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Drink driving in China: Results from research in two cities
中国俩城市酒后驾驶的研究结果George Keqin Jia 贾克勤
Dr. Mark King 马可• 金博士 Dr. Judy Fleiter 朱迪• 福雷特博士 Emeritus Prof. Mary Sheehan 名誉教授玛丽• 希恩Prof. Wenjun Ma ( China ) 马文军教授 (中国)Dr. Jing Lei ( China )雷静主任(中国)Dr. Jianzhen Zhang 张建珍博士
TRB January 2015
Acknowledgements
• CARRS-Q, QUT. – CARRS-Q’s Vision is for a safer world in which injury-related harm is uncommon
and unacceptable.– CARRS-Q’s Mission is to make an international impact on transport,
occupational and community safety by conducting high-quality research, education and advocacy.
• All the participants for the project• Partner organizations
– Guangdong Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
– Yinchuan City CDC• Funding supporting
– Australian Postgraduate Award– 2012 Prime Minster’s Australia Asia Endeavour Awards
Overview
• Road safety situation in China • Drinking and driving in China• Study design, methods and results• Conclusions and Recommendations
China Road Crash Situation
• China: – had 2-3% of all vehicles in the world in 2010– but accounted for 20% of global traffic deaths
in the same year (Sun, Ban, & Bai, 2013)
• Drink driving a key factor• Two legal blood alcohol concentration limits
– Drink driving = 20mg-80mg/100 ml– Drunk driving = >80mg/100ml
• Drunk driving criminal offence 1 May 2011
Alcohol-related crashes 2012Year of study
• 5,254 crashes• 2,228 fatalities• 5,291 injuries• Direct economic loss 33 million RMB
(USD=5.3million)
Alcohol use in China• Long History 7,000 year
ago• Strong drinking culture• Socially acceptable• 100,000 alcohol
manufacturers
in 1996 • Alcohol consumption: No. 1
Around the world• Illegal to sell alcohol to
people under 18 years old, fine RMB 2000 Yuan ( US Dollars 325)
• No minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) law in China
• No concept of standard drink
Guangzhou: the capital of Guangdong province, southern China. The third largest city in China,
• Yinchuan ; the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, northwest China,
Two Study sites
Two cities Introduction
Guangzhou Yinchuan
The number of Traffic police officers
2000 337
Population (million) 12.78 1.65
Number of Vehicles 2,145 million 410,000
Registered Drivers N/A (Guangdong
Province > 20 million)
390,000
Traffic crashes 2,664 1,259Traffic fatalities 930 204Directly economic loss 9,103,475 RMB
(1,471,600 USD)
3, 575,656 RMB
(578,100 USD)Drunk driving cases 1644 396
(Source: two local PSP and the Traffic Management Bure, PSB of China 2012)
Main research questions
1. Current levels of drivers’ knowledge and practices associated with drink driving?
2. Alcohol-related problems among drunk driving offenders and general drivers?
3. What influences offenders’ drink driving behaviour?
4. Drivers’ experience of traffic police officers conducting Breath Alcohol Tests (BAT) and enforcement practices?
5. Police officers’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding drink driving, and importance of their enforcement practices?
Outline of the Research
Survey General Drivers (G)
Survey Drunk drivers (D)
Interview Traffic Police officers (P1)
Study1 Study2 Study3
Survey Traffic Police officers (P2)
Convicted Drunk Drivers
Knowledge, and Practices +AUDIT
+AUDIT
Opinions on Drink Driving
Opinions and Experience on Alcohol Breath
Testing
Summary and Conclusion Regarding Drink Driving for two cities (P1 + P2 + G + D)
Case study in Guangzhou Case study in Yinchuan
Each case study includes three studies
Conclusion and Recommendations for China
Participants
Yinchuan Guangzhou
Police interviewee
10 6
Police survey 50 55
General drivers survey
406 406
Drunk driving offenders survey
101 106
Study 1
Survey General Drivers (G)
Survey Drunk drivers (D)
Interview Traffic Police officers (P1)
Study1 Study2 Study3
Survey Traffic Police officers (P2)
Convicted Drunk Drivers
Knowledge, and Practices +AUDIT
+AUDIT
Opinions on Drink Driving
Opinions and Experience on Alcohol Breath
Testing
Summary and Conclusion Regarding Drink Driving for two cities (P1 + P2 + G + D)
Case study in Guangzhou Case study in Yinchuan
Each case study includes three studies
Conclusion and Recommendations for China
Reasons for Drink Driving Reported by Traffic Police (from survey)
Reasons GuangZhou (n=55)
Yinchuan(n=50)
1. People think they are lucky (including that they won’t get caught)
32 26
2. Strong social drinking culture in China 16 4
3. Insufficient public awareness about the harmfulness of drink driving
14 3
4. Lack of awareness of law 7 65. Penalties not severe enough 3 106. Sensation Seeking 3 07. Lack of trust in car parking places, don’t want to leave car parked outside. Close to their living place.
2 1
Reasons for Drink Driving - from police interviews
Guangzhou Yinchuan
1 Being lucky and prepared to take the chance of not being apprehended by police;
Same as Guangzhou’s
2 The strong traditional Chinese drinking culture;
Penalties not severe enough
3 Insufficient public awareness about the harmfulness of alcohol-related driving
Lack of awareness of law
Police Survey Results Who drinks and drives?
Occupation Guangzhou (n=55)
Yinchuan (n=50)
Hospitality industry workers
21 9
Production, transportation and manual workers
16 21
Professional, technical workers
15 16
Commercial workers 10 16
Police Interviews Results Who drinks and drives?
• private enterprise owner• individual business owners• less likely to be public servants and public
institute staff.
Knowledge of Amended Law & Legal BAC
Question Answer Guangzhou (n=55)
Yinchuan(n=50)
Where did you first learn of amended law?
TV Police trainingFlyers, book, documents NewspapersInternetRelative, friends and others.
19109863
192071012
Knowledge of Current BAC level?
Drink driving level Drunk driving level
1548
3534
Severe penalties for drunk driving is an effective means to reduce the number of traffic crashes.
Agree DisagreeNeutral
5031
4541
Breath Alcohol Testing (BAT)
Guangzhou (n=55)
Yinchuan(n=50)
BAT - effective in reducing the number of people killed - severe penalties (criminal offence) for drunk driving descried as effective means to reduce crashes
50
50
47
45
Police resources - insufficient equipment - insufficient traffic police officers
1921
3336
Problems associated with BAT
• Strategies used to avoid detection
- Change driving route
- Intentionally perform breath testing incorrectly
- Argue with police
- Violence towards police
- Drive through checkpoints, injure police
- Use others to drive past checkpoint
- Use Guangxi to avoid drunk driving penalties
Study 2 and Study 3
Survey General Drivers (G)
Survey Drunk drivers (D)
Interview Traffic Police officers (P1)
Study1 Study2 Study3
Survey Traffic Police officers (P2)
Convicted Drunk Drivers
Knowledge, and Practices +AUDIT
+AUDIT
Opinions on Drink Driving
Opinions and Experience on Alcohol Breath
Testing
Summary and Conclusion Regarding Drink Driving for two cities (P1 + P2 + G + D)
Case study in Guangzhou Case study in Yinchuan
Each case study includes three studies
Conclusion and Recommendations for China
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
1. How often do you have a drink containing alcohol?
2. How many drinks containing alcohol do you have one typical day when you are drinking?
3. How often do you have six or more drinks on one occasion?
4. How often during the last year have you found that you were not able to stop drinking once you had started?
5. How often during the last year have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of drinking?
6. How often during the last year have you needed a first drink in the morning to get yourself going after a heavy drinking session?
7. How often during the last year have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking?
8. How often during the last year have you been unable to remember what happened the night before because of your drinking?
9. Have you or someone else been injured because of your drinking?
10. Has a relative, friend, doctor, or other health care worker been concerned about your drinking or suggested you cut down?
General drivers’ socio-demographic characteristics
Key MeasuresYinchuan Guangzhou
No % No %
Gender MaleFemale
278126
68.331
270136
66.533.5
Age In years (Mean; SD) 37.8; 9.8 19-71(range) 35.7; 9.1 18-70 (range)
Occupations Professional, technical workers
Civil servants General white collar workers
Commercial workersHospitality industry workersAgriculture, forest, fishery
Manual workersStudents, unemployed
Others
118404136682
5114
29.19.9
10.18.9
16.70.5
12.63.4
140324757483
399
34.57.911.614
11.80.79.62.2
Marital status MarriedSingle
Divorced and widowed
3295818
8114.34.4
3088512
75.920.93.0
Education levels
Primary schoolMiddle school
High school and middle college
Bachelor degree and higher
360150193
0.714.836.947.5
1626116246
3.96.4
28.660.6
Yinchuan and Guangzhou offenders’ socio-demographic characteristics
Key MeasuresYinchuan Guangzhou
No % No %
Gender MaleFemale
1004
94.33.8
9110
90.19.9
Age (in years) 31.7 (average) 18-57 (range) 33.6(average) 17-59 (range)
Occupations Professional, technical workers
Civil servants General white collar workers
Commercial workersHospitality industry workersAgriculture, forest, fishery
Manual workersStudents, unemployed
Others
1741
1790
225
27
163.90.9168.50
20.84.7
25.5
1554
10212
167
17
14.954
9.920.8
215.86.9
16.8
Marital status MarriedSingle
Divorced and widowed
59386
55.735.85.7
64298
63.428.77.9
Education levels
Primary schoolMiddle school
High school and middle college
Bachelor degree and higher
9413519
8.538.733
17.9
11223533
10.921.834.732.7
Driver knowledge about BAC levels and amended law about drunk driving
Yinchuan% with correct
answers
Guangzhou% with correct
answers
General drivers-Drink driving BAC-Drunk driving BAC-Aware of penalty change
34%29%93%
19%19%84%
Drunk driving offenders-Drink driving BAC-Drunk driving BAC-Aware of penalty change
16%19%79%
28%41%84%
Drink driving behaviour (General drivers)
Key MeasuresYinchuan Guangzhou
% %
Have you ever been drinking over the legal limit and driven these vehicles?
CarRidden a motorbike
Driven another vehicleRidden a bicycle
10.88.95.9
28.8
14.811.37.4
22.2
In the last 12 months, driven a car, motorbike or other motor vehicle on a public road while over the legal BAC at least once
14.1 13.4
In the last twelve months, how many times have you been stopped by police conducting breath alcohol testing?
Never1 time
2 times3 and more
76.49.15.97.6
62.613.16.78.1
Had you been in detention (jailed) for drunk driving? 0.5 1.5
Had your licence been ____due to drink driving?ConfiscatedSuspended
DisqualifiedNone of these
1.50.20.293
0.70.71.7
95.3
Drink driving behaviour (Drunk driving offenders)
Key MeasuresYinchuan Guangzhou
% %
Have you ever been drinking over the legal limit and driven these vehicles?
CarRidden a motorbike
Driven another vehicleRidden a bicycle
46271023
42481435
In the last 12 months, driven a car, motorbike or other motor vehicle on a public road while over the legal BAC at least once 43 39
In the last twelve months, how many times have you been stopped by police conducting breath alcohol testing?
1 time2 times
3 and more
71.714.213.2
72.318.88.9
Had you been in detention (jailed) previously for drunk driving? 10.4 21.8
Had your licence been ____due to drink driving? ConfiscatedSuspended
DisqualifiedNone of these
331876
15141159
General Drivers AUDIT Scores
UDIT Scores for drunk driving offenders in both kl;
Key MeasuresYinchuan
**Guangzhou
*
Severity of alcohol drinking problem
AUDIT cut-off scores
% %
N/A _ 35.2 37.9
Low < 8 33.5 38.9
Medium 8 - 27.8 18.2
High Level 16 - 3.2 3.9
Need further diagnostic evaluation for alcohol
dependence.
20 - 0.2 1.0
* Jia et al, “Knowledge and behaviours of drunk driving offenders in Guangzhou, China” will be published by the International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research forthcoming. ** Jia et al Manuscript under preparation “General Motor Vehicle Drivers’ Knowledge and Practices on Drink Driving in Yinchuan and Guangzhou, China”
Drunk driving offenders AUDIT Scores
Key MeasuresYinchu
anGuangz
hou
Alcohol drinking problem severity
AUDIT scores % %
N/A _ 8.5 9.9
Low < 8 20.8 34.7
Medium 8 - 52.8 44.6
High Level 16 - 14.2 6.9
Need further diagnostic evaluation for alcohol dependence.
20 - 3.8 4.0
*Jia et al, “Knowledge and behaviours of drunk driving offenders in Guangzhou, China” will be published by the International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research forthcoming**Manuscript under preparation “General Motor Vehicle Drivers’ Knowledge and Practices on Drink Driving in Yinchuan and Guangzhou, China”
Recidivist offenders AUDIT scores
Yinchuan Guangzhou 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
First offenders AUDIT scores
Recidivist offenders AUDIT scores
AU
DIT
Sco
re
Conclusions
• “China has entered the automobile era; however, the civilization of driving behaviour has not come” (Zhang, 2010).
• Very poor knowledge of BACs • Drink culture still affect people’s drink driving behaviours• Alcohol drinking problems among two groups, especially
in drunk driving offenders and recidivists • Traffic police conducting BATs frequency • Insufficient traffic police resources: staffing levels and
equipment
Recommendations
• Increase public awareness about the harmfulness of alcohol-related driving
• Improve legislation– National Minimum Drinking Age– Alcohol sell, purchase and consumption – Concept of standard drink
• Enhance legal enforcement• Improve Police resources• Consider Alcohol ignition interlocks and rehabilitation
programs
Research strengths, limitations and future directions
• Strengths: a cross-sectional study, three groups, comprehensive study, AUDIT tool
• Limitations: Convenience samples, sample sizes• Future directions:
– larger random samples – attitudes to drink driving and perceptions of deterrence need
further study– follow up first offenders, recidivists – driving school teaching and training
Treasure life; Don’t drink and drive; Prevention is better than cure! Thanks !
珍惜生命,绝不酒驾,预防为主!谢谢!k.jia@qut.edu.au
CRICOS No. 00213J
Mark your Diaries!2015 Australasian Road Safety Conference
14-16 October 2015Gold Coast, Australia
Mark your Diaries!Sixth International Conference on
Traffic & Transport Psychology2-5 August 2016
Brisbane, Australiahttp://icttp2016.com/
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