Dr. Sadaf Sajjad. Technology is comprised of the products and processes created by engineers that...

TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY AND

BUSINESSDr. Sadaf Sajjad

WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?

Technology is comprised of the products and processes created by engineers that meet our needs and wants.

TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIALINTERACTIONS Technology is closely related to social

interaction. Every breakthrough in technology leads to a change in social interaction. It is difficult to imagine what else can be invented, but we can be sure that in 10 years people will interact in many different ways using technology not invented yet. Social interaction Technology changes improvement

Technology Instant communication (such as internet, mobile phone) on has allowed closer contact between people. Intercultural and International relations.

PROS.At business field, internet (skype for example) has enabled internationalization, updated the available information, relations worldwide, expansion…At social field, it allows an ‘easy way of life’ Shopping from home (more time for work and family). Keep in touch with friends. Easy relationships. Relations between individuals and businesses. Access information.

TECHNOLOGY VS. SCIENCETechnology

– Study of our human-made world

– Deals with“what can be”

Science– Study of our

natural world

– Deals with“what is”

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES

• Home

• School

• Workplace

New technology is causing

major changes in our

society at:

HOW DOES TECHNOLOGY ADDRESS HUMAN NEEDS AND WANTS?

Transportation

Technology

Medical

Manufacturing

&

Construction

Bio-Related andAgriculture

Nanotechnology

Information Communication

Energy and Power

Environmental

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Information Technology allows us to send signals around the world.

Examplesinternet, television, satellite, GPS, cell phones

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TECHNOLOGY AND E-BUSINESS

The strategic use of information technology is one of the defining aspects of organizational success in today’s world

Many companies in industries from manufacturing to entertainment use IT to

Get closer to customers Enter new markets Streamline business processes

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TECHNOLOGY AND E-BUSINESS

Management of information technology and e-business

Basic information technology & information systems frequently used in organizations

Fundamental strategies

Management implications

Recent information technology trends

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

The hardware, software, telecommunications, database management, and other technologies used to store, process, and distribute information

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DATA VERSUS INFORMATION

Data- Raw, non-summarized , and unanalyzed facts and figures

Information- Data that have been converted into a meaningful and useful context for the receiver

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INFORMATION AND MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE

Increasing Challenge for Managers1. Effectively identify needed information2. Access useful information

Magnitude of transforming data into useful information = introduction of chief information officer (CIO) position

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TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Operations Information Systems Transaction-processing systems Process control systems Office automation systems

Management Information Systems

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TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Management Information Systems Information-reporting systems Decision support systems Groupware Executive information systems

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BASIC ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Management Information Systems

Reporting Systems

Decision Support Systems

Executive Information Systems

Group Decision Support System

Corporate and External Databases

Source: Adapted from Ralph M. Stair and George W. Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems: A Managerial Approach, 4 th ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Course Technology, 1999), 391.

Operations Information Systems

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INTERNET AND E-BUSINESS

Internet = global collection of computer networks linked together

World Wide Web = (WWW) a collection of central servers for accessing information on the internet

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INTERNET AND E-BUSINESS

E-business = any business that takes place by digital processes over a computer network rather than in physical space

E-commerce = business exchanges that occur electronically

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INTERNET COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Intranet = an internal communications

system that uses the technology and standards of the Internet but is accessible only to people within the organization

Extranet = external communicati0ns system that uses the Internet and is shared by two or more organizations

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E-BUSINESS STRATEGIES

Strategy = Market Expansion● Internet division allows a company to

establish direct links to customers and expand into new markets

● Organization can provide access around the clock to a worldwide market and reach new customers

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E-BUSINESS STRATEGIES

In-House Internet Division

Spin-Off

Strategic Partnerships

Strategy = Productivity and Efficiency

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STRATEGIES FOR ENGAGING CLICKS WITH BRICKS

Competitive Business

Environment

E-Business Strategy

Market expansion and revenue growth

Increased productivity and cost efficiency

Benefits•Add new markets•Integrate bricks and clicks•Increase market size

•Immediate short-term effects•Measurable productivity impact•Driven by internal processes

Implementation

In-house division or partnership

In-house division or partnership

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E-MARKETPLACES Biggest boom in e-commerce is in

business-to-business (B2B) transactions$2.4 trillion and growing in 2004B2B marketplaces = intermediary sets up

an electronic marketplace where buyers and sellers meet, acting as a hub for B2B commerce – online portal

Ebay has become a B2B portal

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B2B MARKETPLACE MODEL

Online portal or “hub” for

B2B marketplace

Sellers

Buyers

Many sellers offer products and services through an intermediary to many buyers

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E-BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

ERP, integrate and optimize all the various business processes across the entire firm

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems

•Top ERP vendors today host the applications themselves and offer their products through Internet portals

•Customers access the applications with standard browsers

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CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT

Systems that help companies track

customers’ interactions with the firm

and allow employees to call up

information on past transactions

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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Process of systematically gathering

knowledge, making it widely available

throughout the organization, and

fostering a culture of learning

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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Three Keys Data warehousing Business intelligence Knowledge management portals

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MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Improved employee effectiveness

Information overload

Enhanced collaboration

Empowered employees

Increased efficiency

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IT TRENDS

Wireless Internet Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Blogs and Wikis Going International

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS TODAY

Information technology and e-business are changing the way people and organizations work

Customer, partners, and suppliers are brought into the information network

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGYCommunication Technology helps with

the giving or exchanging of information.

Examplesdigital cameras, magazines, DVDs,

video games

COMMUNICATION: THE ROLE OF ICT

In business, communication can be: between individuals between individuals and organisations within a business between a business and an external

organisation

COMMUNICATIONCommunication takes place within networks. These are some of the types of network:

chain circle wheel all-channel

COMMUNICATION A chain

network e.g formal contact

COMMUNICATION A circle network e.g.

between people at the same level

COMMUNICATION A wheel network

e.g. sales teams report to head office

COMMUNICATION An all-channel

network e.g. brainstorming

COMMUNICATIONCommunication in the business world is very different today compared to twenty years ago, because of:

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

EXAMPLES OF ICT USE Mobile telephones Video and tele-conferencing Lap-top computers E-mail Multi-media communications

COMMUNICATION FAILURE

No matter what medium of communication is used, it can fail if:

jargon is used inappropriately badly written messages are transmitted the message goes to the wrong receiver information overload takes place the communication channel breaks

down

COMMUNICATION FAILUREIn the UK until recently, firms wanting to move into e-commerce have been:

prevented due to slow connection speeds

affected by lack of broadband services

Go to the Activity for more on this.

BIO-RELATEDTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology transform living things into products or new forms of life.

Examplesmedicine, genetic engineering,

bionics

DNA Replication image from the Human Genome Project

AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGYAgricultural Technology produces plants and animals for food, fiber, and fuel.

Examplesfertilizer, irrigation, food preservation, weed and insect control

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

Medical Technology creates tools to treat disease and injury.

Examples X-rays, lasers, prostheses, ultrasound, medications

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGYEnvironmental Technology creates

tools to minimize the effect of technology on the development of living things.

Examples waste management & recycling, hybrid vehicles, conservation,

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGYProduction Technology is the manufacturing

of physical goods on an assembly line and the construction of structures on a job site.

Manufacturing Technology changes natural or synthetic materials into usable products.Examples: automobile factories, clothing factories, food factories

Manufacturing Technology

Construction Technology builds structures that support loads and protect us from the environment.Examples: residential construction (homes), bridge construction, road construction

Construction Technology

Materials Technology develops materials with outstanding combinations of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. Examples: BpA free plastic, asbestos insulation, Mosquito repellent clothing, artificial skin grafts for burn victims, composite decking

Materials Technology

TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY

Transportation Technology Provides a way for people, animals, products, and materials to be moved from one location to another.

ExamplesFlight – airplane, rocket, space shuttleLand – car, train, subway, automobile,

bicycleWater – oil tanker, cruise shipNon-vehicle – conveyor belts, pipelines

ENERGY AND POWER TECHNOLOGYEnergy and Power Technology develops

more efficient ways to use renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.

Examples: wind energy, hydroelectrical energy, solar energy, tidal power, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, oil (gasoline/diesel), coal, natural gas

NANOTECHNOLOGYNanotechnology is manipulating materials

on an atomic or molecular level.Examples

implanted sensors, Nanobots, molecular manufacturing

THANKYOU