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Weathering• Process of breaking down the Earth’s material by natural processes of water, wind, ice, and chemicals into smaller pieces or sediments
•Destructive Process
Erosion•Weathered or broken down rock and other material are moved by natural processes, such as water or wind, from place to place
•Destructive Movement
Deposition• Process where sediments are settled or laid down in a new location
•Constructive Process
Constructive vs. Destructive ForcesVenn Diagram•Weathering
• Erosion
•Deposition
• Earthquake
• Volcano
•Mountains
• Islands
• Sand Dune
•Canyon
•Delta
•Tsunami
•Flood
•Sandbar
• Landslides
•Glacier
Focus• Point of origin underground where the rocks break producing vibrations and creating an earthquake
Earth’s Surface
Fault Line
DRAW
Epicenter• Point above ground on the surface directly above the focus
Earth’s Surface
Fault Line
DRAW
Fault Line Types•Normal Fault – blocks of crust are pulled away and one block falls down–Occurs at Divergent Boundary with Tension Force
•Reverse Fault – blocks of crust are pushed together and one block slides up–Occurs at Convergent Boundary with Compression
Force
• Strike-Slip Fault – blocks of crust slide past each other with no up or down motion–Occurs at Transform Boundary with Shear Force
Strike-Slip Fault Pictures **Do NOT Copy**blocks of crust slide past each other with no up or down
motion
Types of Seismic Waves• P-Wave (Primary) – first wave from the focus
–Push-pull wave that can travel through solids & liquids
–Fastest wave
• S-Wave (Secondary) – slow wave from the focus–Vibrates crust side to side & up or down–Travels only through solids
• Surface Wave – slowest wave from the epicenter–Come from P- & S-Waves that reach the surface–Produce most damage–Stronger near the epicenter
Richter Scale•Measures strength of seismic waves on a seismograph
• Scale of 1-10–10 is the strongest–Each number is 10 times stronger than the
number before
When You’re Finished• BBC Plate Tectonics Test Bite **Headphones**
• Fault Motion Simulations
• Constructive Forces
• Destructive Forces
• Earthquake Interactive
• Forces of Nature **Takes a Few Minutes to Load**
• Beat the Quake **Headphones**
• Shake, Rattle, & Slide **Headphones**
Viscosity•Measures the thickness of molten material
•High viscosity = thick
• Low viscosity = more fluid
Volcano Activity Levels•Active – has erupted in recent time & can erupt again at any time–Look for Seismic Activity–Example: Mt. St. Helens
•Dormant – no eruption in recent time, but has a record of past eruptions–Example: Mt. Rainier in Washington
• Extinct – not known to have erupted in modern history or to ever erupt again–Example: Crater Lake
Types of Volcanoes•Cinder Cone – small base with steep sides
–Made of Cinders–Explosive eruption
• Shield – large, wide base with gentle sloping sides–Calm lava flows
•Composite-Strato – tall, large, mountain-like volcano with snow cap–Alternating eruptions of lava & tephra–Explosive eruption
Types of Lava•AA – hot, thin, fast flowing
–Hardens with a rough, jagged edge
• Pahoehoe – thicker, slow moving lava–Hardens with smooth, ropy appearance
• Pillow – forms when lava erupts & cools suddenly underwater
Types of Volcanic Eruptions•Determined by amount of water vapor & gases and chemical composition of magma
• Explosive eruption – thick magma, high pressure/gas & water content–Example: Mt. St. Helens
•Quiet eruption – fluid magma, low gas pressure & water content–Example: Hawaiian Islands
Mt. Kilauea
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