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1
DISASTERS&
EMERGENCIES
DEFINITIONS
Training Package
WHO/EHAPanafrican Emergency Training Centre, Addis Ababa
Updated March 2002 by EHA
2
WORLDWIDENumber of People Affected by Disasters
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
M illion
2000 IFRC World Disaster Report
3
Definition :
DISASTER :
A disaster is an occurrence disruptingthe normal conditions of existence andcausing a level of suffering thatexceeds the capacity of adjustment ofthe affected community.
5
Reconstruction
Rehabilitation
Response
Prevention
Preparedness
DISASTER
THE DISASTER -DEVELOPMENTC O N T I N U U M
6
RELIEF-DEVELOPMENTCONTINUUM
Disaster prevention, mitigation &preparedness safeguard development.
Good response facilitates recovery anddevelopment.
Africa’s hazards and vulnerabilities havebeen the targets of 30 years of
development: their persistence testifies toas many failures.
Today, ever-increasing resources arespent for disaster relief, at the expense of
development.
But only development can reducevulnerabilities, and the hazards arising
from the socio-economic structure.
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THE DISASTER-DEVELOPMENTCONTINUUM
Disasters and crisis (“emergencies”)
are not aberrant phenomena.
They are reflections ofthe ways societies
structure themselvesand allocate their resources.
(R. Kent, 1997)
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DISASTER MORTALITY IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENT STATUS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
low income middle income high income
Gross Domestic Product per capita
Source: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Belgium
deaths/1,000 population
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Every yearWestern Governments spend
USD 100 billionsubsidizing power stations
(i.e. Global Warming)
USD 300 billionsubsidizing agriculture
(i.e. Deforestation and Overgrazing)
USD 50 billionsubsidizing fisheries
(i.e. Overfishing)
(Worldwatch Institute, 1996)
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EMERGENCY
a state in whichnormal procedures
are suspendedand
extra-ordinary measures are takenin order to avert a disaster
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Definition:
HAZARD
A natural or human-made eventthat threatens to adverselyaffects human life, property oractivity to the extent of causinga disaster.
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HAZARDS AND DISASTERS: CLASSIFICATIONSTORM
HEAT WAVE
FREEZE
EARTHQUAKE
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
LANDSLIDE
DROUGHT
FLOOD
EPIDEMIC
PEST
FIRE
EXPLOSION
COLLISION
SHIPWRECK
STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
WAR
ECONOMIC CRISIS
SUDDENOCCURRENCE
MONOCAUSAL
PROGRESSIVEOCCURRENCE
MULTICAUSAL
SUDDENOCCURRENCE
MONOCAUSAL
PROGRESSIVEOCCURRENCE
MULTICAUSAL
BY NATURALCAUSES
BY HUMANCAUSES
DISASTER
INSUFFICIENTCAPACITY OFRESPONSE
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A disaster occurs when hazards and vulnerability meet
Trigger event
EarthquakeHigh winds, stormFloodsLandslideVolcanic eruptionDroughtWar, civil strifeEconomic crisisTechnological accident
Vulnerability + Hazard =DISASTER
Underlying causes
PovertyLimited access to- power structures- resourcesIdeologiesEconomic systemsAgeSexIllness and disabilities
Dynamic pressures
Lack of- local institutions- education- training- appropriate skills- local investments- local markets- services- press freedom
Macro-forces- population expansion- urbanization- environment degradation
Unsafe conditions
Fragile physicalenvironment- dangerous locations- dangerous buildings, etc.
Fragile local economy- low levels of income- livelihoods at risk
Public actions
VULNERABILITY HAZARD DISASTER
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Poverty, population growth andurbanization force
living in unsafe areas
Site after pressures from population growth and urbanization
Site
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Disaster Management and EmergencyManagement
Reconstruction
Rehabilitation
Response/Relief
Mitigation/Prevention
Preparedness
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Post-disaster: recoveryPre-disaster: risk reduction
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DEVELOPMENT RELIEF
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AIMS OF DISASTERMANAGEMENT
� reduce (avoid, if possible) thepotential losses from hazards
� assure prompt and appropriateassistance to victims whennecessary
� achieve rapid and durablerecovery
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CAPACITY
ability, ableness to do
Capacity for emergencymanagement is made of:
� INFORMATION
� AUTHORITY
� INSTITUTIONS
� PARTNERSHIPS
� PLANS, RESOURCES AND PROCEDURES TO ACTIVATE THEM
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MITIGATION:
permanent reduction of the risk ofdisaster
“Primary Mitigation”
� reducing the PRESENCE of theHazard
� reducing VULNERABILITY
“Secondary” Mitigation:
� reducing the EFFECTS of the Hazard(Preparedness)
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PREPAREDNESS
the measures that ensure
the organized mobilization of
personnel,
funds,
equipment and supplies
within a safe environment
for effective relief
22
RESPONSE
the set of activities implemented after theimpact of a disaster in order to
� assess the needs
� reduce the suffering
� limit the spread and the consequences of the disaster
� open the way to rehabilitation
23
REHABILITATION:
The restoration of basic social functions.
RECONSTRUCTION:
The full resumption of socio-economicactivities plus preventive measures.
24
ELEMENTS OF DISASTERMANAGEMENT
� disaster preparedness planning
* vulnerability and risk assessment
� disaster response
* disaster assessment
� rehabilitation & reconstruction
� disaster mitigation
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Disaster management: leading activities and related terms
Dis
aste
r occ
urre
nce
Disaster Management
Disaster Mitigation Disaster Response
Risk Assessment Prevention Preparedness Relief Rehabilitation Reconstruction
Hazardassessment
Vulnera-bilityassessment
Structuralmeasures
Non-struct.measures
Contin-gencyplanning
Warningand
evacuation
• Search & rescue• Security• Food• Water• Shelter & sanitation• Clothes & blankets• Health carePre-disaster Post-disaster
Hazard assessment:mapping, monitoring
Vulnerability assessment:assessment of vulnerabilityfor all elements exposedto the hazard
Risk assessment:calculation of expectedlosses
Structural measures:special building codes,dams, floodwalls, etc.
Non-structuralmeasures:land use planning, laws,insurance, publiceducation, etc.
Contingency planning:plan of action in caseof disaster, trainingof teams
Warning and Evacuation:development ofindicators& early warning systems,simulation exercises
Immediate intervention.Duration:…by definition,short-term
Reconstruction.Full resumption ofsocio-economicfunctions, pluspreventivemeasures.Duration:…monthsto years
Rehabilitation.Restoration ofbasicsocial functions.Duration:… weeksto months
26
Comparing the natural history of disaster with the disaster-development continuum
PRE-PATHOGENIC PERIOD PATHOGENIC PERIOD
Population
Environment
Hazards
IMPACT
Political awareness
Level of suffering
deathsextintiondisintegrationdisappearance ofthe community
recovery andresumptionof development
the length ofthe latency willbe a functionofPreparednessand Readiness
VULNERABILITY ALERT READINESS R E L I E F REHABILITATION RECONSTRUCTION
PREVENTION PREPAREDNESS R E S P O N S E RECOVERY
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION& MITIGATION RESPONSE & RECOVERY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(Health Promotion and) SECONDARY TERTIARYPRIMARY PREVENTION PREVENTION PREVENTION
H E A L T H C A R E
PRE-DISASTER DISASTER POST-DISASTER
DISTANT IMMEDIATE LATECY EMERGENCY IMMEDIATE DISTANT
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