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Distributed Wireless Sensor
Measurements
Mircea Stremtan
Technical Consultant&Sales Manager
National Instruments Romania
2
Wireless Is Everywhere
Environmental
Monitoring
Resource
Monitoring
Industrial
Measurements
3
The Benefits of Wireless Measurements
• Reduce installation costs and time
• Reduce maintenance costs
Reduce Costs
• Optimize measurement processes
• Access data almost anywhere and anytime
• Decrease downtime
Increase Efficiency
• Overcome power and infrastructure limitations
• Solve new and previously challenging applications
Monitor Anywhere
4
Motivation for Wireless Measurements
• Cost reduction WAS the driving
force behind industrial in the first
part of the decade
• Flexibility and agility are growing in
importance
• Moving forward, it will be about
both
2008 VDC research study: 2012 numbers are projections
5
Monitoring or Control?
• Wireless monitoring is often
layered in on top of, or alongside
existing wired monitoring solutions
– not replacing them
• Factory and plant managers are
approaching wireless networking
suppliers – not necessarily
automation experts – for advice
and counsel
• Control is added most often as a
2nd/ 3rd phase project
Worldwide Shipment Shares
of Industrial Wireless Products (Share of Shipments)
2008 VDC research study: 2012 numbers are projections
6
Reduced Installation Costs
• Eliminates need for laying wired
infrastructure
• Reduced material and labor costs
• Appealing to today’s market and
economy
“Using this information and based on the savings of $400,808 on the
initial capital investment of the PA replacement, we showed 58
additional points added to the wireless network at a savings of 80%
per point would provide additional savings of $192,400”
http://www.isa.org/InTechTemplate.cfm?Section=Article_Index1&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=73003
7
Application Areas
Energy Efficiency Smart grid, power monitoring
Environmental Monitoring CO2 emission, climate change
Structural Health Monitoring Bridge infrastructure, building monitoring
Industrial Measurements Machine monitoring, hazardous area measurements
8
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
Applications include:
• Environmental monitoring
• Structural monitoring
• Industrial machine monitoring
• Power quality and consumption
• Building and home automation
• Health care
• Asset monitoring
Defined as a wireless network that consists of spatially distributed
devices that use sensors to monitor physical or environmental
conditions
9
Wireless Sensor Network
10
Frequency Spectrum
11
Protocols & Comparison
Wi-Fi™ 802.11 Family
Bluetooth™ 802.15.1
Wireless USB ZigBee™ & 802.15.4
Applications Enterprise, networking
(internet)
PC peripherals,
cable replacement
PC peripherals, cable
replacement,
multimedia
Sensors, home/building
automation, toys
Range 50 m 10 – 100 m 3 – 10 m 50 – 100 m
Data Rate 54 Mbps (540Mbps) 750 kbps 110 – 480Mbps 250 kbps
Nodes per Network > 1,000 7 127 65,000
Battery Life Hours Days Hours/Days Years
Set-Up/Usability Better Good Better Good Best
Frequency 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 3 – 10 GHz 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz
Security Best Good Best/Good Better
12
Wireless HART, 802.11n and Zigbee are expected to capture material share
Industrial Wireless Market Protocols
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
IEEE 802.15.4
13
Wireless Standards
Data Rate (b/s)
Po
we
r C
on
sum
pti
on
, C
ost
, an
d C
om
ple
xity
100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M
ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi
WPAN
WLAN
Low (Battery)
High
Bluetooth
Cellular
Short
Medium
Long
Transmission Distance
14
IEEE 802.11
• IEEE 802.11defines:
2.4 GHz / 5 GHz radios
OFDM, CCK, MIMO
a/b/g/n data rates
• Application and Network adds:
Packetizing data (TCP)
Addressing (IP)
Data protocols (HTTP, FTP, etc)
Host Layers
Session Layer Inter-host communication
Presentation Layer Data representation and encryption
Application Layer Network process to application
Media Layers
Transport Layer End-to-end connections & reliability
IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi or Host App
Physical Layer Radio, RF properties/definitions
Data Link Layer Physical addressing
Network Layer Path determination & logical addressing
15
2.4 GHz Channels, IEEE 802.11
• IEEE 802.11
2400-2483.5 MHz
Up to 14 channels (1-14), 1-11 most common
Channel Width – 22 MHz
Channel Spacing – 5 MHz apart
16
IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee • Popular for WSN devices
• IEEE 802.15.4 defines:
868, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz radios Up to 250 kb/s Low-power communication
• ZigBee adds:
Device coordination Network topologies Interoperability with other wireless products
• NI-WSN
Sits on top Makes protocol proprietary Other ZigBee devices CANNOT join the
NIWSN network
Physical Layer 868 MHz/915 MHz/2.4 GHz
Medium-Access Control Layer
Network Layer Routing, Network Topologies, and Security
Application Layer
IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee
Application Framework User Profiles
ZigBee Device Objects Device coordination: gateway, router, or
end device
Application Support Data service and management
NI-WSN Sits on top – makes protocol proprietary
17
Reliable NI-WSN, Based on IEEE 802.15.4
• Channels 11-24
• Defines joining, re-joining, mesh routing
• Ensures data integrity
• Performs device authentication
• Manages node sleep times, acquisition intervals, and heartbeats
36 nodes
per gateway
1 gateway per
wireless channel
14 wireless
channels
4 analog channels
per node
2,016 analog channels
in a single environment! = X X X
18
2.4 GHz Channels, IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 2400-2483.5 MHz
Up to 16 channels (11-26) • NI-WSN supports 11-24
Channel Width – 2 MHz
Channel Spacing – 5 MHz apart
IEEE
802.15.4
Channel
Center Frequency (MHz)
19
Wi-Fi and NI-WSN Co-existence
20
Ways to Ensure Co-Existence
1. Set Wi-Fi Access Points and NI-WSN channels to avoid overlap
2. Create spatial distance between systems with same channel
ie, separate Wi-Fi APs on channel 1 by >30 m
ie, separate NI-WSN networks on channel 15 by >300m
21
Avoid Overlap: Example # 1
22
Avoid Overlap: Example # 2
IEEE
802.15.4
Channel
Center Frequency (MHz)
23
Wireless Sensor Network
• Open Discussion
24
Data Flow
25
Single Point Acquisition
26
Single Point Acquisition
27
NI-WSN Protocol: Acquisition Loops
Host Node Gateway
200 ms Sample Interval
(User Configurable)
Host VI Loop Rate
(User Configurable)
28
Waveform Acquisition (NEW!)
Msg Check
Data to GW
Waveform Interval (s)
Waveform Sample Rate (Hz)
29
Data Correlation and Node Timestamping
30
Node Timestamping
Gateway
Node
Msg
Check
Data
T
… …
… …
All nodes remain within 1 second of gateway
31
Wireless Sensor Network
32
Network Topologies
Star Mesh
Reliability
Latency
Cluster/Tree
Distance
Complexity
Gateway
Router Node
End Node
WSN and WiFi DAQ WSN and WiFi DAQ WSN Only!
33
NI WSN Topology 1: 8 WSN Nodes
X
G
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
X= Distance
Gateway and 8 End Nodes
N
G
R1
Gateway
Router
End Node
34
E R4
R3 R1
G
R2
N x 8
N x 8
NI WSN Topology Example: One Hop
N
G
R1
Gateway
Router
End Node
N x 8
N x 8
Gateway + 4 Routers + 32 End Nodes
35
NI WSN Topology 3: Two Hops
G R2 N x 7 R1
R3
R4
R7
R8 N x7
N x7
R5 R6 N x 7
N
G
R1
Gateway
Router
End Node
Gateway + 8 Routers + 28 End Nodes
36
NI-WSN Protocol: Joining
Power
On
Scan
Channel
Go to
next
channel
Connect
Request
Connection
Denied
Configure
Node
Connection
Confirmed
Sample
37
NI-WSN Protocol: Rejoining
Power
On
Scan
Channel
Connect
Request
Connection
Denied
Configure
Node
Connection
Confirmed
Sample
No Network
Found
38
CHOOSING A WIRELESS
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FROM NI
39
Choosing the Right Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.11
NI Wi-Fi DAQ
IEEE 802.15.4
NI WSN
Throughput Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s
40
Choosing the Right Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.11
NI Wi-Fi DAQ
IEEE 802.15.4
NI WSN
Throughput Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s
Range Up to 100 m Up to 300 m
41
Determining Range
• Wireless range – depends on YOUR environment Spec’d distances are “typical”
Vendors provide indoor and outdoor ranges
• Factors that impact range Indoor
• Building construction (i.e. metal vs. wood vs. glass)
• Office configurations (cubes vs. offices)
Outdoor (line of sight) • Lack of line of sight
• Trees or other objects
42
Choosing the Right Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.11
NI Wi-Fi DAQ
IEEE 802.15.4
NI WSN
Throughput Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s
Range Up to 100 m Up to 300 m
Topology Star, Tree Star, Tree, Mesh
43
Choosing the Right Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.11
NI Wi-Fi DAQ
IEEE 802.15.4
NI WSN
Throughput Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s
Range Up to 100 m Up to 300 m
Topology Star, Tree Star, Tree, Mesh
Power Line / Wall-Powered Up to 3 years battery power
44
Choosing the Right Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.11
NI Wi-Fi DAQ
IEEE 802.15.4
NI WSN
Throughput Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s
Range Up to 100 m Up to 300 m
Topology Star, Tree Star, Tree, Mesh
Power Line / Wall-Powered Up to 3 years battery power
Security WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) Gateway Authentication
(NO Encryption)
45
NI Wireless Sensor Network
46
Key Vocabulary
• Gateway
• Node, end node, router node, “mote”
• Mesh
• ZigBee
• LabVIEW WSN, “VI on the node”
Gateway
Router Node
End Node
47
Key NI-WSN Terminology
• Sample Interval
Time between measurements (in sample per minute or seconds)
User configurable – can be set programatically using LabVIEW WSN
• Heartbeat Interval ( = 61s)
Time between periodic handshake between Gateway and Nodes. User messages and
timebase are sent/received
Will occur even if sample interval is >61 seconds
• Sensor Power
Appx 12 volts (see datasheet/specifications for tolerance range)
Power sourced from NI voltage nodes (3202 and 3226) to drive external sensors
What Is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)?
What Is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)?
End Nodes Mesh Router
Mesh Router
50
Dissolved
Oxygen
WSN System Architecture Example
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
Battery
Microcontroller
Analog Circuit
Radio
WSN Gateway
WSN Measurement
Nodes Host Controller
Sensor Interface Voltage
Temperature
OR
51
WSN System Architecture: Software
Database
Servers
LabVIEW
Real-Time
LabVIEW for
Windows
WSN
Measurement
Nodes
Wireless Enabled
Smart Objects
Worldwide
Web
LabVIEW
WSN
Gateways
• NI-WSN: Network config, drag-and-drop programming
• LabVIEW Web Services
• LabVIEW DSC: Database and SCADA
• LabVIEW WSN: Node-level programming
52
NI 9792 WSN Architecture Example
53
NI Wi-Fi DAQ
(IEEE 802.11g)
NI WSN
(IEEE 802.15.4)
Battery Lifetime 1 to 2 days 2 to 3 years
Max. Bit Rate 54 Mbit/s 250 kbit/s
Range 100 m 300 m
Security IEEE 802.11i
(WPA2 Enterprise)
Gateway
Association
Choosing the Right Wireless
Measurement Platform
54
Simple. Secure. NI Wi-Fi Data Acquisition.
Simple: NI C Series modules with direct sensor connectivity and NI-DAQmx driver software
Secure: Highest commercially available data encryption and authentication (WPA2)
Wi-Fi: Streaming waveform measurements over 802.11g or Ethernet network infrastructure
55
Wireless and Ethernet
C Series Module Support
Measurement Module Signal # Chan Rate
Analog Input
NI WLS-9205 ±10 V analog input, 16 bits 32 250 kS/s
NI WLS-9206 600 VDC isolated, 16 bits 16 250 kS/s
NI WLS-9215 Simultaneous sampling, 16 bits 4 100 kS/s/ch
Thermocouple NI WLS-9211 Thermocouple, 24 bits 4 14 S/s
NI WLS-9213 Thermocouple, 24 bits 16 75 S/s/ch
Universal NI WLS-9219 Universal (11 modes) 4 100 S/s/ch
Sound/Vibration NI WLS-9234 IEPE (accelerometer), 24 bits 4 51.2 kS/s/ch
Bridge NI WLS-9237 Bridge completion, 24 bits 4 50 kS/s/ch
Digital I/O
NI WLS-9421 11 to 30 VDC sinking digital input 8 Software timed
NI WLS-9472 6 to 30 VDC sourcing digital output 8 Software timed
NI WLS-9481 60 VDC, 250 Vrms relay 4 Software timed
56
Low-Power. Reliable.
Wireless Sensor Networks.
• Low-Power
Up to 3-year lifetime with 4 AA batteries
• Reliable
NI WSN protocol and mesh routing
• Wireless Sensor Networks
Remote wireless measurements
57
NI WSN-9791 Wireless Sensor Network Ethernet Gateway
Features
• 2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.15.4 radio
• 10/100 Ethernet
• Connect up to 36 measurement nodes
• Outdoor range up to 300 m
• 9 to 30 VDC power input
Specifications
• 2U compact form factor
• Panel or DIN rail mounting
• Industrial ratings
• Operating temperature -30 to 70 ºC
• 50 grms shock 5 g vibration
• Status LEDs
58
NI WSN-3202 and NI WSN-3212 Wireless Sensor Network Measurement Nodes
2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 radio
• Outdoor range up to 300 m
• Up to 3-year battery life with 4 AA batteries
• Optional 9 to 30 VDC power input
• Configurable as a mesh router
• Four bidirectional digital I/O lines
• Industrial ratings • Operating temperature -40 to 70 ºC
• 50 grms shock 5 g vibration
Node Analog
Input
Digita
l I/O
Sample
Interval
(seconds)
Sample Rate
(samples/
minute)
Resolution
(bits)
Features
NI WSN-3202
Analog Input Node
4 4 1 60 16 Sensor power: 20 mA at 12 V
Input Ranges: ±10 V, ±5 V,
±2 V, ±0.5 V
NI WSN-3212
Thermocouple Input Node
4 4 2 30 24 Supports types J, K, R, S, T,
N, B, E
59
WSN-3214: Strain/Bridge Completion Node
• Perfect Solution for Wireless SHM
Bridges, Buildings, Tunnels, Dams, Equipment
Civil Engineers, Maintenance technicians,
Construction, Oil/Gas/Energy
• 4 Channels, Full/Half/Quarter bridge
Internal excitation
High speed, High resolution modes
• 2 DIO channels
NIST Research Project for NI Wireless Strain Joint venture: NI, UT Civil Engineering, and WJE Assoc.
Goal: develop and field-test wireless system to reduce the cost of inspecting and monitoring highway bridges
WFM data
60
WSN-3230 (RS-232) & WSN-3231 (RS-485)
• Wireless interface to serial sensors and
instruments
“Programmable Sensor/Instrument Control”
Adds support for thousands of devices
• Many different applications
Environmental monitoring
Control board interface
Solar inverter monitoring
• Programmable ONLY
Showcases key feature of WSN platform
Command /
Query
Respond /
Parse
To GW/Host
“Any
Sensor”
61
NI WSN Accessories and Starter Kit
• Outdoor Enclosure IP rating pending
I/O glands for wire feedthrough
External antenna
• NI WSN Starter Kit WSN-9791 Ethernet Gateway
2 programmable nodes
Sensors and power accessories
LabVIEW Evaluation Software
Getting Started Guide
NI WSN-3291
NI WSN Starter Kit
62
Energy Harvesting & NI WSN
64
Wireless Application Areas
Environmental
Monitoring
Resource
Monitoring Industrial
Measurements
Process
Monitoring
Air/
Climate
Water/
Soil Power
Monitoring
Solar
Monitoring
Wind Farm
Monitoring
Machine
Condition
Monitoring
Indoor
Monitoring Structural
Health
Monitoring
65
Biofuels from Algae
• Algae converts sunshine into chemical energy
• Why algae as a fuel source?
Does not rely on commercial crops
Can be grown on arid land or in the ocean
More efficient (water and land) than crop-based
biofuels
• NI WSN hardware used to monitor pH levels
and control the rate of feed
• LabVIEW WSN software performs data
analysis and local decision making “The newly released WSN product family combines many attractive features … wireless
networking, low power consumption, LabVIEW compatibility, and a flexible I/O portfolio.”
66
Ronald Reagan Hospital Parking Monitoring –
UCLA Campus Benefits
• Get people to open spaces
• Reduce traffic in parking garage
• Reduce campus traffic due to people searching for parking spots
Solution Components
• WSN hardware interface with IR sensors to monitor traffic flow
• Web service publishes parking
information to students, faculty,
and staff
67
Process Monitoring and Control with LabVIEW
and Wi-Fi DAQ
Application: Monitor and control the frequency of cement granules bursting in a furnace to characterize and optimize the cement manufacturing process
Challenge: Continuous, real-time monitoring under harsh conditions from a control room located 100+ m from the furnace
Products: LabVIEW and Wi-Fi DAQ
Key Benefit: Retrofit an existing control system using existing code to add remote measurements with no additional cabled infrastructure
“With the flexibility of LabVIEW, we were able to reuse our existing code to quickly expand the
reach of our measurements using Wi-Fi data acquisition devices.”
– Jean-Michel Chalons, President, Saphir
68
Application: Researching economical methods for inspecting and monitoring the temperature, strain, and acceleration of steel-girder highway bridges at the Ferguson Structural Engineering Lab at The University of Texas
Challenge: Continuous, real-time monitoring of a loaded steel bridge several hundred feet long
Products: LabVIEW, Wi-Fi DAQ, and WSN
Key Benefit: Time and money saved by eliminating cables and wiring
Inspection and Monitoring of Fracture-Critical Steel
Bridges
Recommended