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DISPLAYING PROTOTYPE AIRCRAFT. Oslo, 8 FEB 2013 Dr. Dieter Reisinger. Background Information. Workshop 2011. 5th European Flight Test Safety Workshop in Salzburg, Austria, November 2011 Theme : “ Displaying Prototype Aircraft – Risks and Preparation ” Dedicated speakers and audience. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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DISPLAYING PROTOTYPE AIRCRAFTOslo, 8 FEB 2013
Dr. Dieter Reisinger
5th European Flight Test Safety Workshop in Salzburg, Austria, November 2011
Theme: “Displaying Prototype Aircraft – Risks and Preparation”
Dedicated speakers and audience
Background Information
Workshop 2011
Summarize Salzburg Workshop Results
Share LESSONS LEARNED
Motivate to take next steps (“Safety Initiatives”)
Goal of today´s presentation
GOAL
https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/displayflying_norway
That certain issues in product demo flying are NOT limited to one organisation or the individual pilot
Rather, these issues are similar across our industry!
Early in our discussions an online survey ways launched and it became evident
Introduction
Challenges to Flight Test Demonstration Flying
Marketing/Sales Pressures interventions
Prototype development programme
Test pilot ego vs ‘Critical’ Peer Pressure vs Test Pilot ‘Image’.
Limited preparation time
Lack of continuation training
“Edge of Envelope–Operation”
Grob SPn
Prototype Grob SPn
SPn Accident
Gérard Guillaumaud (1964-2006)
Accident Statistics
„Airshow Accident Statistics – Some Cruel Facts“
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Airshow Accidents/Incidents 2002 to 2011
10 Year Average = 27 per annum!
Sample Size = 266 (Source: Des Barker)
(Source: Des Barker)
Airshow Organiser: Fatalities (1908 to 2010)1000 vs 1421 = 2421
Sample Size = 2421
0100200300400500600700800
FITLO
C MAC FIO
Whe
elsup
Grd Coll
Wea
ther
Pilot E
rror
Parach
utist
Pilot In
cap
Inadv
ert E
jec
Wing
walker
Perf In
j
Pax In
terfer
e
Pyro D
amMec
hStru
ct
Birdstr
ike FOD
Wak
e Vort
ex
Airfield
Wind
shea
r
Shot D
own S
AMUnk
n0
50
100
150
200
250228
165
117
15 11 11 8 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
132
54
146 4 1 3 1
24Acc
iden
ts a
nd In
cide
nts
Airshow Accident Categories: 1908 to 2011
71% Human Factors Related
Sample Size = 810
27% Non-Human Factors Related
(Source: Des Barker)
Lesson #1
„DISPLAY AND DISPLAY ARE NOT ONE AND THE SAME!“
Foto: Werner HorvathIs this a product demonstration?
Source: Ricardo Traven
Lesson 1
Is this a product demonstration?
Source: Internet
Lesson 1
Is this a product demonstration?
Is this a product demonstration?
Source: Ricardo Traven
Lesson 1
Fligh#9/#10: Fly-by of Solar Impulse on 22.09.2010, Swiss Government in Bern
Barnstormers entertain and excite us with their daring flying skills (“inverted ribbon cut at night”)
Military teams are intended to motivate and recruit the public through disciplined flying
Domestic airshows (Flying Displays) are primarily for the aircraft to be enjoyed and viewed by the public
Product demonstrations are intended to show the unique capabilities of the aircraft to educated observers and potential customers
Source: Ricardo Traven
Lesson #1
Display and Display are not the same
Source: Dieter Thomas
Therefore, when planning your display – ask what will be the philosophy or the spirit of your display?
Lesson #1
Aerobatic Competition
• Demonstration of pilot’s skill• Pilots competition with aircraft of approx.
equal performanceMilitary Demonstration
• Armed Forces promotion• Demo to tax payer• Precision flying, team work• Mission effectiveness/flexibility
Aerospace Exhibition
• Aircraft Promotion• Performance• Manoeuvrability• New Technology (low noise level, etc.)
Accident Analysis shows:
ACCIDENTS HAPPEN WHEN PILOTS CROSS THE LINE!
STAY IN YOUR AREA OF EXPERTISE UNLESS YOU ARE FULLY PREPARED!
Lesson #1
20
12 JUNE 1989MIKOYAN MiG-29PARIS, FRANCE
Lesson #2
„PRODUCT DEMO –
USE A FLIGHT TEST APPROACH!“
It is Team work:
Design office
Flight Test Engineer
Mechanics
Test Pilot
It is a step by step process
Computation/ Simulation
Analyse
FT Program: objectives vs. Time
Plan
A/C Tech check / Control
Fly
Monitor & Record
Debrief – Analyse- Document - Train
Lesson #2
IncreasingWeight
200 300 400 500 600
240120
360
480
600
50004000300020001000
20 40 60 80 10000
Airspeed(KCAS)
0 2 41 3 5
320280
240
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1
2
3
4
Altitude(FT)
Down Range Distance (FT)
Airspeed At Pull(KCAS)
2000 3000 4000 5000 60000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
270300 350
400
AirspeedAt
Altitude(KCAS)
Initial Airspeed (KCAS)
3k ft
5k ft
Altitude
4k ft
500
400
300
200
100
100 200 300 400 5000
0
Lesson #2
Source: Ricardo Traven
FT Approach to Demo Flying
Minimum but “stalled“
Optimum at 4g corner speed
(Dieter Thomas)
Profile DevelopmentAustralian International 2003 High Show
1 2
3 4
5
7 8
Square loop
Knife edge pass
180 Heading Reversal
(Pirouette)
Mini Pirouette
Wind Down Turn
High G Turn
Abrupt pull/push
Flat ObliqueReversal
Flat Oblique
Reversal Rudder roll
High AOA pass
6
Loaded roll
Half Cuban 8
Dirty roll
Source: Ricardo Traven
Solar Impulse: Paris Air Show 2011
No wind Display RWY 03
Lesson #3
THE DEMO PILOT – SELECT THE RIGHT STUFF
PublicPopulated areas
Error
GROUND
Commercial pressure
Technical problem
Time
WeatherConditions
Airshow box
AC /Engine/ Systems
Limitations
Impr
ovisa
tion
Stress
Fatigue
Pride
Thrill
Supervision
Discipline
Practice
Training
Mat
urity
Flight Test Experience
Skill
ObstaclesAltitude /Temp
Error
Source: Patrick Experton
Lesson #3
(„Experton´s Safety Bubble“)
Source: Patrick Experton
Lesson #3
SkillExperience
PracticeTraining
Physical Fitness
SAFETY BALANCE
Unique capabilityPerformanceAgility
LimitationsTechnical defectsTechnical failure
ImprovisationClumsinessErrorEnvironmental pressure
ReliabilityRules-Limits AircraftPilot
Integrity
Mature
Discipline
Self confident
Humble
Interested for right reasons (”no place for undernourished egos!”)
Lesson #3
Source: Fredrik Müchler
Did I miss pilot skills? Of course youneed pilot skills but the above mentioned are a big part of that!
Five mistakes of (an honest) demo pilot:
I had allowed myself to fly a display I had not practised.
I was angry and not properly concentrated on what I was doing.
I brought myself into a competitive situation.
I had forced too many difficult manoeuvres into a far too tight schedule.
I flew an extra manoeuvre, not planned, in a rush and inaccurately.
Lesson #3
Lesson #4
„REPEATABILITY IS SAFETY!“
Your sequence must be repeatable over and over again, if not - practice more or lower your ambitions.
Everyone can make a strike in bowling but only the professional will make it over and over again –
Make sure you are a professional!
Lesson #4
Lesson #5
„DIFFICULT IS NOT NECESSARILY IMPRESSIVE!“
Difficult is not necessarily impressive!
HELICOPTER DEMOS: Don´t copy fixed-wing: they do wing-overs, helicopters do torque-turns
Lesson #5
What is special about this aircraft and how can I show off its qualities?
How will the manoeuvres will be seen from the crowd line?
Avoid maneuvers with complex entry parameter combinations - they lead to large quality (and safety margin) scatter
• Backflip variables: Height, aft stick input• ½ rev cuban 8 variables: Height, attitude, collective, pause
after roll, cyclic.. etc. etc.
If the constraints are too restrictive then don’t show the manoeuvre (Panther Loop: 135 to140kt, BO105 Loop: -30kt to +140kt)
Lesson #5
• Loop– Easy– Repeatable– Low structural loads– Air-air relevance
(escape)
• Barrel Roll– Often falsely chosen as first
aerobatic manoeuvre– Clumsy compared to fixed-
wing• “Like an old lady falling down
stairs”– Most scatter of results– High structural loads
• Rotor head change !!
Lesson #5
• Back Flip– Easy– Spectacular– Repeatable– Low structural loads
• Wing Over and Rev Half Cuban 8– Seems simple
• “Everyone can do one”– Energy absolutely critical– Many accidents e.g. Lynx
Poland
Lesson #5
Summary – Lessons Learned
Lesson #1 „Display and Display are not one and the same! –
NEVER CROSS THE LINE!“
Lesson #2 „Product Demo – Use A Flight Test Approach!“
Lesson #3 „You need the right stuff“
Lesson #4 „Repeatability is safety!“
Lesson #5 „Difficult is not necessarily impressive“
PROPOSE THREE SAFETY INITIATIVES
Next Steps - Safety Initiatives
1 „Create an Air Display Flying Handbook for Product Demonstration Flying“
Safety Initiative #1
Share and conserve knowledge for future generations – test pilots by definition not literate display pilots!
Draft version presently reviewed by task force
Approval required
Safety Initiative #1
What guidelines should the demonstration pilot consider in best exhibiting the air vehicle to a prospective customer?
What attributes are required to be a successful flight test demonstration pilot?
What are the requirements for the selection of demonstration pilots?
What are the demonstration pilot´s responsibilities toward the company?
What are the roles and responsibilities of management?
Safety Initiative #1
2 „Create an Accident and Incident Database“
Safety Initiative #2
Safety Initiative #2
Safety Initiative #2
Safety Initiative #2
Safety Initiative #2
Would you be willing to share demonstration incidents?
NO
YES
1. Where should such a database be hosted?
2. Who should be analyzing accidents and incidents?
3. Which taxonomy should be used?
4. What should be the goal of doing that work?
Safety Initiative #2
Safety Initiative #3
3 „Keep an eye on this topic in future workshops!“
Summary
Safety Initiative #1: Create an Air Display Flying Handbook for Product Demo Flying!
Safety Initiative #2: Launch an Incident Data Base!
Safety Initiative #3 Keep an eye on this topic in future workshops!
Source: Patrick Experton
• Train/Rehearse/Practice• Fly the demo as a test flight• Repeatability is safety• Don’t ignore the basic tricks• Understand the aircraft and limits• Know your limits• Stay fit for the task
Summary
Thank you to...
Wayne RobertsChristoph SchlettingDieter ThomasRicardo TravenAndrew WarnerChris Worning
...and to all workshop participants, and
... the Salzburg Speakers:Des BarkerDave CarbaughPatrick ExpertonTerry LutzFredrik MüchlerTore Reimers
...the ladies in the SETP Office!
Thank you to all the Salzburg Speakers
Des BarkerDave CarbaughPatrick ExpertonTerry LutzTore ReimersWayne RobertsChristoph SchlettingDieter ThomasRicardo TravenAndrew WarnerChris Worning ...and to all workshop participants
Thank you to all the Salzburg Speakers
Des BarkerDave CarbaughPatrick ExpertonTerry LutzTore ReimersWayne RobertsChristoph SchlettingDieter ThomasRicardo TravenAndrew WarnerChris Worning ...and to all workshop participants
BACKUP SLIDES
Dr. Dieter Reisinger
After graduation from University of the Armed Forces, Dr. Reisinger received Test Pilot training at NTPS. Worked in the Cockpit Development Taskforce on the FD728 program
Currently an airline pilot on Boeing 767
More than 9000 hours in 70 different types of aircraft and helicopters
Chairman of IATA Accident Classification Task Force
Chairman of STAR Alliance Safety Group
Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP) Vice President for Austria
Lecturer at University Graz, Belgrade and Beijing
Accidents by Country
SETP European Safety Workshop November 2011
UK USA
France
German
y
South Afric
a
Romania
UAE
Belgium
Russia
Argentina
Canad
aIndia
Irelan
dIta
lyKorea
Sweden
Serbia
05
10152025
USA UK
South Afric
a
Canad
aFra
nce
Australi
a
New Zea..
.
German
y
Belgium
IndiaIta
ly
Slova
kia
Argentina
Russia
Netherl...China
Romania
Korea
Irelan
d0
50100150200250300350
Test Pilots
Display Pilots
Source: Des Barker
Lesson 6
Accident Statistics – Test Pilots
1. Test pilots more susceptible to Flight Into Terrain:
43% vs 28%.
2. Test pilots less susceptible to Loss of Control:
10% vs 20%.
3. Test pilots less susceptible to Midair collisions:
2% vs 14%.
4. Mechanical failure essentially equal:
15% vs 16%.
5. Test pilots suffered more structural failures:
16% vs vs 7%.(Source: Des Barker)
Accident Statistics - Test Pilots?
Accidents by Manoeuver Category – data indicates that test pilots are more successful in flying precise manouevers
Test Pilots Display Pilots
Vertical 26% 39%
Rolling 15% 29%
Turning 4% 9%
Flybys 12% 12%
(Source: Des Barker)
Challenges to Flight Test Demonstration Flying
1. Disrespecting the ‘energy gate’. (LOC + FIT)2. Sloppy attitude control. (FIT)3. Impromptu, ‘gap filling’ unpracticed sequences/displays.4. Loss of visual during formation flying.5. Ignoring the insidious effects of DENSITY ALTITUDE.6. Disregarding weather ie cloudbase, wind, turbulence effects.7. Disregarding the structural limitations of the aircraft.8. Disregarding the placarded flight restrictions of the aircraft.9. Disregarding waiver height limitations.10. Disregarding minimum spectator enclosure distance.11. Disregarding positive critique from peer group.
Flight Test Demo Considerations
• What are the demonstration pilot’s responsibilities to the prospective buyer’s team and pilots, briefings, and reporting?
• What are typically the focus areas for aircraft manufacturers when developing their marketing strategies through product demonstrations?
• Test pilots involved in product demonstration flights need to regularly revisit the safety elements governing the objectives, sequence design and risk management involved.
• What are the threats to test pilot demonstration flights?
Online Survey
„Lets Do a Demo-Flying Online Survey“
• One group was tasked with the developement of questionnaire for an online-survey
1. What guidelines should the demonstration pilot consider in best exhibiting the air vehicle to a prospective customer?
2. What are the requirements for the selection of demonstration pilots?
3. What are the guidelines regarding the target audience?
4. What are the demonstration pilot’s responsibilities toward the company?
5. What are the roles and responsibilities of management?
Online Survey
What type of company/organisation are you working for?
Military
Airline
Airshow Circus
Other (specify)
Other
Aerobatic Comp.
Manufacturer GA
Manufacturer, Military
Online Survey
Safety-Initiative: QuestionnaireOnline Survey
Safety-Initiative: QuestionnaireOnline Survey
Safety-Initiative: QuestionnaireOnline Survey
Safety-Initiative: QuestionnaireOnline Survey
Online Survey
Online Survey
YES
NO
Do you perform sensitivity studies on individual manoeuvers to determine entry/exit gates, taking into account the specific environmental conditions at the display airfields?
Online Survey
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