedawatersupplyandwaste-waterinvestmentprojectinFYRMacedonia.TheUnitedKingdomfundedatrafficmodelandeconomicevaluationforaby-passroadinBelgrade,Serbia.
“Italyhasalong-standingandproductivepartnershipwiththeBank.TheWesternBalkansremainsanabsolutepriorityforItaly,andthroughournewlycreatedEBRD-ItalyWesternBalkansLocalEnterpriseFacility,weaimtoprovidevariousformsofsupporttolocalenterprisesintheregion.”
IgnazioAngeloni MinistryoftheEconomy
andFinance,Italy
* Factoringisafinancialmechanismthatlowerstheriskofasellernotreceivingpayment.Abankorfactoringcompanyagreestopurchaseinvoicesfromabusinessinreturnforcash.Thefactoringcompanythencollectspaymentforthefullamountoftheinvoicesandacceptsanycreditriskattachedtothem.Inexchangeforthisservice,thefactoringcompanypaystheinvoicestotheselleratadiscountedprice.
��
CasestudyIntegratingtheWesternBalkansintotheEuropeaneconomy
TheCentralEuropeanInitiative(CEI)fostersregionalintegration.Throughitsgrant-aidedtechnicalcooperationprojects,ithasaimedtostrengthenthelegal,economicandfinancialenvironmentofrecipientcountriesandtopromoteharmonisationwiththewiderEuropeaneconomy.TheCEIoperateswithintheOfficialCo-financingUnitoftheEBRD,whereitmanagestheCEITrustFund,atiedfundsupportedbytheItaliangovernmentwithatotalallocationamountingto€28million.
Throughitstechnicalcooperationactivitiesand“Know-HowExchange”programmes,theCEIpromotesthedisseminationofexpertiseandtechnicalknowledgetobridgetheskillsgapbetweenthemostadvancedandleastadvancedtransitioncountries.Ithasassumedanever-expandingroleinregionaldevelopmentthroughtheleverageachievedbyitsprojects–in2005-06,forinstance,eacheuroinvestedbytheCEIgenerated€177ofadditionalinvestment.
AttheCEI’sSummitEconomicForuminTirana(Albania)inNovember2006,discussionscentredonthethemeof“Fosteringreformsandinnovationforsustainablegrowth”.TheForumhostedofficialbusinessseminarsalongsideCEIheadsofgovernmentandministerialmeetings.Justover1,000participantsfrom36countriesattendedover70formalandinformalmeetings.
Theformalsessionsconsideredthreemainthemes–fosteringthebusinessclimate;exploitinglocalpotential;andinvestingininnovation.Overall,theForumconcludedthat,despitebettermacroeconomicconditionsandstrongerpoliticalbackingforreformsintheWesternBalkans,theenforceabilityoflegislationandself-regulatingcodesremainsanobstacle.Supportingreformsininnovation,enhancingintra-regionaltradeandassistinginthedevelopmentofinfrastructurewillbeprioritiesfortheCEIinthecomingyear.
In2005-06,eacheuroinvestedbytheCEIgenerated
€177ofadditionalinvestment
�� Western Balkans
CasestudyMunicipalcreditworthinessinTirana,Albania
Institutionalreformsandsubstantialinvestmentsinmunicipalinfrastructureareneededtorespondtogrowthinurbanpopulationandtrafficinthetransitionregion.However,lackofaccesstocredithasdeterredmanyviableprojects.TheCreditworthinessEnhancementProgrammeforthecityofTiranahasbeenspecificallydesignedtostrengthenthecreditcapacityoftheAlbaniancapital.
Throughthistechnicalcooperation(TC)project,sponsoredin2006byItaly’sCentralEuropeanInitiativeTrustFund,Tiranawillbenefitfromimprovedmonitoringandcontrolofitsfiscalrevenuesandexpenditure,aswellasthere-organisationofitscitytreasurydepartmentintoasinglemanagementunit.
Inaddition,theassignmentwillhelplocalcivilservantsimplementanti-corruptionmeasuresandpromotefaircompetitionandtransparencyintheprovisionofmunicipalservices.
AdditionalTCfinancewasalsoprovidedbyItalythroughtheItalianCooperationFundtodevelopasustainabletransportstrategyforthecityofTirana.
TherelatedTiranamunicipaltransportproject–theEBRD’sfirsttransactionintheAlbanianmunicipalsector–involvestheEBRDprovidingasovereignloanof€14.6milliontohelpaddresssignificantdeficienciesinurbantransportandinfrastructureservices.
FollowingtheprovisionofTCfunding,theEBRDprovidedasovereignloanofover
€14mtohelpaddresssignificantdeficienciesinTirana’surbantransportandinfrastructureservices
�9
“TheWesternBalkanshavebeenatthecentreofSlovakforeignpolicyformanyyears,reflectingtheSlovaknation’sclosetieswiththisregion.Havingexperiencedthetransitionprocessfromacentrallygovernedtofullmarket-orientedeconomy,theSlovakRepublicunderstandshowimportanteconomictransitionisforthisregion’sfuture.”
MarioVircik DepartmentofInternationalRelations,
MinistryofFinance,SlovakRepublic
TransportThetransportsectorhasbeenparticularlyreliantondonorfunds.In2006theUnitedStatesTradeandDevelopmentAgency(USTDA)helpedtheDirectorateofCivilAviationinBosniaandHerzegovina’sMinistryofCommunicationandTransporttopurchaseandinstallnavigational,communicationsandmeteorologicalequipment.TheprojectalsofundedstafftrainingintheuseofthenewequipmentandexperthelpincreatinganewairnavigationservicetocontrolBosnianairspace.FranceprovidedfundingforrailwayrestructuringinSerbiaandfordraftinganationaltransportstrategyforBosniaandHerzegovina.
TheCEIprovidedconsultancysupportforrailwayrestructuringinBosniaandHerzegovina,helpedfinanceanairnavigationsysteminFYRMacedoniaandfundedanenvironmentalanalysisrelatedtoPristinaAirportinKosovo.FranceprovideddonorfundsforrailwayrestructuringinSerbiaandfordraftingaSerbiannationaltransportstrategy.
Official co-financingIn2006morethan€167millionwasprovidedbyofficialinstitutionstoco-financeimportantprojectswiththeBank.InclosecooperationwiththeEuropeanInvestmentBank,twolargeprojectsweresignedtosupportrailwayrestructuringinBosniaandHerzegovinaandSerbia.Intheformer,aregulatoryboardwasestablishedandrailwayoperationsandinfrastructurewereseparated.Inthelatter,theassignmentfocusedonlabourrestructuringandthedivestmentofnon-coreactivities.Inaddition,ItalysupportedtheEBRDintheprovisionofa€3millionloantoestablishtheNewBankofKosovoundertheEBRD-ItalyWesternBalkansLocalEnterpriseFacility.TheloanwillenableNewBankofKosovotoon-lendfinancetoMSMEs.
InvestmentclimateStronggrowthbasedonnaturalresources,metalsandothercommoditieshasgeneratednewwealthandboostedprivateconsumption.However,ithasalsofuelledinflationarypressuresthatneedtobecontainedtoavertmacroeconomicimbalancesandtoreducevulnerabilitytoexternaleconomicfactors.
TransitionchallengesThemainchallengesareto:
y diversifybeyondoilandgastosecurelong-termsustainabledevelopment,tolessenrisks,andtopromotethetransitionprocessinotherkeyeconomicsectors
y reformpublicinstitutionsandcorporategovernancelegislation,strengthenthejudiciaryandensuretransparencyoftransactionsinordertoimprovethebusinessenvironmentandincreaseinvestorconfidence.
4Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine
AstheEBRDincreasinglyfocusesitseffortsonthetransitionchallengesfacingthecountriesfurthersouthandeastinitsregionofoperations,donorfundingisallthemorecriticalfordeliveringqualityprojects.
40
4�
y Russiawasbyfarthelargestrecipientofdonorfundinginthisregionin2006,withcommitmentsreaching€9.7million,followedbyUkrainewith€6.7million.
y ElevencitiesintheregionbenefitedfromTCassignmentsin2006toimprovemunicipalservices,suchaswatersupply,publictransportanddistrictheating.
yInmoreregionsandsectorsthanever,micro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesreceivedpracticalsupportandadvice.
In2006donorsprovided
€20.3mforTCassignmentsinthisregion
Kazakhstan,RussiaandUkrainewerethelargestrecipients,accountingforover
€19m
42 Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine
Russia Belarus Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Ukraine Total
Financialinstitutions 1,999 – 697 122 1,534 4,352
Manufacturing 50 – – – – 50
Legaltransition 406 – 80 – – 486
Municipalandenvironmentalinfrastructure 2,259 – – – 754 3,013
Microfinance 3,158 590 904 – 1,456 6,108
Powerandenergy 165 – – – 2,097 2,262
TurnAroundManagementandBusinessAdvisoryServicesprogrammes 1,524 – 1,341 – 492 3,357
Transport – – 199 – 350 549
Other 98 – – – – 98
Total 9,659 590 3,221 122 6,683 20,275
Table 4.1TC commitments in 2006 by country and project category (€’000)
Chart 4.1TC commitments in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, in 2006 (€ million)
8
12
10
6
4
2
Russia Belarus Turkmenistan UkraineKazakhstan
0
Chart 4.2TC commitments in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, 2002–06 (€ million)
8
12
18
26
14
10
6
4
2
20
22
24
16
0402 05 0603
0
“JapanisnotonlythelargestTCcontributortotheETCFund,ithasalsobeenthelargestbilateraldonortotheEBRD’stechnicalassistanceprogrammesince2001.OursupportfocusesoneasternRussia,CentralAsiaandMongolia,andrangesfromhelpingentrepreneurstomunicipalinfrastructureprojects.”
KazuyaMurakami BoardDirectorforJapan,EBRD
Donor funding in 2006
In2006donorsprovidedabout€20.3millionforTCassignmentsinthisregion.Kazakhstan,RussiaandUkrainewerethelargestrecipients,accountingforover€19million.Thisfundingsupportedinvestmentsinmunicipalinfrastructure,energyandmicrofinance,andhelpedentrepreneursthroughtheTurnAroundManagement(TAM)andBusinessAdvisoryServices(BAS)programmes(seepage47).DonorfundsalsosupportedmicrofinanceactivitiesinBelarusandTurkmenistan.
TheEuropeanUnionwasthelargestdonorin2006,fundingmicrofinance,financialinstitutionandmunicipalinfrastructureassignments.Japanprovidedover€3million,whichincludedtechnicalassistancetomunicipalinfrastructureinvestmentsandtheTAMprogrammeinRussia,aswellassupportfortheBASprogrammeanddevelopmentofruralandagriculturallendinginKazakhstan.
TheRussiaSmallBusinessFund(RSBF)provided€3milliontofinancemicrolendingadvicetolocalbanks.FinlandhelpedfundtheTAMandBASprogrammes,andalsosupportedtheBank’sinvestmentsinmunicipalservicesinRussiaandUkraine.AustriaandSwedenbackedanenergyefficiencyprogrammeinUkrainewith€2milliontoprovidetechnicalexpertise.
FrancefinancedassignmentstoprepareandimplementinvestmentsinUkraine’swaste-watersector,andCanadafinancedapre-privatisation,institutionalreformprogrammewiththeKazakhStateAccumulationPensionFund.IrelandsupportedtheexpansionoftheBelarusSME/MSEFinanceFrameworkandregulatorydevelopmentoftheKazakhtelecommunicationssector.
4�
Japanprovidedover
€3mwhichincludedtechnicalassistancetomunicipalinfrastructureinvestmentsandtheTAMprogrammeinRussia
CasestudyBASsuccessinruralKazakhstan
In2006theBASprogrammeconcludedaprojectinAktobeaimedatimprovingsheepherdmanagementatKoptogai,afarmlocated400kilometresfromtheKazakhcapital.Undertakenwiththehelpofalocalsheep-breedingconsultant,theprojectenabledtheintroductionofbetterfertilisationtechniquestosustainafasterandmorepredictableherdgrowthandenhancedtheoverallmanagementoftheherdandthefarm.
Inaddition,byusinglocalexpertise,theprojectachievedthedualaimsofassistingsmallenterprisesintheirbusinessexpansionandhelpinglocalBAS-accreditedconsultantstodeveloptheirskills.ThiswasthefirstinitiativeconductedbytheBASfacilityinCentralAsiainruralenterprises.ThepositiveresultshaveencouragedtheintroductionofasimilarruralBASprojectinhorseherdmanagement.TheprogrammeinKazakhstanisfundedbytheJapanesegovernment.
44 Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine
Door detail, Moscow court
4�
Support programmes and facilities
Morethantwo-thirdsoftheTCfundingcommittedinthisregionin2006backedsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)withinvestmentsupportandadvisoryservices.Assignmentshelpinginfrastructureandenergyefficiencyinvestmentsaccountedformuchoftheremainder.
Micro and small enterprise lendingThousandsofmicroandsmallenterprises(MSEs)havealreadybenefitedfromloansprovidedbytheEBRD’spartnerbanks,microfinancebanksandotherfinancialinstitutionsthroughouttheregion.In2006theEBRDsoughttoextendtheregionalavailabilityoffinancing,torecruitmorepartnerinstitutionsandtopioneernewformsoflendingtoruralbusinessesandfarms.
TheKazakhstanSmallBusinessProgrammehas,todate,providedover150,000loans.WithTC
fundingfromJapanandtheUnitedStates,itisexpandingitslendingactivitieswithexistingandnewpartnerinstitutionstonewruralandagriculturalclientsoveratwo-yearperiod.ThiswillfocusinitiallyonsouthernKazakhstanbeforebeingextendedtoeasternandcentral/northernpartsofthecountry.
TheEBRD’smicrofinanceactivitiesarewellestablishedinmostRussianregions.TheexpansionoftheRSBFtosouthernRussiahashighlightedtheacuteneedforeconomicandsocialdevelopmentinthenorthCaucasus,whichisstillextremelypoorandsuffersfromcontinuedarmedconflictandlackofinvestment.In2006,withfinancefromtheEuropeanUnion,theBankconductedafeasibilitystudyonextendingitsreachtothenorthCaucasusregion.TheEuropeanUnionhasalsosetaside€3milliontosupportanMSElendingprogrammeinthisregion.
TheKazakhstanSmallBusinessProgrammehas,todate,providedover
150,000 loans
Financial sector developmentAkeyobjectiveinthisregionistosupportthedevelopmentofsoundbankingprinciples,includinghigh-qualityservicesforthecorporateandretailsectors,goodcorporategovernanceandtransparency.Astrongbankingsectorhasanimportantroletoplayinboostingtheprivatesector.
InTurkmenistantheEuropeanUnionhasfundedanextensionoftheLocalCreditAdvisorsProgramme,whichadvisesTurkmenBankabouttheon-lendingofEBRDcreditlinestosmallenterprises.TheRussianRegionalVentureFundsintheLowerVolgaregion(fundedbyUSAID)andinnorth-westernRussia(fundedbyFinland,NorwayandSweden)benefitedin2006fromTCfundingforprojectpreparationandduediligencefortheirequityinvestmentsinmedium-sizedcompanies.
Therehasbeenagrowingdemandfortradefinancetofacilitatetheinternationalandregionaldistributionofgoods.However,onlyalimitednumberofbanksintheregionarefamiliarwiththesetransactions,andmostdonothavetheskillsorknowledgenecessarytointroducesuchfinancialproducts.Donorfundingishelpingtoenhancetheavailabilityoftradefinancinginstruments.In2006,trainingandadvisoryassignmentswerefundedbyItalyandtheNetherlandsinRussiaandUkrainerespectively.Inaddition,TaiwanICDFsignedanagreementtoprovideUS$5million(€3.8million)forco-financingfortheBank’sTradeFacilitationProgrammetosupporttradeinAzerbaijan,RussiaandUkraine.
CasestudyImprovingRussiantramsandcuttingtransportpollution
ThecityofKrasnodarliesontheKubanriver,lessthan150kilometresfromboththeBlackandAzovseas.Itstramsareatleast20yearsold.Manylackbasiccomfortandsafetyfeaturesand15percentareundergoingrepairatanyonetime.TheEBRDisconsequentlyinvesting€10.4millioninthepurchaseof50newRussian-builttramstoservethecity’s800,000-strongpopulation,90percentofwhomusethetramandtrolleybussystem,whichemploysover3,500people.
“Thenewtramsuse30percentlesselectricityandtheyaremuchmorecomfortable,withmuchbetterconditionsforthedrivers,”saysAnatolyPanin,theDirectorofthemunicipallyownedKrasnodarPublicTransportCompanyforthelast17years.Thenewtramprojectaimstoencouragepeopletousepublic
transportratherthantheircars.Russia’spublictransportsystemasawholecarriesaround37billionpassengersayear,andthereare72citieswithtramnetworks–morethaninanyothercountry.
InKrasnodaralone,electrictransport(tramsandtrolleybuses)havea62percentmarketshareand,atsixroubles(lessthanoneeuro)perjourney,MrPaninconsidersthemtobeabargain.“Virtuallyfree!”Thecompanymakes€2millionamonthinfaresandanothermillioninadvertisingonthesidesoftramsandbannersstrungabovethestreets.
Donorfundingtotalling€610,000wasprovidedbyAustria,theEuropeanUnionandGermanytoassisttheKrasnodartransportcompanywithitspre-loaninvestmentplan,restructuringandprocurement.
InRussiatheEBRDhasinvested
€10m toimprovedistrictheatingandenergyefficiencyinthecityofUfa
4� Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine
4�
“WearelookingforwardtoworkingwithRussiaandtheinternationalcommunityonglobalchallengessuchasclimatechangeandpovertyreduction,andtakingpartintheEBRD’sSustainableEnergyInitiativewillbeavitalpartofthisnewapproach.TheSEIhastremendouspotentialtomakealastingimpactontheregion.”
BillKilby DepartmentforInternational
Development,UnitedKingdom
TurnAround Management programme TheTAMprogrammehasworkedon296projectsintheregion.In2006itimplemented43projects.ThemaindonorshavebeenCanada,theEuropeanUnion,Finland,Ireland,JapanandSweden.Donorscontributedalmost€1.5milliontotheprogrammeinKazakhstan,RussiaandUkrainein2006.
WiththesupportofJapan,theprogrammehasimplementedenvironmentalprojectsinRussia.TheseincludeNovokom’swood-processingplantinVladivostok,whereTAMinvolvementhaspositivelyalteredthemanagement’sattitudetoenergyconservation,wastemanagementandqualitycontrolissues.
Business Advisory Services programmeTheBASprogrammeinKazakhstanhasbeenfundedbytheJapan-EuropeCooperationFund(JECF)andtheSwissStateSecretariatforEconomicAffairs(Seco).TodateithasprovidedpracticalbusinessadvicetoKazakhSMEsthrough412projects.Totalturnoveroftheassistedenterprises,whichtogetherhavemorethan46,000employees,amountstoover€1billion.During2006theBASprogrammeextendeditsoperationsintomoreremoteregionsofthecountry.
TheprogrammehasbeenactiveinRussiasinceJanuary2000,undertaking364projectsinfourmainregionsofthecountrybytheendof2006–101projectsinKaliningrad,142inStPetersburgandnorth-westernRussia,121inVladivostokandtheFarEastregion(includingKhabarovskandSakhalin)and34inSamara.TheenterprisesthathavereceivedBASassistanceemployover30,000workersandhaveanaggregateturnoverofalmost€786million.Japan,Finland,Luxembourg,NorwayandSwedenhavebeenthemainBASsupporters.
“Finlandhasactivelyparticipatedintechnicalassistanceandpartnershipfunds,includingtheETCFund,supportingprojectswherehelpismostneededwhileencouragingcountriesintransitiontotakeresponsibilityfortheirowndevelopment.”
PetriSalo MinistryofForeignAffairs,Finland
Other sectors
Municipal and environmental infrastructureTheEBRD’sinfrastructureoperationsaimtohelplocalauthoritiesimprovetheefficiencyandqualityoflocalservices.Withdonorsupport,theypromotesoundmanagementandinvestmentpracticeswithinamarket-orientedregulatoryframework.
InRussiatheEBRDhasinvested€10milliontoimprovedistrictheatingandenergyefficiencyinthecityofUfa,replacingoldheatingsub-stationswithmodernautomatedcontrolandregulationsystems.UfaisalsobenefitingfromaNorwegian-fundedassignmenttoprovidelong-termengineeringdesignandprocurementadvicetothecity.
4� Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine
OtherassignmentssupportingdistrictheatingprojectsinIrkutskandtheUkrainiancitiesofHarkivandYaltawerefundedbyFinland,JapanandDenmarkin2006.
Inthewatersupplyandwaste-watersectors,theEuropeanUnion,FinlandandFrancehavefinancedpreparatoryworkforinvestmentsinUkraineandtheRussianregions.UrbantransportinRussiahasalsobenefitedfromEUfunding(seecasestudyonpage46).
Inaddition,tofacilitateurbantransportprojectsintheSiberianandFarEastRussianregion,Japanapproveda€1millionframeworktosupportlocalgovernmentsandpublictransportcompaniescommittedtoimprovinglocalservices.
Japanapproveda
€1mframeworktosupportlocalgovernmentsandpublictransportcompaniescommittedtoimprovinglocalservices
49
CasestudyImprovingworkingconditionsformigrantlabourinRussia’sconstructionindustry
Launchedin2006,atechnicalcooperation(TC)projectisdevelopingacodeofconductfortheRussianconstructionindustrytopreventlabourexploitationandtopromotegoodlabourpractices.FundedbytheUKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment,theprojectisbeingmanagedbytheEBRDincollaborationwiththeInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO).
WhilelinkedtoanexistingILOinitiativetocombathumantraffickingandforcedlabourintheKyrgyzRepublic,Russia,TajikistanandUzbekistan,theTCprojectspecificallytargetstheconstructionindustry.Thisisduetothelargenumbersofmigrantworkersemployedinthatsector,manyofwhomcomefromearlytransitioncountriesandmaybeparticularlyvulnerabletoabuse.Thisisamatterofsomeconcernforfinancialinstitutions,sinceconstructionschemesbackedbythemareexpectedtocomplywithcorelabourstandardsandnationallaw.
ConsultantsforthisprojectincludeexpertsfromtheAnalyticalCentreoftheRussianCoordinatingCouncilofEmployers’Unions(KSORR),theLevadaAnalyticalCentre,aswellasindependentadvisers.During2006
theconsultantsassessedexistinglabourpracticesandemployer,tradeunionandgovernmentattitudestowardsmigrantworkersintheconstructionindustryacrossseveralregionsofRussia.
Theirdraftreportsummarisedtheirfindingsanddiscussedtheintroductionofanindustrycodeofconducttopromotegoodlabourstandards.ThiswasconsideredinNovember2006byaworkshopofrepresentativesfromtheFederalServiceonEmployment,theFederalMigrationService,theMinistryofHealth,tradeunions,businessassociations(generalconstructionandroadconstruction),theassociationofrecruitmentagencies,theEBRDandtheILO.
Allweregenerallysupportiveoftheconceptofanindustrycode,withlaw-abidingcompaniesinparticularfavouringameanstodistinguishthemselvesfromrogueemployerswhosaveonlabourcoststhroughexploitation.Theprojectshouldbefinalisedlaterin2007withthepublicationofthefinalreport,endorsedbytheILO,theEBRDandKSORR.Thereportwillincludeamodelcodeandmonitoringsystemsuitableforadoptionatindustryassociationorenterpiselevel.
Cupola, Odessa
TheTAMprogrammehasworkedon
296 projectsintheregion
In2006itimplemented
43 projects.ThemaindonorshavebeenCanada,theEuropeanUnion,Finland,Ireland,JapanandSweden
�0 Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine
“CanadaisastrongdonorsupporteroftheWomeninBusinessinitiative,establishedbytheTurnAroundManagementprogrammeinthesouthernCaucasus.Thisinitiativehashelpedinmanywaystoencouragetheentrepreneurialspiritandstrengthenwomen’seconomicempowermentinArmenia,AzerbaijanandGeorgia.”
CathyMains CanadianInternationalDevelopment
Agency(CIDA)
Donorscontributedalmost
€1.5m totheTAMprogrammeinKazakhstan,RussiaandUkrainein2006
��
“TheTaiwanBusinessFundhasbeenanactivedonortotheBank’scountriesofoperationssince1991.WearepleasedtocontinueoursupportthroughtheBank’sTradeFacilitationProgrammeineasternEurope,CentralAsiaandRussia.”
EdgarLin TaipeiChinaRepresentative
OfficeintheUnitedKingdom
EnergyRussia,KazakhstanandUkrainearetheEBRDregion’sthreelargestemittersofcarbondioxide.TheBankisplanningsignificantinvestmentstoaddressenergyinefficienciesthroughitsSustainableEnergyInitiative,whichwaslaunchedin2006.
SpainhasfundedanassignmenttoreviewtheregulatoryframeworkforinvestmentinwindfarmsinRussia.ThisiscloselyrelatedtotheEBRD’sstrategyforinvestmentsintherenewableenergysector.TheTCassignmentallowstheBanktoaddresstheurgentregulatoryandtechnicalissuesfacedbytheleadingwindpowerdevelopersinRussia.TheassignmentwillcontributetothedevelopmentoftheBank’scapacitytofinancerenewableenergyprojects.
ThereisgreatpotentialforimprovementinenergyefficiencyinUkraine.Energyintensity(theratioofprimaryenergytooutput)inUkraineisseveraltimeshigherthantheaverageintheEuropeanUnion(excludingthosecountriesthatjoinedin2004).Inaddition,theincreasedpriceofgasfollowingUkraine’sdisputewithRussiainearly2006affectedthefinancialperformanceofbusiness.
TheUkraineEnergyEfficiencyProgrammepromotesinvestmentincreditlinesfinancingenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyprojectsintheindustrialandresidentialsectorsofthecountry(similartocreditlinesalreadyimplementedinBulgaria).AustriaandSwedenarefundingthetechnicalexpertisenecessaryforthesuccessfulimplementationoftheprogramme.Consultantsperformenergyauditingservicesandidentifyefficiencymeasurestobeimplementedbyindustrialclients.
Legal transitionEffective,efficientandtransparentinsolvencyproceduresarecriticaltothelong-termcommercialhealthofacountry.WithfinancefromSwitzerland,theEBRD’sLegalTransitionProgramme(LTP)hasinitiatedaprojecttohelpRussiaestablishaBankruptcyAuthoritytolicense,trainanddisciplinepractitionersandtosetstandardsandcodesofconduct.ThisprojectwillstrengthentheRussiangovernment’scapacitytoregulateinsolvencyadministrators.LTPconsultantsanda(Canadian-financed)insolvencyexpertareliaisingwiththeMinistryofEconomicDevelopmentinRussia,alongwithlocalfinancialinstitutions,lawfirms,insolvencypractitionersandacademics.
InvestmentclimateWhileRomaniaandBulgariahavemadesubstantialprogressinreforms,increasingpoliticalpressuresintherestoftheregionhave,attimes,sidetrackedcommitmenttothetransitionagenda.Nevertheless,theregionnowbenefitsfromlargerandmoresophisticatedfinancialmarkets.Accesstobankcreditandagrowingequitymarketcontinuetoprovidevaluablecapitalforenterprisefinancing.InflowofEUstructuralandcohesionfundswillalsoenhanceinfrastructurenetworksfortheEUmemberstates.
TransitionchallengesThemainchallengesareto:
y invigorateanewphaseofreforms,particularlyingovernance,enterpriserestructuring,competitionpolicyandinfrastructure
y undertakefurtherreformofpublicadministrationandimprovecorporategovernancepracticestomakebetteruseofEUfundsandtoboostconfidenceinthebusinessenvironment.
�EU member states and Croatia
BulgariaandRomaniareceivedsubstantialdonorsupportin2006duringthelead-uptotheirfullmembershipoftheEuropeanUnionfrom1January2007.Croatia,anEUcandidatecountrysince2005,alsoreceiveddonorfinancetosupportitspreparationsforEUaccession.
�2
��
y Donor-fundedassistancetotheEUmemberstatesandCroatiatotalled€13millionin2006.
y Publicsectorco-financingprovided€1.1billiontowardsEBRDprojects.
y Atotalof€9millioninTCgrantswasprovidedtoimproveaccesstocreditandleasingfacilitiesforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.
y Donorfundingcontributedtotheimprovementofmunicipalservicesbysupportingtheupgradingorconstructionofwaterandwaste-watertreatmentplants.
Project Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Lithuania Poland Romania Slovenia Regional Total
Smallbusinessfinance – – – – – – – 9,191 9,191
Infrastructure 231 300 – – 82 799 – – 1,413
Capacitybuilding 1 – – 210 – – 197 – 46 453
Transportandenergy 19 300 – – – 250 – – 569
TAM/BAS 60 42 1 13 – 1,299 19 – 1,434
Total 310 642 211 13 82 2,546 19 9,237 13,060
1ThisincludesPPPlegislation,BucharestStockExchangeinstitutionalreformandanti-money-launderinginitiatives.
€13mindonorfundingwaschannelledtothenewEUmemberstatesandCroatiain2006
UndertheEU/EBRDSMEFinanceFacility
€9mwascommittedtoincreasingaccesstocreditandleasingfacilitiesforSMEs
Table 5.1TC commitments in 2006 by country and project category (€’000)
�4 EU member states and Croatia
Chart 5.1TC commitments in EU member states and Croatia, 2002–06 (€ million)
12
20
24
16
8
42
26
22
18
14
10
6
28
0402 05 0603
0
“Economiccompetitivenessdependsheavilyonthecapacityofsmallbusinesses.Therefore,strengtheningsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesisvitaltoensureincreasedcompetition.AnewmicrocreditfacilitythatcombinesfundsfromtheEU,theEBRDandtheRomaniangovernmentaimstohelpthesebusinessesgainaccesstoloans.”
AmbassadorDonatoChiarini DelegationoftheEuropeanCommission
inRomania,EuropeanCommission
Donor funding in 2006
In2006,€13millionindonorfundingwaschannelledtothenewEUmemberstates(includingBulgariaandRomania)andCroatia.UndertheEU/EBRDSMEFinanceFacility,€9millionwascommittedtoincreasingaccesstocreditandleasingfacilitiesforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.
Donorscontributedupto€1.4milliontomunicipalinfrastructureinvestments,over€450,000tolegaltransitionreformsandinstitutionalreforms,and€500,000tothetransportsector.Grantfundingworth€1.4millionsupportedtheTurnAroundManagement(TAM)andBusinessAdvisoryServices(BAS)programmes,whichprovidetechnicalandmanagementadvicetolocalbusinesses.
TheprincipaldonorswereAustria,theBalticTechnicalAssistanceFund(BTAF–supportedbyFinland,NorwayandSweden),theCentralEuropeanInitiative(CEI–fundedbyItaly),Denmark,theEuropeanUnion,Germany,Greece,Italy,Luxembourg,SpainandSwitzerland.
Support programmes and facilities
In2006theBankapproveda€250millionincreaseintheEU/EBRDSMEFinanceFacility.ThefacilityisextendingcreditlinestofinancialintermediariesincorporatedinBulgaria,RomaniaandCroatiaforon-lendingtosmallbusinesses.Thiswillbesupportedbya€24millioncontributionbytheEuropeanUnion.
Tohelpdevelopmunicipalandenvironmentalinfrastructure,donorfundinghassupportedprojectseligibleforco-financingundertheEUInstrumentforStructuralPoliciesforPre-accession(ISPA).InMay2006theEBRD,theEuropeanUnionandtheEuropeanInvestmentBank(EIB)signedaMemorandumofUnderstandingonJointAssistanceforPreparingProjectsinEuropeanRegions(JASPERS).Thisisatechnicalassistanceinitiativetopreparehigh-qualityprojectseligibleforEUstructuralandcohesionfundswithinthememberstates.
��
CasestudySupportingmicroandsmallbusinessesinCroatiaandRomania
In2006state-ownedHrvatskaPoštanskaBankabecamethefirstCroatianbanktojointheEU/EBRDSMEFinanceFacility,receivinga€10millionloanforon-lendingtosmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.Theloaniscomplementedbya€1.4milliongrantfromtheEuropeanUnionfortechnicalassistanceandperformance-basedfees.Sub-loansofupto€30,000willbemadeavailabletolocalcompanieswithfewerthan10employees,whilecompanieswithupto100employeeswillbeeligibleforloansofupto€125,000.
OpportunityMicro-CreditRomania(OMRO),basedinTarguMures,willbethefirstmicrofinanceinstitutiontoreceivefundingunderthenewRomaniaMicroCreditFacility(seepage57).OMRO’s€2.8millionloanwillenableittobuildonitsexistingportfolioofmicro-businessclients.Typicalsub-loanstomicroandsmallenterpriseswillbeunder€10,000andwilltargetbusinessesemployingninepeopleorfewer.
Lithuanian VerbaAVerbaisatraditionaldriedflowercompositiondatingbackover400years.ItwasbelievedthatahallowedVerbakeptathomecouldprotectthehouseagainstlightningstrikesandthefamilyfromdisease.
�� EU member states and Croatia
��
Micro and small enterprise lendingTheEU/EBRDSMEFinanceFacilityhasbeensupportingmicro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(MSMEs)since1999.ThefacilityisawellestablishedprovideroffundstoMSMEsthroughcommercialbanks,leasingcompaniesandequityfunds.Withafocusoninstitutionalreform,theSMEfacilityhasplayedakeyroleinthedevelopmentofSMEfinanceatparticipatingfinancialinstitutions.Sinceitsinception,thefacilityhassuccessfullyprovidedcreditlinesto34localbanksand32leasingcompaniesmanagingmorethan60,000transactionsworth€1.4billionandwithanaveragesub-loanof€23,100.
ToboostmicrofinanceinvestmentinRomania,theEBRD,theEuropeanUnionandtheRomaniangovernmentestablishedin2006the€88millionRomaniaMicroCreditFacilitytoprovideloanstolocalbanksandmicrofinanceinstitutionstoon-lendtomicroandsmallenterprises,includingforstart-upfunding.
Thenewfacilitywillbefinancedwith€40millionfromtheEBRD,€30millionfromthecommercialsyndicationmarket,€13.6millionfromtheEUPhareProgrammeand€4.4millionfromtheRomaniangovernment.TheEuropeanUnionandRomaniangovernmentwillprovide€2.5millionintechnicalassistancefunding.ThefacilitywillpromoteJEREMIE(JointEuropeanResourcesforMicrotoMediumEnterprises),anEUinitiativetoimprovethesupplyofriskcapitaltoSMEsintheEU.
TurnAround Management and Business Advisory Services programmes Since1993,theTAMandBASprogrammeshavebeenplayinganimportantroleinenhancingenterprisecompetitiveness.In2006technicalcooperationfundingworth€1.4millionhelpedimplementprogrammesinBulgaria,Croatia,Hungary,LithuaniaandRomania.Luxembourgcontributedover€160,000tothestart-upoffournewTAMprojectsinRomaniaandBulgaria,while
anewBASprogrammewasinitiatedinRomaniawithAustriansupport.GreekfundinghasimplementedaTAMprojectinCroatia,andotherTAMinitiativesinLithuaniaandHungaryhavebeenfinancedbytheBTAFandLuxembourg.
Inlate2005theBASprogrammephasedoutitsoperationsinSlovenia,havingcompleted203projectsoverfouryearsassistingenterpriseswithanaggregateturnoverofover€1.8billionand22,000employees.TheprogrammeiscontinuinginBulgariaandCroatia,havingundertaken244projectsintheformersince2001and262(fundedmainlybytheCEI)since2000inthelatter.Theassistedenterpriseshaveachievedanaggregateturnoverofmorethan€1.5billionwith38,000employees.
TAMandBAShavebothbeenextremelysuccessfulindevelopingtheexpertiseofenterprisesandinhelpingthemtomeetthechallengesofmarketeconomies.
In2006technicalcooperationfundingworth
€1.4m helpedimplementTAMandBASprogrammesinBulgaria,Croatia,Hungary,LithuaniaandRomania
Luxembourgcontributedover
€160,000 tothestart-upoffournewTAMprojectsinRomaniaandBulgaria
Other sectors
EnergyPromotingenergyefficiencyandtheprivatisationofstate-ownedenterprisesintheenergysectorisakeypriorityfortheEBRD.In2006theBlackSeaTradeandDevelopmentBankprovided€18millioninco-financingfortherestructuringoftheMaritzaPowerPlantinBulgaria.RestructuringoftheBelchatowPowerPlantinPolandwasco-financedbytheEIB(with€221million)andtheNordicInvestmentBank(€150million).
Municipal and environmental infrastructureDuring2006theEBRDcontinuedtosupportthecommercialisationofinfrastructurebysupportingprivatesectorinvolvementandusinggrantfinancingprovidedbytheEuropeanUnion,theEIB,theSwissgovernmentand(forthefirsttime)theEUCohesionFundfortheEUmemberstates.Technicalassistanceforinfrastructureprojectsreached€2millionin2006.
�� EU member states and Croatia
Denmarkissupportinga€46.8millionwatersupplyandwaste-waterinvestmentprogrammebenefitingaround260,000residentsinthecityofRousseandsurroundingmunicipalitiesinnorthernBulgaria.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoprovide€35.1millioninISPAgrants,andtheEBRDhasprovidedan€8millionloan.
InCroatia,theEBRD-ItalyPrivateSectorDevelopmentFundfortheWesternBalkansissupportingtheimplementationofawaste-watertreatmentprojectinKarlovacwithISPAgrantco-financingof€22.5million.
InPoland,SpanishfundinghassupportedtheimplementationofadistrictheatingprojectinKrakov,whileinGdansktheEBRDandtheEUCohesionFundareco-financingthemodernisationofthewatersupplyandwaste-waterinfrastructuresystems(seecasestudyonpage59).
TransportInCroatia,GermanandItalianfinanceissupportingthedevelopmentoftherailwaysystemandtheportofDubrovnik,whiletheEBRDandtheEIBareco-financingthecompletionandupgradingoftheZagreb-Rijekamotorway(withloansof€50millionand€210millionrespectively).TheEIBhasalsoprovided€200millioninco-financingformotorwaybuildinginHungary.InRomania,theCEIhassupportedtheimplementationofanurbantransportprojectinBrasov.Spainhasdevelopedaparkingstrategyforthecapital,Bucharest,andSwitzerlandhasfundedapublictransportprogrammeinIaisi.GermanfundingishelpingtostrengthenRomania’srailwaypassengermanagementsystem.
Legal and institutional reform In2006,Spainfinancedalegaltransitionprojecttoenhancelegislationonpublic-privatepartnershipsinHungary,andAustrianfundingimprovedderivatives-tradingskillsattheBuchareststockexchangeinRomania.Meanwhile,Switzerlandfinancedanti-money-launderingseminarsintheregion.
In2006,theBlackSeaTradeandDevelopmentBankprovided
€18m inco-financingfortherestructuringoftheMaritzaPowerPlantinBulgaria
Technicalassistanceforinfrastructureprojectsreached
€2m
�9
CasestudyInnovativesupportforinfrastructureinGdansk,Poland
With400,000inhabitants,GdanskisthebiggestcityinnorthernPoland.Itsgrowingpopulationmeansitneedstoupgradeandexpanditswaste-watertreatmentfacilities.
TogetherwiththeEUCohesionFund,theEBRDisco-financingthemodernisationofthecity’swatersupplyandwaste-waterinfrastructureincompliancewithEUdirectives.WhiletheBankislending€12milliontothenewlyformedGdanskWaterInfrastructureCompany(GIWK),theEUCohesionFundiscovering75percentofthetotalprojectcostsof€133million.
Thisinnovativearrangement,involvingaprivatesectoroperatorandanewlycreatedassetholdingcompany,isofparticularrelevancetowatercompaniesinothernewEUmemberstateswhererestructuringofthewatersectorisstillongoing.Consideringthatalmostallwaterinvestmentinthe
accessioncountrieswillbefundedfromEUgrantsourcesoverthecomingyears,thisprojectwillalsoprovideamodelonhowtoextendthebenefitsofgrantfinancingtoapublicsectorentityininvestmentswherethereisalsoaprivateoperator.SuchaninvestmentwillalsohaveapositiveenvironmentalimpactontheBalticSeabyreducingthelevelsofpollutants(includingphosphorusandnitrogen)dischargedintotheBalticSeafromthecityarea,improvingthequalityofthebathingwater,andachievingfullsecurityofwatersupplyforconsumers.
TheEBRD’sabilitytoprovideloanswithoutasovereignormunicipalguaranteewillallowcityauthoritiestousetheirborrowingcapacitytofinanceotherurgentinvestmentsinthenearfuture.Itwillalsofacilitateprivatesectorinvolvement,improveefficiencyandreducerisk,demonstratinghowpublic-privatepartnershipscanco-existwithEUgrantfunding.
Slovenian painted beehive front boardThetraditionofpaintingfrontboardsofbeehivesdatesfromthefirsthalfofthe18thcenturytotheendofthe19thcentury.Over3,000originalboardsareinmuseumsandprivatecollections,theoldestdated1758.
�0
Annex1:Donoragreementsandreplenishmentsin2006
Donor Fundorproject €’000
Austria UkraineEnergyEfficiencyProgramme 1,000
WesternBalkansFund 1 2,000
BASTechnicalAssistanceCooperationFund 1,200
AustrianTechnicalAssistanceCooperationFund 1,000
BritishPetroleum(BP) EBRD/BPExplorationandDevelopment 863
Canada EBRD-CIDACanadaFund 5,300
EarlyTransitionCountriesFund 2 645
WesternBalkansFund 1 500
Clientbanks FinancialSectorTechnicalAssistanceFundfortheGeorgiaSMECreditLineProject 7.6
CzechRepublic WesternBalkansFund 1 500
EuropeanUnion Co-investmentfunding–waterresources 7,000
EU-EBRDPro-BiodiversityBusiness 600
TurnAroundManagementProgramme(FYRMacedonia) 700
TurnAroundManagementandBusinessAdvisoryServicesprogrammes(Montenegro) 1,200
TurnAroundManagementProgramme(Serbia) 4,000
EnergyefficiencyinvestmentsinUkraineandMoldova 9,500
Engurihydropowerplantupgrade(phaseII,unit4) 1,567
RomaniaMicroCreditFacility 2,500
MunicipalInvestmentSupportProgramme(MISPII) 1,025
UkraineMicroLendingProgramme–RegionalExpansion 1,000
Smallandmedium-sizedbusinesses(EU) 1,500
RussianRegionalBankInstitutionprogramme 1,333
PreparatoryActionCooperationFund 2,000
EuropeanCommunity–MunicipalFinanceFacility 2,100
Finland NorthernDimensionEnvironmentalPartnershipSupport 3 6,000
FinnishMinistryofTradeandIndustryTechnicalCooperationFund 820
WesternBalkansFund 1 500
FinnishTechnicalAssistanceCooperationFund 1,500
Germany GermanyIITechnicalCooperationFund 400
Greece HellenicRepublicTechnicalCooperationFund 1,000
Ireland IrelandTechnicalCooperationFund 250
EarlyTransitionCountriesFund 2 250
WesternBalkansFund 1 750
Italy AlbaniaWaterProject 860
Japan TheJapan-EuropeCooperationFund 777
Luxembourg ProjectPreparationCommitteeOfficer 77
WesternBalkansFund 1 500
LuxembourgTechnicalCooperationFund 200
Netherlands DutchEnvironmentCooperationFundforCentralandEasternEurope 100
EarlyTransitionCountriesFund 2 7,000
EBRD/NetherlandsGrainWarehouseFundforUkraine 500
NetherlandsTechnicalAssistanceCooperationFundforCentralandEasternEurope 500
Norway NorwayTechnicalCooperationFund 400
EarlyTransitionCountriesFund 2 1,000
WesternBalkansFund 1 500
NorthernDimensionEnvironmentalPartnershipSupportFund 3 243
Poland WesternBalkansFund 1 500
SlovakRepublic WesternBalkansFund 1 500
Slovenia WesternBalkansFund 1 500
Spain EarlyTransitionCountriesFund 2 3,000
SpainTechnicalCooperationFund 3,000
WesternBalkansFund 1 1,500
Sweden Potimunicipalwaterproject 1,536
Kutaisimunicipalwaterproject 2,868
RussiaSurvey 100
MunicipalEnvironmentalFundforETCcountries 3,238
TechnicalCooperationFund 897
SustainableMunicipalTechnicalCooperationFund 2,212
EarlyTransitionCountriesFund 2 1,000
SwedishTechnicalCooperationFund–PhaseII 1,087
WesternBalkansFund 1 500
Switzerland Districtheatingproject(Romania) 7,000
TaipeiChina TechnicalCooperationFund 1,139
UnitedKingdom WesternBalkansFund 1 4,451
UnitedStates MillenniumChallengeCorporation–Potimunicipalwaterproject 4,343
USAdvisorsFund 58
KazakhstanSmallBusinessProgramme(USAID) 40
Total 112,6371 Western Balkans Fund –Austria,Canada,CzechRepublic,Finland,Ireland,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Norway,Poland,SlovakRepublic,Slovenia,Spain,SwedenandtheUnitedKingdom.2 Early Transition Countries Fund – Canada,Finland,Ireland,Japan,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Norway,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TaipeiChinaandtheUnitedKingdom.3 Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership –Belgium,Canada,Denmark,theEuropeanUnion,Finland,France,Germany,theNetherlands,Norway,Russia,SwedenandtheUnitedKingdom.
Annex2:TCcommitmentsin2006,bydonor
��
Donor €
EuropeanUnion 20,696,126
EarlyTransitionCountriesFund 1 15,492,360
Italy 5,737,264
Japan 5,212,293
UnitedStates 3,264,592
RussiaSmallBusinessFund 2 3,037,667
Canada 2,836,858
Austria 2,687,007
Sweden 1,996,513
Finland 1,471,686
Switzerland 1,436,131
France 1,288,760
Norway 1,250,000
Netherlands 1,200,000
UnitedKingdom 1,103,130
Spain 1,073,110
MongolianCooperationFund 3 839,561
Luxembourg 816,719
NWRussiaRegionalVentureFund 4 683,475
Denmark 499,855
Germany 400,000
Ireland 256,829
TaipeiChina 248,087
Greece 202,300
GlobalEnvironmentFacility 5 18,788
BalticTechnicalAssistanceFund 6 13,885
Total 73,762,9971 Early Transition Countries Fund – Canada,Finland,Ireland,Japan,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Norway,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TaipeiChinaandtheUnitedKingdom.2 Russia Small Business Fund –G7countriesandSwitzerland.3 Mongolian Cooperation Fund –Japan,Luxembourg,theNetherlandsandTaipeiChina.4 NW Russia Regional Venture Fund –Finland,NorwayandSweden.5 Global Environment Facility –multi-donor.6 Baltic Technical Assistance Fund –Finland,NorwayandSweden.
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Abbreviations BAS BusinessAdvisoryServicesBTAF BalticTechnicalAssistanceFundCDM CleanDevelopmentMechanismCEI CentralEuropeanInitiativeCFF CafesjianFamilyFoundationCIDA CanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgencyCIS CommonwealthofIndependentStatesDEG DeutscheEntwicklungsGesellschaftDFID DepartmentforInternationalDevelopmentDIF DirectInvestmentFacilityDLF DirectLendingFacilityEAR EuropeanAgencyforReconstructionEBRD, the Bank EuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentEIB EuropeanInvestmentBankETC EarlytransitioncountriesEU EuropeanUnionFMO NetherlandsDevelopmentFinanceCompanyIFC InternationalFinanceCorporationIFI InternationalfinancialinstitutionILO InternationalLabourOrganizationISPA InstrumentforStructuralPoliciesforPre-accessionJASPERS JointAssistanceforPreparingProjectsinEuropeanRegionsJECF Japan-EuropeCooperationFundJEREMIE JointEuropeanResourcesforMicrotoMediumEnterprisesKAFC KyrgyzAgriculturalFinanceCorporationKfW KreditanstaltfürWiederaufbauKIDSF KozloduyInternationalDecommissioningSupportFundKSORR AnalyticalCentreoftheRussianCoordinatingCouncilofEmployers’UnionsMCC USMillenniumChallengeCorporationMCF MongolianCooperationFundMCFF Medium-sizedCo-FinancingFacilityMEI municipalandenvironmentalinfrastructureMSEs microandsmallenterprisesMSMEs micro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesNDEP NorthernDimensionEnvironmentalPartnershipOMRO OpportunityMicro-CreditRomaniaPPC ProjectPreparationCommitteePPP public-privatepartnershipREBIS RegionalBalkansInfrastructureStudyRSBF RussiaSmallBusinessFundRVF RegionalVentureFundSeco SwissStateSecretariatforEconomicAffairsSEI SustainableEnergyInitiativeSida SwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgencySMEs smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesTaiwanICDF InternationalCooperationDevelopmentFundofTaipeiChinaTAM TurnAroundManagementTC technicalcooperationTCFP TechnicalCooperationFundsProgrammeTFP TradeFacilitationProgrammeUSTDA UnitedStatesTradeandDevelopmentAgency
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Glossaryofterms
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Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises Amicroenterpriseisdefinedasacompanywith20orfeweremployees;asmallenterpriseisacompanywith100orfeweremployees;andamedium-sizedenterpriseisonewith250orfeweremployees.
The EBRD’s countries of operations Albania,Armenia,Azerbaijan,Belarus,BosniaandHerzegovina,Bulgaria,Croatia,CzechRepublic,Estonia,FormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia,Georgia,Hungary,Kazakhstan,KyrgyzRepublic,Latvia,Lithuania,Moldova,Mongolia,Montenegro,Poland,Romania,Russia,Serbia,SlovakRepublic,Slovenia,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Ukraine,Uzbekistan.
Country groupingsCommonwealth of Independent StatesArmenia,Azerbaijan,Belarus,Georgia,Kazakhstan,KyrgyzRepublic,Moldova,Russia,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Ukraine,Uzbekistan.
Early transition countriesArmenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,KyrgyzRepublic,Moldova,Mongolia,Tajikistan,Uzbekistan.
EU candidate countriesCroatia.WhileFYRMacedoniabecameanEUcandidatecountryattheendof2005,forthepurposesofthisreportitisincludedintheWesternBalkans.
EU member statesBulgaria,CzechRepublic,Estonia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Poland,Romania,SlovakRepublic,Slovenia.
G7Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates.
G8G7countries,Russia.
Western BalkansAlbania,BosniaandHerzegovina,FYRMacedonia,MontenegroandSerbia.
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Donor Report Management Horst ReichenbachVicePresidency,RiskManagement,HumanResourcesandNuclearSafety
Gary BondOfficialCo-financingUnit
Marta Simonetti-WhitfordOfficialCo-financingUnit/CEI
ContributorsRimanteAdamonieneLisaAitkenNatashaAlexandrovaIrenaArluckAleksandraArsikJunkoAyaAllysonBaileySueBarrettMichaelaBergmanRaffaeleBoldracchiGaryBondCarolineBryantCarmenCanoAnneMariaCroninChrisCviicCraigDaviesKateDunnOliElseEvgeniaEvstegneevaEnginGoksuJaakkoHenttonenRenataIksarRichardJones
IvanJovanovskiJaneKieranChikakoKunoTatjanaKraljicThomasMaierEwaManikNeilMcKainJohnMcPheePaulMoffattKenjiNakazawaMichelNussbaumerOliviaOddiGvantsaOmiadzeAndreaPanskaGanaPetersenFernandPillonelMikeRandPeterSanfeyAlkeSchmidtMartaSimonetti-WhitfordZeljkaSomunMarjolaXhunga
Production RichardBateRichardGermanHannahGoodmanAnthonyMartinJonPageHelenWarren
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Design: RadiatePrintedinEnglandbyFulmarusingenvironmentalwasteandpaperrecyclingprogrammes.PrintedonHannoartsilk,anenvironmentallyresponsiblepaperwhichis100%TCF(TotallyChlorineFree).
6889 EBRD Donor Report 2007
PhotographyPhotographer PageAleksandarAndjic 5left,28-29,33bottomRichardBate 8,15bottom,19,20,23,48,50,59bottomBASKazakhstan 44bottomDavidCooper 4leftM.Crozet/ILO 49bottomSueCunningham 52-53DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment 47LukeDistelhorst 21EBRD 15topright,33toprightMikeEllis 5middle,40-41,46,56bottomEuropeanCommission 55RenatoFranceschin 36RobertHackman 34NozimKalandarov 10IbKatznelson cover,6-7ZavenKhackikian 26AndyLane 1,24,43OfficeofthePrimeMinisterofLuxembourg 27YuriNesterov 44topleftJonPage 51VladimirPirogov 4right,16-17,22bottom,25bottomArnheldeSerra 5right,12,31,35,39MartaSimonetti-Whitford 37,38HelenWarren 49topright
AdditionalphotographybyRadiateDesign
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