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Earthquake Resistant Design Of Structures
BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY STRUCTURES
Dr. G. P. ChandradharaProfessor, Dept. of Civil EngineeringS. J. College of Engineering, Mysore
Email: chandu_gpc@yahoo.com
MasonryAdvantages
• No formwork
• Greater flexibility in terms of plan forms
• Plays a dual role – functional and structural
• Economy
• DurableDisadvantages
• Structurally very complex
• Brittle
• Heavy
• Too many variables!
Masonry is a composite construction consisting of:
Masonry units
Adobe (Sun dried mud blocks)
Stone, Laterite blocks
Burnt clay bricks
Concrete blocks (solid or hollow)
Calcium silicate bricks
Stabilized mud blocks (SMB)
Fly-ash gypsum blocks
Based on method employed in production, three varieties of burnt clay bricks are available in India viz.
Country brick
Table moulded brick
Wire-cut brick
Mortar
•Mud mortar•Lime sand mortar•Cement, lime, sand mortar•Cement sand mortar•Composite mortars( cement,lime,soil,sand and additives)
Reinforcement •Metallic•Non-metallic
Multi-storeyed Un-reinforced masonry tower, Tanjavur, India
S Raghunath, BMSCE, Bangalore 19
Un-reinforced masonry arches and aqueducts
(Ref: KS Jagadish and BP Sinha)
S Raghunath, BMSCE, Bangalore 19
Monadnock Building, Chicago, 1891
1.82m thick wall at basement!
(Ref: BP Sinha)
S Raghunath, BMSCE, Bangalore 19
16 storeyed load bearing masonry
(Ref.: BP Sinha)
S Raghunath, BMSCE, Bangalore 19
Masonry is
• Weaker than the brick
• Weaker than the mortar (?)
Example
• Block strength 40.0 N/mm2
• Mortar type H1, strength 8.0 N/mm2
• Masonry strength is only 3.05 N/mm2
S Raghunath, BMSCE, Bangalore 19
Typical “Masonry Prisms”
S Raghunath, BMSCE, Bangalore 19
Masonry Walls: Slenderness and Eccentricity
Stocky wall, eccentric loadReduced strength
eSlender wall, eccentric loadMuch more reduced strength
S Raghunath, BMSCE, Bangalore 19
Structural Walls have 3 functions:
1. Resist vertical compression
2. Resist out-of-plane bending from eccentric vertical loads (gravity loads), and/or transverse loads such as wind loads and earthquake loads
3. Resist in-plane forces (in-plane shear and in-plane bending) attracted by the masonry building as a whole
S Raghunath, BMSCE, Bangalore 19
Earthquake Protection
(Coburn and Spence, 2002)
Majority of Housing Buildings are made of Masonry and RC
Cross Wall
Shea
r W
all
Cross Wall
Earthquake Motion
Shea
r W
all
S Raghunath, BMSCE, Bangalore 19
Masonry Walls
TYPES OF DAMAGE DURING EARTHQUAKE
•Cracks between walls and floor•Cracks at corners and at wall intersections•Out-of –plane collapse of perimetral walls•Cracks in spandrel beams•Diagonal cracks in structural walls•Partial disintegration or collapse of walls•Partial or complete collapse of building
Figure below shows the deformation and typical damages suffered by a simple masonry building subjected earthquake ground motion.
Out-of-plane collapse of sandstone in lime mortar masonry wall (MORBI)
Combination of in-plane and out-of-plane failure
(Samakhyali)
Separation of corner column
from the neighbouring
masonry (SAMAKHYALI)
Out-of-plane failure of wall leading to collapse of lintel band (BHUJ)
Corner failure in presence of corner reinforcement
(BHUJ)
Collapse of walls between openings (KHAVDA)
Shear Cracks in an unreinforced brick masonry building from 1993 Kilari earthquake
Separation of wall at junctionBuckling of wythes
Separation of roof
Out-of-plane failure and buckling of wythes
Concepts for earthquake resistant masonry
Response of structures during earthquake depends on
1. Natural frequencies of the structure (which is dependent on Mass (M) and Stiffness (K)
2. Frequency content of earthquake
3. Amplitude of earthquake
4. Duration of earthquake
5. Ductility
6. Damping characteristics (energy dissipation capacity)
7. Structural integrity
STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS & MASONRY BUILDINGS
QUASI-STATIC RESONANT
INERTIAL
Quasi static behaviour: fundamental frequencyof building is below the range of frequencies in ground motion
Resonant behaviour: fundamental and other higherfrequencies of building are within the range offrequencies in ground motion
Inertial behaviour: fundamental frequency of buildingis above the range of ground frequencies
period range of masonry buildings
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
TYPE OF EQ. CRITERION
MILD Frequent occurrenceNO STRUCTURAL DAMAGES ADMISSIBLE, NON-STRUCTURAL DAMAGES ALLOWED BUT REPAIRABLE
MODERATE May occur once during the life-time of a structureALLOW MINOR BUT REPAIRABLE STRUCTURAL DAMAGES
MAJOR Very rare possibilityMAJOR STRUCTURAL DAMAGE ALLOWED, BUT STRUCTURE SHOULD NOT COLLAPSE
Design Principles
Achieve strength and ductile behaviour
Maintain structural integrity
In relatively simple and cost effectivemanner!
Different ways of reinforcing masonry
1. Horizontal reinforcement
2. Vertical reinforcement
(a) Core reinforcement
(b) Containment reinforcement (Surface
reinforcement)
1. Horizontal reinforcement
• Typically through the bed joints of masonry
• Easy to provide
• Provides integrity – ties the cross walls and
shear walls
• Also known as seismic bands
• Improves strength and ductility in the
direction parallel-to-bed-joints
IS 4326 – 1993 (re-affirmed 1998), “Earthquake resistant design of buildings –codes of practice”, BIS, New Delhi
Different ways of reinforcing masonry
CONTAINMENT REINFORCEMENT
Ideal choice: Stainless steel flats and rods
Masonry building with horizontal bands and ‘Containment reinforcement’
Naliyawali Deewal (JHADAWAS, RAPAR Taluk)
Sill, lintel and roof band with vertical ‘containment reinforcement’ for SMB building (Bhuj)
CONCLUSIONS
Masonry buildings in mud/ lime mortar areprone to severe damage during theearthquakes due to poor bond strength. Roundstones in wythes without through bond stonescan further aggravate the problem. The failureof such masonry walls is due to out-of-planeflexure.
CONCLUSIONS Contd…
Use of roof and lintel band and verticalreinforcement in corners and junctions of wallsas suggested by IS:13828-1993 appears tohave prevented complete collapse of buildingbut does not seem to improve the ductility tothe desired levels
THANK YOU
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