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Drag Reduction Characteristics of Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose

Paul Krochak, Richard Holm, Daniel SöderbergInnventia AB

paul.krochak@innventia.com

PaperCon 2011 Page 677

Summary

• Drag reduction characteristics of micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) are evaluated in a fully developed turbulent pipe floware evaluated in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow.

• The effect of MFC concentration on percent drag reduction is ffevaluated in two different pipes with inside diameters 45mm and

57mm.

• A maximum drag reduction of 9% was observed at a concentration of 0.15% in both pipes.

• Drag reduction was found to generally be greater in the 45mm pipe.

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Nanocellulose gel

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Elementary fibril aggregates in woodElementary fibril aggregates in wood--fibresfibres

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Why is it interesting?

Cellulose crystallite

E140 GPa

Source: Hongu, T and Phillips, G.O. (1997). New Fibres, Woodhead(1997). New Fibres, Woodhead publishing

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Different types of nanocellulose

Nanocellulose Nanocellulose Nanocellulose NanocelluloseNanocellulose gen. 1

2 w-%

Nanocellulose gen. 2

0.5 w-%

Nanocellulose gen. 2

2 w-%

Nanocellulose gen. 2

7 w-%

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CryoCryo--TEM Image of MFC generation 2TEM Image of MFC generation 2

2010-07-05

7Mikael Ankerfors, Innventia AB

Source: Wågberg, L., Decher, G., Norgren, M., Lindström, T., Ankerfors, M. Axnäs, K.. The Build-Up of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers of Microfibrillated Cellulose and Cationic Polyelectrolytes. Langmuir 2008, 24, 784-795.

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Nanocellulose applications

Paper and board • Dry strength agent for paper and

Other applications• Food applicationsDry strength agent for paper and

board• Surface strength agent to prevent

linting

Food applications• Cosmetics• Medical/pharmaceutical applications• Hygiene/absorbent products• Coating formulations

• Nanobarriers

• Hygiene/absorbent products• Emulsion/dispersion applications

New materials• Nanofilms• Nanocomposites• Nanostructured foams for packaging

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Transparent film of nanocellulose

Aulin et al Cellulose 2010 17 559-574 Fukuzumi et al Biomacromolecules 2009 10Aulin et al., Cellulose, 2010, 17, 559 574. Fukuzumi et al., Biomacromolecules, 2009, 10, 162–165. Syverud et al., Cellulose, 2010 16, 75-78.

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Nanocellulose aerogels

Aulin et al., Cellulose, 2010, 17, 559-574.

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Nanocellulose coatings on board

Oxygen permeability:

Reference 1 g/m2 MFC 1.8 g/m2 MFC

Oxygen permeability:0.0006 cm3m/m2,day,kPa

g g

Aulin et al., Cellulose, 2010, 17, 559-574.

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Potential uses in packaging

• Bio nanocomposites in screw• Bio-nanocomposites in screw cap

• Nanobarrier inside the bottle

• Dry strength agent in board

• Rheology modifier in the foodRheology modifier in the food product

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Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) generation 0generation 0

Energy consumption = 30000 kWh/tonne

MFC

Homogenisation

PulpPulp Source: Turbak, A.F., Snyder, F.W. and Sandberg, K.R. (1983). J. Appl. Pol. Sci.: Appl. Pol. Symp. 37: 815-827.Source: Lindström, T. and Winter, L. (1988). Mikrofibrillär

cellulosa som komponent vid papperstillverkning. STFI-cellulosa som komponent vid papperstillverkning. STFImeddelande C159 (internal STFI-report)

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Solution – Pre-treatments

MFC

Energy consumption = 500 kWh/tonne

MFC

Homogenisation

Mechanical & Enzyme

treatment

Pulp

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Laboratory nanofacilityHomogenisation in Z-shaped chamber

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Nanocellulose pilot plant

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Need

• In light of these developments with MFC is available, there is a strong interest in characterization:strong interest in characterization:- Rheological- Large scale flow characteristics (at lower concentrations)- Drag reduction potential.- Morphological

• A lack of knowledge regarding the optimal design of processing systems.

• Interactions with other solids phases, e.g. papermaking materials such as fibres, retention aids, filler.

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Discussion of rheology for suspensions

• Use information about MFC in the laminar region gives estimation for transition behaviour to turbulent flow region

• Reference to water gives the form of drag reduction • Of greatest interest: a positive drag reduction, observed in fiber

flowsflows

0.3

0.35

0.4

[m/m

]

Turbulent FlowD = 100mm

0 1

0.15

0.2

0.25

raul

ic G

radi

ent [

Water

Laminar Flow

0.00 0.5 1 1.5 32.520

0.05

0.1

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Flow Rate Q [m^3/s]

Hyd

r

Velocity [m/s]

Flow Rate Q [m^3/s]

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General : shear rheology

• A shear deformation and determination of the fluid respons

F (N)

time=1 time=2

Shear stress

time=0

F (N)

t

(stress < yield)

t shear rate (1/s)

viscosity=shear stress

shear rate

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Approach: Experimental trials in a flow loop

Standard transducers:pressue and flow rate

Advanced methods :Ult S i V l i tUltraSonicVelocimeter, Conductiviety probe

Temperature control

Base pipe diameter 75mm, Test setion 20-90mm pipe size

Centrifugal pump (4.2kW) Variable Speed Drive

p pTank volume 1000 liter

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Characterization, shear flow condition

• Pressure drop, ΔP, measured across pipe length with differential pressure transducerpressure transducer.

• Shear Stress: w L

Pd4

• Strain rate:

pw L4

dV8

• Fanning friction factor:2

21 V

f W

• Drag Reduction:%100%

0

0

2

2

H

suspensionH

PPP

DR

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Trials Parameters

• Pipe length, L = 2.55m

• MFC, generation 1, 0.02% - 0.2% volume (and mass) fraction.

• Flow rate: 300 l/min – 1000 l/min.

• Pipe diameters: 45mm, 57mm

• Reynolds number (water based): O(105)Reynolds number (water based): O(10 )

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Stress-Strain – Turbulent Rheology

57 mm Pipe Diamter45 mm Pipe Diamter

10-1

H2O

0.15%0.1%0.02%10-1

H2O

0.20%0.15%0.1%

w w

0.1%0.02%

10-210-2

103

[1/s]103

[1/s]

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Friction factor – Reynolds number dependence

57 mm Pipe Diameter45 mm Pipe Diameter

10-5.3

H2O

0.15%0.1%0.02%

10-5.3 H2O

0.20%0.15%0.1%( )

5 5

10-5.4

f

5 5

10-5.4

f

0.02%( )( )

( )( )

10-5.6

10-5.5

10-5.6

10-5.5

10510

Re105

10

Re

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Drag Reduction

1557 mm Pipe Diameter

0 15%15

45 mm Pipe Diameter

0 20%

5

10

uctio

n

0.15%0.1%0.02%10

ctio

n

0.20%0.15%0.1%0.02%

( )

0

5

% D

rag

Red

u

0

5

% D

rag

Red

uc ( )( )

( )

( )

( )

200 400 600 800 1000-10

-5

% -10

-5

%

( )

200 400 600 800 1000Flow Rate [l/min]

200 400 600 800 100010

Flow Rate [l/min]

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Summary

• Drag reduction characteristics of micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) were evaluated in a fully developed turbulent pipe flowwere evaluated in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow.

• The MFC suspensions exhibit the same turbulent rheology as water.

• A maximum drag reduction of 9% was observed at aA maximum drag reduction of 9% was observed at a concentration of 0.15% in both pipes.

• D d ti i f d t i t t ti f 15%• Drag reduction is found to increase up to concentration of .15%, after which is found to decrease.

• Drag reduction was generally greater in the 45mm pipe.

PaperCon 2011 Page 702

Thank you

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