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8/18/2019 Diplomski rad - Non finite verb forms.docx
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NAZIV UNIVERZITETA
NAZIV FAKULTETA
ZAVRŠNI RAD
NEFINITINI GLAGOLSKI OBLICI
Mentor:
prof. dr. Ie ! pre"!e
K#nd!d#t:
Ie ! pre"!e
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NAME OF UNIVERSIT$
NAME OF FACULT$
DI%LOMA T&ESIS
NON'FINITE VERB FORMS
Mentor:
prof. dr. N#e #nd S(rn#e
C#nd!d#te:
N#e #nd )(rn#e
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CONTENT
*. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................*
*.*. T+pe) #nd U)e) of Non',n!te -#()e)............................................/
/. INFINITIVE..........................................................................................0
/.*. Repet!t!on of t1e p#rt!-e 2to3.......................................................4
/./. S+nt#-t!- f(n-t!on) of t1e !n,n!t!5e..............................................6
/.0. In,n!t!5e p1r#)e)..........................................................................7
/.8. In,n!t!5e -on)tr(-t!on).................................................................9
/.8.*. For'to'!n,n!t!5e -on)tr(-t!on...................................................9
/.8./. T1e O;e-t!5e'
O;e-t?.............................................................................................*@
/.8.0. T1e )(;e-t!5e'=or no!n#t!5e?'
**
/.8.8. A)o(te In,n!t!5e Con)tr(-t!on............................................*/
0. GERUND...........................................................................................*0
0.*. S+nt#-t!- f(n-t!on) of t1e er(nd...............................................*8
0./. Ger(nd!# -ope>......................................................................*
0.0. Ger(nd 5er)() In,n!t!5e..............................................................*6
8. %ARTICI%LE I...................................................................................../@
8.*. S+nt#-t!- f(n-t!on) of %#rt!-!pe I................................................/*
8./. %red!-#t!5e -on)tr(-t!on)
8./.*. T1e O;e-t!5e %#rt!-!p!# Con)tr(-t!on................................../0
8././. %#rt!-!pe I #) p#rt of Cope> S(;e-t................................./0
8./.0. T1e No!n#t!5e A)o(te %#rt!-!p!# Con)tr(-t!on................/0
8./.8. %repo)!t!on# A)o(te %#rt!-!p!# Con)tr(-t!on...................../8
8.0. %#rt!-!pe I 5er)() Ger(nd.........................................................../8
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4. %ARTICI%LE II..................................................................................../
4.*. S+nt#-t!- f(n-t!on) of %#rt!-!pe II.............................................../6
4./. %red!-#t!5e -on)tr(-t!on)
4./.*. T1e O;e-t!5e %#rt!-!p!# Con)tr(-t!on................................../7
4././. T1e No!n#t!5e A)o(te %#rt!-!p!# Con)tr(-t!on
%#rt!-!pe II......................................................................................./9
4./.0. %repo)!t!on# A)o(te Con)tr(-t!on
. CONCLUSION....................................................................................0@
6. REFERENCES....................................................................................04
7. LIST OF TABLES FIGURES C&ARTS..................................................0
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*. INTRODUCTION
Ver) non,n!te. T1e d!)t!n-t!on et
Be-#()e En!)1 to # #re e>tent #-) !nHe-t!on# orp1oo+ t1e
,n!te #nd non,n!te for) of # 5er #+ #ppe#r t1e )#e !n # !5en
-onte>t. In )(-1 # -#)e t1e en5!ronent )(rro(nd!n t1e 5er ()t e
e>#!ned to deter!ne
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• non',n!te) #re not re)tr!-ted !n n(er #nd per)on + #n+
r##t!-# )(;e-t• t1e+ -o!ne t1e -1#r#-ter!)t!-) of # 5er
ot1er p#rt of )pee-1• 5er#) -#nnot for # pred!-#te + t1e)e5e) (t t1e+ -#n
f(n-t!on #) p#rt of # -opo(nd 5er# pred!-#te: She suddenly
began to speak They were caught stealing the jewellery .
A non',n!te) #+ e p#rt of t1e )o'-#ed pred!-#t!5e -on)tr(-t!on): I
didn’t expect you to come He ound her crying bitterly I had the piano
tuned.
1.1. Types and Uses of Non-nite clauses
Non',n!te -#()e)
• !n,n!t!5#• er(nd!5e #nd• p#rt!-!p!#.
T1e )tr(-t(re of t1e pre)ent#t!on
#ppro#-1 #!) to reHe-t t1e )e#nt!-) of t1e !nd!5!d(# for# t+pe) of
-#()e) =!n,n!t!5# er(nd!5e p#rt!-!p!#? #nd ,nd o(t 1o< t1e e#n!n
of t1e)e -#()e) !nH(en-e) t1e po))!!!t+ of )ee!n t1e #) -onden)ed
f( -#()e).
* one) C. St#nn#rd R. =/@@4? p. 88.
/
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/. INFINITIVE
T1e !n,n!t!5e n#e) # pro-e)) !n # o)t ener# In # !t) for) #nd f(n-t!on) t1e !n,n!t!5e 1#) # )pe-!# #rer t1e
p#rt!-e to. It !) o--#)!on#+ )ep#r#ted fro t1e !n,n!t!5e + )oe ot1er
!!#r+ 5er)• #fter od# 5er) =e>-ept ought to have to be to? #nd od#
e>pre))!on) had better would rather would sooner! She’d sooner die than orgive
• #fter 5er) of )en)e per-ept!on "see hear eel watch notice
observe listen to etc#? !n t1e -on)tr(-t!on $omplex %bject! I
heard him arrive. &o/ one) C. St#nn#rd R. =/@@4? p. 48.
0 E#)t
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but couldn’t but,! He cannot but accept it • !n 2pe-t f#! 1e)!t#te 1ope
1(rr+ e#rn #n#e oer p#n prep#re pretend pro!)e
ref()e )ee tend t1re#ten 5o(nteer threatened to dismiss the strike leader( The shop reused to
accept the customer’s credit card(
8
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•
Cont!n(o()
to d!)-())
to e d!)-())!n
to e d!)-())ed
%erfe-t Coon
Cont!n(o()
to 1#5e d!)-())ed
to 1#5e een
To 1#5e een
d!)-())ed
8 Q#er E. E)
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d!)-())!n#ource$ Q#er E. E)pre))!n 1ope e>pe-t#t!on !ntent!on =!n t1e p#)t ten)e for)?
!nd!-#te4
T1e #-t!5e for of t1e !n,n!t!5e #+ 1#5e # p#))!5e e#n!n: There
was only one problem to solve. It -#n e rep#-ed + t1e -orre)pond!n
p#))!5e for: He is to orgive 6 He is to be orgiven( She’s not to blame
6 She’s not to be blamed. T1e #-t!5e !n,n!t!5e t1() ()ed !) -#ed
retro#-t!5e.
N.%.
7ctive 8attern!
&erb ' ob(ect ' to innitie
8assive
Mr %r!-e taught %eter to sing# %eter )as taught to sing =+ Mr %r!-e?.
Ot1er 5er) !n t1!) p#ttern !n-(de advise allow ask believe consider
expect eel instruct mean order report re9uire tell understand. In
)oe -onte>t) !t !) po))!e to #e ot1 5er) p#))!5e: $hanges to the
taxation system are expected to be proposed( She was re9uired to be
interviewed.
Soe 5er) foo
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7ctive 8attern!
&erb ' ob(ect ' to innitie
8assive
&!) -oe#(e) started to
respect Tim#
T! started to be respected =+ 1!)
-oe#(e)?.
Ot1er 5er) !n t1!) p#ttern !n-(de:
• #ppe#r e!n -oe -ont!n(e )ee tend• #ree #! #ttept 1ope ref()e )tr(e tr+.
T1e 5er) !n t1e ,r)t ro(p =#nd start ? 1#5e -orre)pond!n e#n!n) !n
#-t!5e #nd p#))!5e )enten-e) (t t1e 5er) !n t1e )e-ond ro(p do not.
Cop#re: 8eople came to recogni:e her as the leading violinist o her generation =#-t!5e?. It -orre)pond) to She came to be recogni:ed as the
leading violinist o her generation =p#))!5e? (t =)ee 5er) fro Gro(p
/?: The team captain hoped to select ;evin =#-t!5e? doe) not -orre)pond
to ;evin hoped to be selected by the team captain =p#))!5e?.
2.2. #yntactic functions of the innitie
S+nt#-t!- f(n-t!on) of t1e !n,n!t!5e:
• t1e !n,n!t!5e #) )(;e-t:To succeed in this job re9uires more time and energy than I
actually ave( It’s hard to take a decision• t1e !n,n!t!5e #) p#rt of t1e pred!-#te.
− #) pred!-#t!5e !n -opo(nd no!n# pred!-#te):− %ur aim is to master
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#!t!on
#ttept
()!ne))
d(t+
e>per!en-e
1#!t
!n)tr(-t!on
!ntent!on
;o
o;e-t
p#n
pr!n-!pe
t#)
t1!n
T1e f(n-t!on of t1e )(;e-t #+ e #)o perfored + t1e prono(n all or
t1e )()t#nt!5!"ed )(per#t!5e) t1e o)t #nd t1e e#)t
#ttr!(t!5e -#()e #tt#-1ed to t1e: 7ll she wanted was not to be
punished T1e e#)t 1e -#n do !) to )ort o(t these p#per).
− t1e !n,n!t!5e #) p#rt of # -opo(nd 5er# pred!-#te:She ought to have warned me( 5ou had better stop fghting
=#) p#rt of # -opo(nd 5er# od# pred!-#te?They continued to talk shop( He began to think we had
orgotten about him =#) p#rt of # -opo(nd 5er# p1#)#
pred!-#te?− #) )!pe no!n# pred!-#te:
&e = to accept your proposal* .hy not leave her alone-
The assistant managed to sort out the problem( I hesitate to say this
=#fter t1e 5er)
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)!(t#neo()
)t#te) e>pre))ed + t1e pred!-#te
#nd -#nnot t1erefore e ()ed !n
perfe-t for): She’s inclined to turn
down the o'er#
)!1t+ pre-ed!n t1e )t#te
e>pre))ed + t1e pred!-#te #nd -#n
1#5e ot1 non'perfe-t #nd perfe-t
for): He is proud to have achieved
the highest results##ource$ V!n-e M. S(nder#nd %. =/@@0? p. *08.
Reeer )oe r#t1er -oon p1r#)e) ()ed
the trouble.
N.%. t1e !n,n!t!5e #) o;e-t #fter t1e !ntrod(-tor+ !t: verb ? it ? adj0
noun ? to+infnitive.
2.*. nnitie phrases
In,n!t!5e #+ for p#rt of # -on;(n-t!5e !n,n!t!5e p1r#)e culty was how to break the silence
=pred!-#t!5e?( He knew no one with whom to start a new business
=#ttr!(te?.
N.%. #fter what which whose how many #nd how much
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Before t1e P(e)t!on
T1e prepo)!t!on for #+ !ntrod(-e t1e -on)tr(-t!on !n )enten-e !)
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T1e -on)tr(-t!on !) ()ed pre))ed + t1e !n,n!t!5e !) d!erent fro t1#t of t1e
pred!-#te.
Cop#re: I have closed the window not to catch cold# = I have closed
the window for you not to catch cold #
In t1e )enten-e t1e for'to'innitie -on)tr(-t!on perfor) t1e f(n-t!on)
of )(;e-t pred!-#t!5e o;e-t #ttr!(te #d5er!# od!,er of p(rpo)e
#nd -on)eP(en-e #nd !) ener#+ rendered !n R())!#n + # )(ord!n#te-#()e.
2..2. The %b&ective#with#the#'n$nitive onstruction
(omplex %b&ect)
T1!) -on)tr(-t!on !n o;e-t of )oe 5er). It !) ()ed !n t1e foo
• #fter 5er) of )en)e per-ept!on =see hear eel watch observe
notice #nd )oe ot1er)? #nd t1e 5er listen "to,. T1e !n,n!t!5e !)
()ed !n t1e non'perfe-t -oon #)pe-t #-t!5e 5o!-e for
p#rt!-e to:They elt the boat shudder( I noticed him throw something into
the wastebasket .N.%. t1e verbs to see to notice !n t1e e#n!n 2to re#!"e3 #nd to
hear !n t1e e#n!n 2to e#rn to no
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N.%. #fter t1e 5er) to see to notice !n)te#d of t1e -ope>
o;e-t
• #fter 5er) of ent# per-ept!on =know think suppose believe
consider expect understand #nd )oe ot1er)?. T1e !n,n!t!5e !)#consider 2ane "to be, an expert with her needle( .e expect the
contract to be abrogated tomorrow(
• #fter 5er) of eot!on
can’t bear want wish desire intend mean would like would
love?. After t1e)e 5er) non'perfe-t -oon #)pe-t for) of t1e
!n,n!t!5e
week( She hated her son to be separated rom her(
• #fter 5er) of -o#nd reP(e)t per!))!on =have make let
get order ask command cause induce allow su'er #nd )oe
ot1er) of pre))ed + # no(n or #
prono(n #nd #n !n,n!t!5e
*@ E5#n) V. =/@@4? p. *76.
*/
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• T1e 5er) ()ed !n t1!) p#ttern #) pred!-#te #re 5er) of )en)e
per-ept!on =hear see? 5er) of )#+!n #nd report!n #nd 5er) of
ent# per-ept!on =say report announce declare state rumour
acknowledge allege expect know suppose think understandbelieve consider ?:She was seen to slap his ace( The criminals are said to be hiding
in the woods( The actress is rumoured to have been poisoned#
• %#ttern B T1e 5er) ()ed !n t1!) p#ttern #re: seem0 appear( happen0 chance
turn out0 prove "ater these two verbs the infnitive is mostly
nominal i#e# presented by to be * noun+ ad&ective ,!They seem to have withdrawn their claim( I happened to see 2ack
on my way to work .• %#ttern C
U)e t1!) p#ttern to e>pre)) +o(r #tt!t(de tope-ted?
2... ,bsolute 'n$nitive onstruction
It -on)!)t) of # no(n !n t1e -oon -#)e #nd #n !n,n!t!5e #nd !)
ener#+ ()ed !n ;(r!d!-# te>t) #nd ()!ne)) do-(ent):
The buyers ordered AB cases o vegetable oil delivery to be made in
&ay#
** M-C#rt1+ M. M-C#rten . C#r D. C#r R. =/@@9? p. /@*.
*0
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Non'perfe-t t#!n e!n t#en%erfe-t 1#5!n t#en 1#5!n een t#en#ource$ M-C#rt1+ M. M-C#rten . C#r D. C#r R. =/@@9? p. /*/.
They carried on discussing the project enthusiastically( He remembered
being o-ended by the spokesman( I’m sorry or having raised these
groundless objections( Caura recalled having been taken to
Disneyland when she was a child#
N.%. T1e non'perfe-t er(nd !) -oon+ ()ed to denote # pr!or #-t!on
t1#n) to t1e e>!-# e#n!n of t1e 5er or t1e prepo)!t!on )(e)t!n
pr!or!t+ =#fter verbs o recollection gratitude blame reproach
punishment #nd reward #nd prepo)!t!on on t1#t )(e)t) !ed!#te
pr!or!t+ #nd ater ?:
He admitted spreading the confdential inormation( 7ter choosing a
git and paying or his two items he let the store#EF
N.%. T1ere #re )oe 5er) =need want re9uire deserve? #nd t1e
#d;e-t!5e The par9uet needs polishing "to be polished = also possible,( The
gunman deserves to be locked up 1 The gunman deserves locking up#
*.1. #yntactic functions of the gerund
S+nt#-t!- f(n-t!on) of t1e er(nd:*0
• t1e er(nd #) )(;e-t:Denying everything won’t give any results( Taking risks is an
integral part o our job( .orking ull+time was extremely
di>cult( It’s no use0 good arguing( There’s no point in revising
*/ M-C#rt1+ M. M-C#rten . C#r D. C#r R. =/@@9? p. //@.
*0 &e
*4
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the matter twice( It’s worth "while, trying( There’s no getting out
o it "there’s no telling0 knowing0 escaping0 mistaking etc#,(
• t1e er(nd #) p#rt of t1e pred!-#te:− #) pred!-#t!5e: Helen’s passion is buying accessories or
all her dresses(− #) p#rt of t1e -opo(nd 5er# pred!-#te
5er) !e begin burst out continue fnish give up keep
on 9uit stop et-.:%n hearing the joke everybody burst out laughing(
• t1e er(nd #) o;e-t:
Table / - The gerund as ob(ect
,erund as direct ob(ect after$ ,erund as prepositional ob(ect$#d!t
#nt!-!p#te
#ppre-!#te
#5o!d
de#+
den+
dete)t
d!)-())
-#nJt )t#nd
-#nJt 1ep
-on)!der
en;o+
e)-#pe
e>-()e
f#n-+
fee !e
for!5e
!n5o5e
ent!on
!nd
!))
po)tpone
pr#-t!-e
p(t o
re-#
re-oe-t
re)ent
re)!)t
r!)
)(e)t
(nder)t#n
d
#)o #fter
t1e
#d;e-t!5e)
()+ #nd
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e #!o()
#o(tforo5er
e #)ton!)1ed #t+
e -ert#!n #o(tof
e -1#red
e -ontent
e de!1ted #t
e de5oted to
e =d!)?pe#)ed
e enro))ed !n
e e>-!ted #o(t
e fed (p
e r#tef( for
e een on
e oppo)ed to
e preo--(p!ed
e re)pon)!e for
e r!1t !n#o(t
e )e,)1 =!n?
e )orr+ #o(t
e )(rpr!)ed #t
e t!red of
eet ()ed to
#ource$ &e
• t1e er(nd #) #ttr!(te:− #fter no(n) #!n+ #)tr#-t no(n) foo-()e =for?
e>per!en-e =!nof?
fe#r =of?
1#!t =of?
1#r =!n?
1ope =of?
!de# =of?
!port#n-e =of?
!ntent!on =of?
!ntere)t =!n?
e#n) =of?
et1od =of?
ne-e))!t+ =of?
o;e-t!on =to?
opport(n!t+ =of?
p#n =for?
pe#)(re =of?
po))!!!t+ =of?
pre-#(t!on =of?
prep#r#t!on =for?
proe =of?
pro-e)) =of?
pro)pe-t =of?
re#)on =for?
r!) =of?
r!1t =of?
)! =!n?
)(rpr!)e =#t?
t1o(1t =of?
pre))e) t1e p(rpo)e or t1e de)t!n#t!on of t1e o;e-t ent!oned?
*6
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− er(nd #+ e ()ed #) # preod!f+!n #ttr!(te: # d#n-!n
1# # d!n!n t#e # )pend!n 1#!t -on)!)t) of #
no(n or # prono(n #nd # er(nd #tt#-1ed to !t.
3ormal 4nglish$ possessie form ' gerund
I have no objection to his helping you with the project( .e are
concerned about the company’s trading in oil#
nformal 4nglish$ ob(ect form ' gerund
They approved o him reorgani:ing the working day( .e are worried
about 2ane working so hard#
N.%.
• If t1e no(n or prono(n refer) to t1!n) or #n!#)
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• If t1e er(nd!# -ope> !) t1e )(;e-t of t1e )enten-e on+ t1e
po))e))!5e for !) ()ed
8hysics was not unexpected.
*.*. ,erund ersus nnitie
T1e #)!- d!eren-e !n t1e!r e#n!n !) t1#t t1e er(nd !) ore
ener# Soe 5er) t#e to'!n,n!t!5e or er(nd
• begin start continue intend bother can’t bear : She began to
rub+rubbing at the spot with all her might . &o
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(nder)t#ndJ?: She began to understand how they had duped
him
er(nd
not to 1#5e
-o(r#ede)!re to do
)oet1!n: I’m araid to
drive over that old
bridge#
to e #fr#!d t1#t to do )oet1!n: I’m
ashamed to borrow
money#
to fee #)1#ed
e-#()e of )oet1!n
one 1#) #re#d+ done:
I’m ashamed o
making so many
mistakes#foret )oet1!n )!p) +o(r
eor+ #nd t1e #-t!on
doe)nJt t#e p#-e: I
totally orgot to turn
o- the cooker#
t1e #-t!on !) forotten
#fter !t t#e) p#-e: She
orgot sending the
message and sent it
again#o on )oet1!n !) done #fter
)oet1!n e)e !),n!)1ed: 7ter the
interval 8avarotti went
on to sing an aria rom
Tosca#
to -ont!n(e do!n t1e
)#e t1!n: 7lthoughshe asked him to stop
he went on tapping his
pen on the table#
1#te to 1#te
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matter is urgent# people eel uneasy#!#!ne to 1#5e # f#)e or
1#5!n to )#+
)oet1!n ne#t!5e: I
regret to inform you
that your applicationhas been unsuccessul#
to fee )orr+ #o(t
)oet1!n t1#t 1#)
#re#d+ 1#ppened: It/s
too late now but I/ll
always regret givinghim advice#
reeer to e#n t1#t
reeer!n -oe)
efore t1e #-t!on
de)-r!ed: emember
to buy a T guide on
your way home# "frst
remember and thenbuy it,
to re-# # p#)t e5ent: I
remember going to the
bank but nothing ater
that "I remember that I
went there,#
e )orr+ reret: I’m sorry to
hear he has been
expelled#
#poo!"e: I’m sorry or
lending him the
instrument without your
permission#)top p#()e tepor#r!+ for
)oe p(rpo)e: He
,n!)1 -e#)e do!n
)oe #-t!on: She
/*
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stopped to eat a
couple o sweets =#de
# p#()e #nd #te
)
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1#5!n p(!)1ed 1#5!n een p(!)1ed#ource$ Q#er E. E)pre))e) pr!or!t+ t
e>pre))!n e!t1er # pr!or or # )!(t#neo() or e5en # po)ter!or #-t!on
!ed!#te+ foo
door shut .
Non'perfe-t %#rt!-!pe I p#))!5e #+ denote pro-e)): Have you heard
anything o the conerence being held at the Jniversity- =T1e p1r#)e
the conerence held at the Jniversity !) #!(o() e-#()e !t !1t e
(nder)tood #) the conerence that has been held or was held or is being
held?.
.1. #yntactic functions of !articiple
S+nt#-t!- f(n-t!on) of %#rt!-!pe I:
• %#rt!-!pe I #) #ttr!(te:−
# )!ne p#rt!-!pe ()ed #) #ttr!(te ener#+ f(n-t!on) #)# preod!,er =%#rt!-!pe I #-t!5e of !ntr#n)!t!5e 5er)?:
Don’t tease the barking dog*
− # p#rt!-!pe p1r#)e ()ed #) #ttr!(te foo
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• NB: Q1en a prior action !) e#nt no %#rt!-!pe I -#n e ()ed
#) #ttr!(te on+ #n #ttr!(t!5e -#()e !) ()ed: The diplomat
addressed the students who had flled the lecture hall#
• %#rt!-!pe I #) #d5er!# od!,er of )e5er# t+pe):He contracted malaria while travelling in 7rica( )eing let
alone Demy and I kept silence or some time =of t!e? He’s
very conceited you know having parades and things all the
time( Kot being an expert I can’t advise you on the course o
action to take "o reason,( Deb was silent fdgeting with the
spoon in her saucer =of #ttend#nt -!r-()t#n-e): denote) #
p#r#e #-t!on or e5ent? Llorence rushed downstairs gasping
or breath =of #nner: -1#r#-ter!"e) t1e #-t!on of t1e ,n!tefor? He kept shaking his head as i saying MDon’t trust herN
=of -op#r!)on? 7lthough admitting his ine>ciency he still
reuses to cooperate with us =of -on-e))!on? Helen ought to be
there and her absence might be resented but being there she
wouldn’t know what to say =of -ond!t!on?.In )oe -#)e) 1o#pe t1ere #+ e # -o!n#t!on of -#()#
#nd tepor# e#n!n #) !n: Seeing the prosecutor she
stopped =)1e )topped because )1e )#< t1e pro)e-(tor or when
)1e )#< 1!?.N.%. %#rt!-!pe I of t1e 5er to e !) not ()ed #) #d5er!#
od!,er of t!e.• %#rt!-!pe I #) p#rt of t1e -opo(nd 5er# pred!-#te:• %#rt!-!pe I non'perfe-t of 5er) e>pre))!n ot!on =run dance
pour race rush? -o!ned
In )oe -#)e) t1e 5er) to -oe t1e e>!-# e#n!n of
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-1#r#-ter!"#t!on to t1e per)on or t1!n ()ed: His behavior is
annoying( The cartoon we saw yesterday was really amusing*
Table 7 - The most common participles used as ad(ecties orpredicaties
##r!n
##"!n
#()!n
#nno+!n
#)ton!)1!n
or!n
-1#r!n
-ofort!n
-onf()!n
depre))!n
d!)t(r!n
d!)#ppo!nt!n
d!)-o(r#!n
e#rr#))!n
e>-!t!n
f#)-!n#t!n
fr!1ten!n
fr()tr#t!n
1(!!#t!n
!ntere)t!n
!rr!t#t!n
pe#)!n
pro!)!n
)#t!)f+!n
)1o-!n
)(rpr!)!n
t!r!n
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=have get keep leave set start ? #nd o--#)!on#+
e>pre))!n
.e overheard them talking about the closure o the actory( $an you
start that engine going-
N.%.
innitie participle.e saw oil prices rise this year
=)(e)t) # )!ne or -opete
#-t!on?.
.e saw oil prices rising this year
=)(e)t) # repe#ted !n-opete or
ono!n #-t!on?.I observed him cross the street and
then I dialed the indicated number#
Qe
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!t !) o!-#+ -onne-ted
pred!-#te: She sat looking out the eeble sun shining ull upon her
=#d5er!# od!,er of #ttend#nt -!r-()t#n-e)? Qe#t1er per!tt!n
Dinner over they withdrew to the study#EO
.2.. 1repositional ,bsolute 1articipial onstruction
It !) !ntrod(-ed + t1e prepo)!t!on
o + # -o#: The o>cer sat with his long fne hands lying on the
table perectly still( The guy crawled into the hut with his knees
bleeding#
.*. !articiple ersus ,erund
T1e d!eren-e et#nd t1e er(nd #re !nter-1#ne#e
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4. %ARTICI%LE II
%#rt!-!pe II !) # non',n!te for of t1e 5er
t1e doer of t1e #-t!on: 7ntonia was walking along the aisle accompanied
by her admirer . %#rt!-!pe) II of p1r#)# 5er) ret#!n t1e!r -opo)!te
)tr(-t(re: an orphan brought up in a clergyman’s amily . %#rt!-!pe II
#+ e #--op#n!ed + #n #d5er!# od!,er e>pre))ed + #d5er) or
p1r#)e) -o!n!n
s9uirrel hidden in the bush a scandal long orgotten# One of t1e #!n
5er# fe#t(re) of %#rt!-!pe II !) re5e#ed !n !t) f(n-t!on!n #) p#rt of t1e
-opo(nd 5er for) of t1e p#))!5e 5o!-e #nd t1e perfe-t.
T1e #d;e-t!5# n#t(re of %#rt!-!pe II #n!fe)t) !t)ef !n !t) f(n-t!on !n t1e
)enten-e
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of t1e ne#t!on not %#rt!-!pe II !) often ne#ted (n':
(nto(-1ed (n,n!)1ed.*6
T1e #d;e-t!5# n#t(re of %#rt!-!pe II !) tr#-ed !n #d;e-t!5!"ed p#rt!-!pe)
#ttr!(te) !n )(-1 p1r#)e) #) on bended knees a drunken man a
lighted candle torch match molten lava "lead steel, roast meat a
rotten apple a shaven head a well+shaven man sodden clothes
sunken eyes( to be panic+stricken poverty+ stricken " (t thunder+struck
theatre+struck,#
Note t1e )enten-e) !n
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like a series o upturned boats( 7nd people hurried by hidden
under their dreadul umbrellas(
• %#rt!-!pe II #) pred!-#t!5e:The customer looked perplexed and troubled( The investigator
was pu::led by the clues =!n t1!) f(n-t!on %#rt!-!pe II denote) #)t#te?. O--#)!on#+ e#n!n: p#))!5e e#n!n !f t1e #!n #nd )(ord!n#te -#()e) 1#5e t1e
)#e )(;e-t?:Halted at a police road block we could hear two euding gangs
fring shots ahead o us "o time,( .eakened by his long stay in
space the space tourist will have di>culty walking "o reason,(
He watched her movements as i hypnoti:ed "o manner,( 2ill will
speak or hours unless interrupted( I picked green peaches
won’t ripen =of -ond!t!on?.
/.2. !redicatie constructions )ith !articiple
3.2.!. The %b&ective 1articipial onstruction
T1!) -on)tr(-t!on -on)!)t) of # no(n !n t1e -oon -#)e or #
per)on# prono(n !n t1e o;e-t!5e -#)e #nd %#rt!-!pe II for!n #
)+nt#-t!-# -ope> Cope> O;e-t. T1e o;e-t!5e p#rt!-!p!#
-on)tr(-t!on !) ()ed
p1+)!-# per-ept!on
5ou must get your tickets registered( I won’t have my name dragged
through the dirt by the press( Have you ever heard their dean’s name
mentioned beore- I want the invitation sent at once( I’d like my car
serviced please#
*9 M-C#rt1+ M. M-C#rten . C#r D. C#r R. =/@@9? p. 09.
0*
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T1e -on)tr(-t!on have+get something done !) ener#+ ()ed
t1e #-t!on: The patient has his armbroken or to ep1#)!"e t1#t t1e t#)
too t1e -#r to t1e #r#e?/.
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T1!) -on)tr(-t!on -on)!)t) of # no(n !n t1e -oon -#)e or #
prono(n !n t1e no!n#t!5e -#)e #nd %#rt!-!pe II t1e no!n# eeent #nd %#rt!-!pe II e!n !n )(;e-t'
pred!-#te re#t!on:
The preparation completed we started o'( .e began to talk but my
attention distracted by the surroundings I took small notice o him#
3.2.. 1repositional ,bsolute onstruction with 1articiple ''
It !) !ntrod(-ed + t1e prepo)!t!on
1#rd+ e5er pre)ented + # prono(n !t !) ore -o)e+ re#ted to t1epred!-#te 5er #nd !) )edo )et o + # -o#: It is unhealthy to
sleep with the windows shut =#d5er!# od!,er of #ttend#nt
-!r-()t#n-e)? He can’t walk with his leg broken =#d5er!# od!,er of
re#)on?.
. CONCLUSION
T1e fo-() of t1!)
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t1e ()e of t1e)e )tr(-t(re) #) # e#n) of -onden)#t!on =!.e. t1e!r #!!t+
to -onden)e )enten-e )tr(-t(re #nd red(-e t1e ent1 of )enten-e)?
T1e tre#tent of non',n!te )tr(-t(re)
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ener#+ -on5e+ed + t1e. At t1!) po!nt !t
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In,n!t!5# #d5er!# -#()e) t+p!-#+ f(n-t!on #) #d5er!#) of p(rpo)e or
#) -on;(n-t) #nd d!);(n-t). In,n!t!5# #d5er!#) of p(rpo)e #re
-onden)ed f( -#()e) of t1!) t+pe )oe !n,n!t!5# d!);(n-t) 1#5e f('
-#()e #tern#t!5e) !n !f'-#()e) 1opre))!on) of
t1e t+pe to conclude to begin with et-.
In,n!t!5# no!n# -#()e) #re t1e o)t -ope> #nd -op!-#ted one)
for !n(!)t!- #n#+)!). For t1e p(rpo)e) of t1!)
t1e )e#nt!- -#)) of t1e pred!-#te. =d!5!)!on
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e5#(#t!5e or eot!5e #d;e-t!5e) !t !) !n t1!) -#)e t1#t t1e+ often 1#5e
f( -#()e p#r#p1r#)e).
After pre)ent!n t1e -onden)!n ()e) of !n,n!t!5# -#()e) er(nd!5e-#()e) ener# 5#!d!t+.
T1erefore t1e+ ()(#+ -orre)pond to non'od# f( -#()e). T1e
p#r#p1r#)#!!t+ -#n e #de d!-(t e)pe-!#+ d(e to t1e
ener#5#(e e#n!n of t1e)e -#()e) #) pre)) #
re#t!on) =t!e -ont!nen-+ #nner re#)on p(rpo)e et-.? #nd t1e+ #re)pe-!# !n t1#t t1e+ ()t e !ntrod(-ed + # prepo)!t!on. B#)!-#+ t1e+
-#n e -on)!dered to e -onden)ed f( -#()e) !n -#)e) t1e prepo)!t!on
-#n #)o f(n-t!on #) # -on;(n-t!on =ater beore? or t1ere e>!)t) #
-orre)pond!n -on;(-t!on
Ger(nd!5e no!n# -#()e)
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F!n#+ -onden)!n ()e) of p#rt!-!p!# -#()e) p!-!tne)) of t1e)e -#()e)
e)pe-!#+ !n t1e!r #d5er!# ()e)?. %#rt!-!p!# -#()e) #re re#t!5e #nd
#d5er!# -#()e) #r!n#+ no!n# -#()e) =f(n-t!on!n #) o;e-t
-opeent?.
%#rt!-!p!# re#t!5e -#()e) #re #) # r(e -onden)ed f( re#t!5e -#()e)
!e. t1e+ #re p#r#p1r#)#e + f( -#()e) =the girl standing over there0who is standing over there?. Toet1er
p#rt!-!pe f(n-t!on!n #) preod!,er =#t1o(1 t1!) !) not # -#()e? pre)) #
fro -e#r+ #d5er!# e#n!n) to #dd!t!5e e#n!n fo(nd !n
-oord!n#t!on or non re)tr!-t!5e re#t!5e -#()e) )(-1 !ne>p!-!tne) #+-#()e d!-(t!e) for # f( -#()e p#r#p1r#)e. T1!)
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()(#+ p#r#p1r#)#e + f( -#()e) =-ept!on of -on;(n-t)
#nd )oe #d5er!# -#()e) !ntrod(-ed + # prepo)!t!on?
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/. E5#n) V. =/@@? ound+up grammar practice O %e#r)on
Ed(-#t!on Ltd.0. E5#n) V. =/@@4? ound+up grammar practice P %e#r)on Ed(-#t!on
Ltd.
8. one) C. St#nn#rd R. =/@@4? Inside out "advanced, M#-!#n%(!)1er) Ltd.
4. &e
Un!5er)!t+ %re)).. M-C#rt1+ M. M-C#rten . C#r D. C#r R. =/@@9? Qrammar or
business C#r!de Un!5er)!t+ %re)).6. V!n-e M. S(nder#nd %. =/@@0? 7dvanced language practice
M#-!#n %(!)1er) Ltd.7. Q#er E. E)
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7. LIST OF TABLES FIGURES C&ARTS
T#e * ' T1e r##t!-# -#teor!e) of t1e !n,n!t!5e4
T#e / ' A)tr#-t no(n) t1#t -#n f(n-t!on #) t1e )(;e-t........................6 T#e 0 ' Ad;e-t!5!"ed p#rt!-!pe)..............................................................6
T#e 8 ' T1e r##t!-# -#teor!e) of t1e er(nd..............................*0
T#e 4 ' T1e er(nd #) o;e-t...............................................................*8
T#e ' Ger(nd #) prepo)!t!on# o;e-t #fter #d;e-t!5e) )t#t!5e) #nd
p#)t p#rt!-!pe).......................................................................................*4
T#e 6 ' T1e r##t!-# -#teor!e) of %#rt!-!pe I.............................../@
T#e 7 ' T1e o)t -oon p#rt!-!pe) ()ed #) #d;e-t!5e) orpred!-#t!5e)............................................................................................//
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