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1
Dyeing of Nylon 6 Fibres with Calendula officinalis & Casuarina
cunninghamiana Extracts.
R. M. Mohamed Fashion Department, Art & Design Academy,
The High Institute of Applied Arts- 6th
October City, Giza – Egypt
Abstract
Extraction and application of natural dyes for dyeing polyamide
fibre , i.e. nylon 6 , were studied in details.
Two different natural dyes from vegetable sources were selected for
this study, namely: Calendula and Casuarina.
Optimization of dyeing processes was carried out in detail. The
amount of natural dyes that exhausted and fixed on the fibre was
found to depend on the application conditions. By lowering the pH
level of the dye bath the quantity of absorbed dye was found to
increase. The optimum pH levels for attaining maximum colour
strengths were at pH = 4 and 3 for Casuarina and Calendula
respectively. Addition of electrolyte (NaCl) resulted in some decrease
in the colour strength owing to its retarding action on the rate of dye
absorption. The rate and degree of dye fixation on the nylon was
found to increase greatly by raising dyeing temp. up to boiling.
Natural mordant that extracted from Carob (Ceratonia siliqua)
and synthetic mordants were used for post-mordanting the dyed
materials since reliable fastness properties were realized.
2
1. Introduction
Pollution may be considered one of the most important problems in
the recent years. Therefore, a great concern with this problem was
appeared all over the world to find suitable and acceptable solutions
for reducing pollution of environment.
In fact there are three main methods for the reduction of pollution,
these are: elimination, substitution and treatment before release.
One of the most important and effective ways for reducing
pollution is the replacement of polluting materials and chemicals by
eco-friendly natural materials.
For realizing this aim and to prevent or minimize the toxicity and
allergic reaction of synthetic dyes, a new trial for dyeing and
mordanting polyamide fibers with natural dyes and mordants were
made.
Synthetic fibers rarely accept natural dyes; except nylon which can
be dyed but other synthetic fibers based on coal or petroleum do not
usually accept natural dyes.(3)
Some nylon for ladies' underwear is mordanted in chrome and dyed
with logwood chips and fustic.
Samples of nylon yarn were mordanted with Alum, Chrome, Iron
and Tin, then dyed with Golden rod, Weld, Onion skins, Madder,
Cochineal and Elderberry.
Wool and nylon 6 fabrics treated with oxygen, carbon tetra-
fluoride, and ammonia low temperature plasmas are dyed with several
natural dyes, such as cochineal, Chinese cork tree, madder and
gromwell. (19) The dyeing behaviour of natural dyes on nylon 6 fabric
is unaffected by the plasma pretreatment.
Nylon and polyester fibers have been dyed with carotenoid dye
bixin-the colour component of annato.
It is observed that though both the fibers have good affinity for this
dye. The colours obtained on nylon and polyester fibers are
reasonably fast to washing, though not so fast to light.
On nylon, the dye apparently gets absorbed on the positively
charged sites and ionic forces control the adsorption. (9)
3
Calendula officinalis (10)
is an annual plant. (4)
The pale green, oval
leaves are slightly indented and the golden to orange-red capetula
have numerous, brightly coloured ray florets (16)
The seed contains (30.6-36.9) % protein and (40.8-45.8) % oil, on a
zero-moisture basis.
Capetula which yield a yellow dye for cloth,(17)
contain the
amorphous calendulin, analogous to bassorin, traces of an essential
oil, musilage, oleanolic acid, a gum, a resin, a saponin, a sterol,
cholesterol, esters of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, pentadecylic
acids, faradiol and arnidiol. (12)
Nineteen carotenoids were identified in extracts of petals of orange
and yellow flowered cultivars of Calendula. (13)
Dry rays florets, which have the highest concentration of active
ingredients, contain stigmasterol, sitosterol, 28- isofucosterol,
campesterol, 24- methylene cholesterol and cholesterol as well as
other more complex materials.
The pigment consists of beta- carotene, lycopene, rubixanthine,
violaxanthin, saponins and phytosterols. (12)
Fresh plant material contains the analgesic salicylic acid (0.34mg /
kg).
Fig. (1): Calendula officinalis.(10)
4
Casuarinas cunnighamiana (10)
They mainly distributed in Australia
and New Caledonia.(14)
They are morphologically distinctive with the
foliage consisting of long needle-like articulate photosynthetic
(assimiolatory) branchlets, which have more or less spaced nodes. At
each of these is a whorl of 4-20 leaves reduced to teeth.(5)
Some of 15 species of Casuarina are cultivated in Egypt of which
C. cunninghamiana is one of the most popular especially in the
countryside.(6)
The bark of Casuarina yields (6.7-11.3) % of tannin.(18)
Fig. (2): Casuarina cunnighamiana.(8)
C. cunninghamiana contains flavonoids: (kaempferol, kaempferol
glucoside, quercetin, quercetin glucoside) and phenolic (ellagic
acid).(7)
5
The present study is a serious trial to optimize the dyeing of
nylon 6 with these selected vegetable dyes and to determine the
availability of using synthetic and natural mordants to enhance the
dyeing fastness properties.
2. Materials:
2.1 Fabric:
100% nylon 6 woven fabrics (120 g/m2) from Middle East Co.
for Textile Industry, Cairo, Egypt were used throughout the
present work.
2.2 Dyes:
The used natural dyes were extracted from uqhuwan
(Calendula - officinalis) and Casuarina (Casuarina cunnin –
ghamiana).
Plant materials i.e the outer bark of hard and heavy wood of
Casuarina and the yellow orange florets of Calendula were
dried in hot air for three days till the plant materials become
crisp. Then, the plant materials were ground in a laboratory
hammer and mill to pass through a 40 mesh (British Standard
Screen) sieve to be very fine powder. Various extraction
methods were used to get the extract solution from plants.
2.3 Mordants:
2.3.1 Natural mordant:
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua).
2.3.2 Synthetic mordants:
Alum, Magnesium chloride and Tannic acid were used as
mordants. All these mordants were of pure grades.
2.4 Chemicals:
-Formic acid and sodium carbonate of laboratory grade
were used for adjusting the pH of the dye bath.
-Hostapal CV-ET (Hoechst), a nonionic detergent for
soaping bath.
-Powdered active charcoal for decolourization the natural
mordant.
6
3-Procedures and Measurements:
3.1 Extraction of Dyes:
Calendula:
By soaking 10 g dry plant material in 50 ml water for 12 hr,
after which the extract was filtered and completed to 100 ml
solution with water.
Casuarina:
By boiling (10 g plant materials for 100 ml water) for one
hr. using 5g/l sodium carbonate. After filtration the extract was
completed to 100 ml with water.
3.2. Extraction of Natural Mordant:
The plant material was soaked in water for 24 hr after which
it was boiled for 30 min. The extract was then, filtered and
decolourized using active charcoal to get transparent and clear
solution.
3.3 Dyeing Process:
The dyeing process was achieved using Electric Thermo
Water Bath.
Nylon samples were introduced into the dyebath containing 60
ml extract/100 ml water at about 50º C. The temperature was
gradually raised to the boil and dyeing was carried out for 60
min. at liquor ratio 1:100. The pH was adjusted at the required
value by adding dilute solutions of either formic acid or sodium
carbonate. At the end of the dyeing process the dyed samples
were removed, rinsed, soaped and rinsed with hot and cold
water.
3.4 Mordanting Method:
The dyed nylon fabrics were mordanted in aqueous bath
containing the suitable amount of mordant and at liquor ratio
1:100. The mordanting process was started at 50º C and the
temp. was then fixed for another 40 min. Nylon samples were,
then, rinsed and soaped with 2 g/l Hostapal CV-ET for 15 min
at 70º C.
3.5 Determination of Minerals:
Total content of Ca, Cu, Fe, Cr, Sn, Zn, Ni and Co were
determined in the digested solutions of natural mordant using
inductively coupled plasma (400) emission spectrometry
(Perkin elemer Emission Spectrometer). (2)
7
3.6 Measurement of Colour Strength:
The colour strength (expressed as K/S) of the dyed nylon
samples was evaluated by reflectance measurements ICS-
TEXICON Computerized Spectrophotometer, Model M 520220
(produced by ICS-TEXICON Limited Co., England)
Colour strength of the dyed samples is expressed as K/S
values. They were calculated from the Kubelka – Munk
equation, K/S = (1-R)2/2R, in which K and S are the absorption
and scattering coefficients, respectively, and R is the reflectance
of the dyed fabrics. (1)
The dyed and mordanted nylon samples were measured at
=400 & 460 for yellow and brown shades resulted of
Calendula and Casuarina dyeings respectively.
3.7 Measurement of Colour Fastness:
Colour fastness to rubbing (1)
, perspiration (1)
and light (1)
were determined according to AATCC test Methods: (8-1972),
(15-1973) and (16A-1971) respectively. Colour fastness to
washing (38)
was determined according to Test 2 of India
Standards (IS) 336/1979
Results & Discussion
Dyeing Polyamide Fabrics with Natural Dyes:
1. Effect of pH of Dyeing on Colour Strength:
Different polyamide samples were dyed in various dyebaths
under constant dyeing conditions i.e. conc. of extract, temp., and time
whereas the pH level was varied from one bath to another. The colour
strengths of the dyed samples were measured and the received data
are plotted in Figure 1.
It is well observed, from Fig.1, that pH of dyeing plays a great
role in determining the amount of colouring matter that may be
absorbed and fixed on nylon fibres. Increasing the acidity of the
dyebath is accompanied with higher dyeability of nylon fabric
towards natural dyes.
Maximum colour yield is realized on polyamide fibres when
dyeing process is carried out at lower pH level (3-3.5) for both of the
used dyes.
8
For Calendula the optimum pH value was found to be at pH=3 and for
Casuarina at pH=3.5. The high colour yield is realized when dyeing is
carried out from strong acidic medium which may be attributed to the
electrostatic attraction between the positively charged polyamide
fibres and the anions of the colouring matters. The degree of
protonation of polyamide is well known to increase by lowering the
pH level of the aqueous medium.
Therefore, it may be concluded that the dyeing mechanism with
natural dyes is similar to great extent to its mechanism with acid dyes.
Therefore, the amount of absorbed natural dye will be depended
on the degree of ionization of the fibre or in other words will be
related to the pH of the dyebath.
Action of Electrolytes:
Neutral electrolytes such as common salt (sodium chloride)
play an important role in the dyeing operation especially that of ionic
dyeing system. The role played by electrolytes differs from one
system to another according to the nature of both fibre and dye itself.
Electrolytes are used as exhausting agent in case of dyeing cellulosic
materials with anionic dyes owing to the similarity of charges on both
fibres and dyes. In case of protein fibres and polyamide the
electrolytes are considered as leveling agents owing to the
unsimilarity of charges on both fibres and dyes.
It is well noticed, from Figure 2, that addition of sod. chloride
resulted in some decrease in the colour strength of the two applied
dyes. This result is in good agreement with the effect of pH on the
colour strength of the dyed polyamide samples. So the dyeing process
achieved without any salt addition.
Polyamides contain a limited number of amino groups at the end
of the polymer chains. These amino groups are the available dye sites
in the fibre through which the dye anions are attracted to form salt
links. Addition of sod. chloride into the dyebath means addition of
sodium and chloride ions. Therefore, as a result of the presence of
more than one kind of anions in the same dyebath a competition for
the positively charged sites in the fibre will be occurred since one
anion (chloride of salt or dye anion) being capable of replacing
another according to the following equation:
Ny-N+H3.Cl
- + D
- Ny-N
+H3.D
- + Cl
-
9
This reaction mechanism is reversible and a dynamic
equilibrium is attained. Therefore the final distribution of the dye and
inorganic anions will depend upon their relative concentrations.
Thus by increasing the relative concentration of chloride anions in the
dyebath the reaction mechanism will be shifted towards the
replacement of dye anions by chloride anions.
On the other hand, it may be noted also that the equilibrium
position of the displacement reaction is governed not only by the
relative conc. of the two competing ions but also by their relative
affinities for the fibre.
Effect of Dyeing Temperature:
It is obvious, from Figure 3 that the rate of dyeing increases
gradually by raising the temperature. Maximum dye fixation is
achieved at boiling for both Calendula and Casuarina and the rate of
dyeing depends to great extent on the nature of both dye molecules
and the fibre itself. The rate of dyeing of the colouring matter that
extracted from Calendula is higher than that of Casuarina. The
magnitude of increase in colour strength is found to be greater in case
of Casuarina than that of Calendula under the action of temperature.
By raising the dyeing temp. from 23º C to 40º C the percent
increase in K/S is found to be (88 %) for Calendula while it is reached
to (124 %) for Casuarina. When the temp. is elevated from 80º C to
100º C, the percent increase in K/S is observed to be about (4.8 %)
and (130 %) for Calendula and Casuarina respectively.
It may be suggested that the colouring matters of Casuarina
present in the aqueous medium in aggregated form since they need a
high temp. to diffuse inside the polymer chains of polyamide. One can
notice the great difference in K/S when dyeing is carried out at room
temp. (23º C) and at boiling for the two dyes.
Casuarina is more temp.-dependence for attaining maximum
K/S than Calendula. High temp., on the other hand, open up the fibre
structure and increase the number and volume of voids and thus
accelerates the diffusion of dye molecules inside the fibre. Also, it
was known that raising dyeing temp. increase the kinetic energy of
dye molecules which excited and migrated towards the fabrics to
achieve more penetration more absorption and finally more colour
strengths.
10
From the previous results, it seems that dye exists in solution as
an aggregate of various sizes. As small aggregates are removed from
solution by the fiber, the larger aggregates break down to maintain an
overall dynamic equilibrium of dye aggregates. When the solution
temperature increases, the thermal energy coming from outsides
impedes aggregation, and therefore, the increases in the amount of the
non aggregated dye particles in the solution. Hence, the effect of
temperature, and consequently, increase in the kinetic energy of the
molecules tends to break up large aggregates into smaller units. The
increase of dye diffusion coefficients at higher temperatures is first of
all caused by the greater kinetic energy acquired by the dye molecules
and by the increase in the frequency and amplitude of thermal
oscillations in the separate sections of the substance macromolecule
chain, which provokes an increase in the number of the pores in the
fiber structure and in their diameter. Thus, the small dye particles
penetrate into the fiber pores at high temperature; when the dye bath
cools, the pore of the fiber contracts, thus fastly retaining.(15)
Effect of Dyeing Time:
Dyeing of polyamide samples were carried out for (15, 30, 45,
60, and 90) min. under fixed dyeing conditions i.e. 60 % extract,
pH=3, and at boiling. Figure 4 illustrates the effect of dyeing time on
the K/S, from which it can be observed that by lasting time of dyeing
the K/S is increased for both Calendula and Casuarina. Optimum
dyeing time is found to be 60 min. for Calendula and 90 min. for
Casuarina.
The colouring matter of Casuarina need longer dyeing time than
of Calendula, which may be attributed to its greater molecular size as
previously suggested.
Post Mordanting:
Since the aim of the application of natural dyes for dyeing
polyamide fibres is to minimize the pollution of environment by using
eco-friendly materials therefore mordanting with some harmful and
carcinogenic metal salts such as copper sulphate will be of nonsense.
Therefore, our new trend is to use a mordant that extracted from
suitable plant, such as, Carob and also to use some safety mordants
such as, Alum, Magnesium chloride and Tannic acid. A detailed study
11
was carried out in order to determine and optimize the application
conditions of these mordants.
The extraction process of Carob plant was carried out in a
similar manner to that of extracting the colouring matters from plants.
The received extract were decolourized by treatment with active
charcoal.
This extract was subjected to chemical analysis to determine its
content of various metals and their concentrations (Table 1). The
presence of miscellaneous metals in the extract may play a great role
in determining the efficiency of metal complexing reaction with the
colouring matters inside the fibre. The received colour hue as well as
the degree of colour fastness properties will depend to great extent on
the kind and conc. of the metals. All these results were compared with
values resulted from using synthetic mordants.
The quantity of metals containing in the natural mordant may
be criticized bearing in mind the eco-friendly application but in
comparing with the more harmful synthetic mordants such as tin,
copper, chrome…etc., the natural mordant was preferred.
Effect of pH of Mordanting:
Nylon fabrics previously dyed with Calendula and Casuarina
dyes were mordanted at various levels of pH to determine their effect
on the K/S and the results are illustrated in Table 2, from which it may
be concluded that:
1. For Calendula, the optimum pH values at which
maximum dye fixation were attained, were found to be at
pH=(4) in case of using Carob, Alum and Magnesium
chloride and pH=(6) in case of Tannic acid. For
Casuarina, were found to be at pH=(7) in case of using
Carob, Alum, and Tannic acid and pH = (8) in case of
Magnesium chloride.
2. Referring to the dyeing properties of the two applied
natural dyes, it can be noticed that Calendula dye is very
sensitive to the variation of pH value of the dyebath.
Maximum absorption capacity was achieved at pH=3.
Increasing the pH value from 3 to 8 was accompanied
with noticeable decrease in the K/S. This behaviour may
give a good idea about the affinity of the dye toward
12
nylon fibres. It may be concluded that the dye of
Calendula has a lower affinity compared with that of
Casuarina. Therefore, during the mordanting process the
pH of the medium will affect the absorption/desorption
equilibrium between the fibre and the treatment bath. In
the case of dye of low affinity the amount of desorbed
dye, i.e. migration of dye from fibre to the bath, will
depend greatly on the pH. Mordanting at pH higher than
7 will accelerate the desorption of the dye as in the case
of Calendula. Therefore, the optimum pH value for
mordanting polyamide fibres dyed with Calendula will be
between pH (4-6) for all of mordants. For fibres dyed
with Casuarina the most suitable pH for mordanting
ranged between pH (7-8).
Effect of Mordanting Temperature:
Post mordanting of dyed nylon samples were carried out, using
a fixed amount of natural mordants, at different degrees of temp. and
the results of K/S are illustrated in table 3.
It may be concluded, from table 3, that the optimum temps. for
mordanting were found to be at R.Tº C using Carob, 60º C with Alum,
80º C with Magnesium chloride and 40º C with Tannic acid for
Calendula and in case of Casuarina dye at 100º C using Carob, 60º C
with Alum, 80º C with Magnesium chloride and 40º C with Tannic
acid.
It was observed that lower mordanting temp.s were the nearest
suitable temp.s to achieve highest values of K/S of nylon fibers dyed
with Calendula mordanted with all mordants except with Magnesium
chloride. 80º C was the optimum which may be refer to the increment
of rate of metal complex reaction [fiber-mordant-dye].
In case of Casuarina, high temp.s of mordanting were preferred
except with Tannic acid, 40º C was the optimum one.
These results are in good agreement with the conclusion about
the affinity of the used natural dyes toward nylon fibre and its relation
to the adsorption / desorption mechanism.
Effect of Mordanting Times:
The rate of mordanting reaction may depend on some various
factors:
1. The rate of absorption of the mordant by the
fiber.
13
2. The kind of the mordant itself.
3. The chemical structure of the colour species
and their rate of reaction with the mordant to
form the metal complex compounds.
For these reasons the duration of mordanting differs from one
mordant to another.
Therefore the mordanting time of eco-friendly mordants were
studied in order to determine their optimum time.
The dyed polyamide samples were after treated for different
durations using fixed amount of mordants and the mordanting process
was carried out at optimum pH values for Calendula and Casuarina.
Table 4 indicates the results of K/S as a function of mordating
duration.
It may be concluded, from table 4, that the optimum
mordanting time with Alum and Tannic acid mordants reaches about
15 min. and 60 min. respectively for both Calendula and Casuarina
dyes. The most suitable time for mordanting with Carob reaches 15
min. for Calendula and about 90 min. for Casuarina whereas reaches
45 min with Magnesium chloride for Calendula and 90 min. for
Casuarina.
Colour Fastness Properties:
Nylon fabrics dyed with Calendula and Casuarina natural dyes
and mordanted with the different mordants were subjected to fastness
tests to washing, perspiration, rubbing and light.
The results of these tests are tabulated in table 5 from which it
may be concluded that:
1. Light fastness:
Using the grey scale assesses it is evident that the fastness of
nylon fabric dyed with Casuarina is higher than that of Calendula.
It is obvious from the table that the mordanting process either by
metal salts or by natural mordant does not affect the light fastness
since it reaches (2-3) and (3-4) for Calendula and Casuarina
respectively.
14
2. Wash Fastness:
Unmordanted nylon fabric exhibits very good to excellent (4-5)
for Calendula dye whereas it exhibits fair (3) in case of Casuarina dye.
Synthetic mordants are found to increase the wash fastness in case
of Casuarina since it reaches (4-5) grade with Alum and (3-4) grade
with Magnesium chloride, Tannic acid and Carob mordants.
3. Perspiration fastness:
The fastness to acid perspiration (alt.) exhibits fair to good (3-4)
for unmordanted nylon fabric in case of Casuarina and from good to
excellent in case of Calendula dyes.
For Casuarina the fastness rating is increased as a result of
mordanting since it reaches (4-5) with synthetic and natural mordants.
The fastness properties to alkaline perspiration are found to
improve the alteration especially in case of Casuarina by mordanting
with (Alum). The rating increased from (3) for the unmordanted dyed
fabric to (4-5) and (3-4) with (Alum) and (Magnesium chloride,
Tannic acid and carob) respectively.
4. Rubbing Fastness:
For Calendula no appreciable alteration was observed as a result
of mordanting either with natural mordant or with metal salts. For
Casuarina appreciable variation in both wet and dry rubbing fastness
was observed in case of using Carob as a natural mordant. The wet
rubbing is increased from (2-3) for the unmordanted dyed fabric to (3-
4) and in dry rubbing increased from (3-4) to (4).
Generally, in many cases; the fastness properties of dyed and
mordanted nylon fabrics were considered better than unmordanted
ones.
From that it can be expected using Calendula and Casuarina as
an eco-friendly alternative dyes for nylon fabrics instead of synthetic
dyes to minimize the disadvantages of using synthetic fabrics but
there were many obstructions such as expensive cost of natural dyes,
difficulty extraction process and the reproducibility problems of the
colour shades …. So, natural dyes with their limited colour shades and
rather poor fastness properties can use temporary as a hobby or as a
handicrafts.
15
Conclusion
1-Nylon fabric was successfully dyed with natural dyes, namely:
Calendula and Casuarina, and the dyeing conditions were optimized.
2-The behaviour of natural dyes during the dyeing of nylon fabric was
found to similar to that of acid dyes.
3-The rate of dyeing was found to increase as the temp. Increase till
reached its maximum at boiling for the two applied natural dyes.
4-Temp. break down the aggregate of dyes and increases their
solubility as well as opening up the fibre structure and thus accelerates
the diffusion of dye molecules inside the fibre.
5-The pH of dyeing was found to play a great role since maximum
colour strength was achieved at strong acidic medium which may be
attributed to the high electrostatic attraction between positively
charged basic groups in the nylon fibre and the dye anions.
6-Eco-friendly natural mordant that extracted from Carob was used
beside the safety metal salts since satisfactory fastness properties were
realized.
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17
Dyeing of Nylon 6 Fibers with Natural Dyes
Dyebath pH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
K/S
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Calendula
Casuarina
Fig 1 : Action of Dyebath pH on the Dyeability of Polyamide Fabrics towards Natural Dyes
temp. 100 oC, time 60 min. L.R. 1:100
18
NaCl Concn. (g/l)
0 1 2
K/S
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14 Calendula
Casuarina
Fig. 2 : Influence of Sodium Chloride on the Colour Strength of the Dyed Polyamide Fabrics.
temp. 100 oC, pH=3, time 60 min. L.R. 1:100
19
Dyeing Temp. (oC)
0 20 40 60 80 100
K/S
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Calendula
Casuarina
Fig. 3: Influence of Dyeing Temp. on the Colour Strength of the Dyed Polyamide Fabrics. pH=3, time 60 min. L.R. 1:100
20
Dyeing Time (min.)
0 20 40 60 80 100
K/S
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Calendula
Casuarina
Fig.4 : Effect of Dyeing Time on the Colour Strength of the Dyed Polyamide Fabrics.
temp. 100 oC, pH=3, L.R. 1:100
21
Mordanting of Nylon 6 Fibers
Table 1: Different Metals and their Conc. in the Aqueous Extract of
Carob Plant
Plants
Metal Exist in the Extract
(ppm)
Cr Zn Ni Fe Co Mg Cu Sn Al Ca
Carob 0.025 0.822 2.042 0.024 0.006 106.5 0.139 0.449 __
220.1
Table 2: Effect of pH of Mordanting on K/S of Nylon Fibre Dyed
with Natural Dyes
pH of
Mordanting
K/S of dyed Nylon
Calendula Casuarina
Carob Alum MgCl Tannic
acid Carob Alum MgCl
Tannic acid
4 15.97 14.60 13.87 12.50 9.12 9.38 9.76 10.37
5 15.23 9.18 11.37 12.80 9.41 9.41 11.11 10.40
6 14.69 2.87 7.03 13.80 10.02 10.55 11.16 10.50
7 12.03 2.50 6.60 10.60 11.23 11.03 11.86 10.80
8 11.67 1.66 5.67 9.01 10.44 9.96 12.61 6.52
22
Table 3: Effect of Mordanting Temp. on K/S of Nylon Fibre Dyed
with Natural Dyes
Temp.(ºC) of
Mordanting
K/S of dyed Nylon
Calendula Casuarina
Carob Alum MgCl Tannic
acid Carob Alum MgCl
Tannic acid
25 16.98 14.07 13.87 14.50 10.50 7.25 10.66 11.86
40 15.73 14.13 14.65 14.80 10.73 7.29 10.72 13.88
60 15.41 14.42 14.85 13.56 11.04 8.27 12.32 13.54
80 12.93 14.33 15.96 13.50 11.12 7.75 12.89 11.88
100 11.67 14.27 15.00 13.40 11.46 7.38 12.57 10.96
Table 4: Effect of Mordanting Time on K/S of Nylon Fibre Dyed with
Natural Dyes
Time (min.) of
Mordanting
K/S of dyed Nylon
Calendula Casuarina
Carob Alum MgCl Tannic
acid Carob Alum MgCl
Tannic acid
15 14.39 16.50 13.42 13.26 10.90 8.06 11.96 10.54
30 11.94 15.50 14.72 13.35 10.94 8.00 12.35 10.60
45 11.79 15.12 15.07 13.42 11.15 7.55 12.48 11.50
60 11.70 14.27 14.01 13.84 11.20 7.40 12.60 10.90
90 11.45 11.58 13.84 12.18 11.23 7.27 12.64 10.44
23
Table 5: Colour Fastness of the Dyed Nylon Fabrics
Pla
nt
Mordant
Wash Perspiration
Rubbing Light/5 Acid Alkali
Staining Alt.
Staining Alt.
Staining Alt. Wet Dry
Ny. W. Ny. W. Ny. W.
Cale
nd
ula
Without 5 4-5 4-5 4 4 4-5 4-5 4 4-5 4 4 2-3 Alum 5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 4 4 4 2-3
MgCl2 5 4-5 4 4-5 4 4 4-5 4-5 4 4 4 2-3
Tannic Acid 5 4-5 4 4-5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3
Carob 5 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4 4 3-4 4 4 4 2-3
Casu
ari
na Without 5 4-5 3 4 4 3-4 5 4-5 3 2-3 3-4 3-4
Alum 5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 5 3-4 4-5 3 4 3-4 MgCl2 5 4-5 3-4 4 4-5 4-5 5 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4
Tannic Acid 5 4-5 3-4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 3-4 2 4 3 Carob 5 4-5 3-4 4-5 4-5 4 5 4-5 3-4 2-3 2-3 3-4
Ny. = Nylon W. = Wool Alt. = Alteration
Recommended