DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS AND PROCEDURES

DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS

AND PROCEDURES

Digestive System

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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

• Abdominal ultrasound– High-frequency sound waves to provide visualization of

the internal organs of the abdomen (liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, and ureters)

• Abdominocentesis (Paracentesis)– Insertion of a needle or trochar into abdominal cavity to

remove excess fluid• Person is in a sitting position

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• Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)– Hepatocellular enzyme released in elevated

amounts due to liver dysfunction– Also known as serum glutamic pyruvic

transaminase (SGPT)

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

• Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)– Enzyme found in highest concentrations in

liver, biliary tract, and bone• Amylase

– Enzyme secreted normally from pancreatic cells that travels to the duodenum by way of pancreatic duct

– Aids in digestion

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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

• Appendectomy– Surgical removal of an inflamed appendix– May be removed via laparoscope if no rupture

has occurred

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• Barium Enema (BE)– Infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium,

barium sulfate, into the rectum and held in the lower intestinal tract while x-ray films are obtained of the lower GI tract

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Barium Swallow (Upper GI Series)– Involves oral administration of a radiopaque

contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows into the esophagus as the person swallows

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Cheiloplasty– Surgically correcting a defect of the lip

• Cholecystectomy– Surgical removal of the gallbladder

• Cholecystography (Oral)– Visualization of the gallbladder through x-ray

following the oral ingestion of pills containing a radiopaque iodinated dye

Diagnostic Techniques,Treatments, and Procedures

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• Colonoscopy– Visualization of the lining of the large intestine

using a fiberoptic colonoscope• Colostomy

– Surgical creation of a new opening on the abdominal wall through which the feces will be expelled, by bringing the incised colon out to the abdominal surface• Abdominal-wall anus

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• CT of the abdomen– Painless, noninvasive x-ray procedure– Produces an image created by the computer

representing a detailed cross section of the tissue structure within the abdomen

– Computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography– Examines the size of and filling of the

pancreatic and biliary ducts through direct radiographic visualization with a fiberoptic endoscope

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)– Process of direct visualization of the

esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using a lighted, fiberoptic endoscope• Also known as an upper endoscopy

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• Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)– Alternative treatment for gallstones by using

ultrasound to align the computerized lithotripter and source of shock waves with the stones

– To crush the gallstones and thus enable the contraction of the gallbladder to remove stone fragments

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Fluoroscopy– Radiological technique used to examine the

function of an organ or a body part using a fluoroscope

• Gastric analysis– Study of the stomach contents to determine

the acid content and to detect the presence of blood, bacteria, bile, and abnormal cells

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Gastric Lavage– Irrigation, or washing out, of the stomach

with sterile water or a saline solution

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Herniorrhaphy– Surgical repair of a hernia by closing the

defect using sutures, mesh, or wire• Liver biopsy

– Piece of liver tissue obtained for examination by inserting a specially designed needle into the liver through the abdominal wall

Diagnostic Techniques,Treatments, and Procedures

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• Liver scan– Noninvasive scanning technique– Enables visualization of shape, size, and

consistency of liver after IV injection of a radioactive compound

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)– Noninvasive scanning procedure that provides

visualization of fluid, soft tissue, and bony structures without the use of radiation

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Nasogastric intubation– Placement of a tube through the nose into the

stomach – To relieve gastric distension by removing

gastric secretions, gas, or food

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) or (PTHC)– Examination of bile duct structure using a

needle to pass directly into an intrahepatic bile duct to inject a contrast medium

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Serum Bilirubin– Measurement of bilirubin level in serum

• Serum bilirubin levels are a result of the breakdown of red blood cells

• Serum Glutamic-oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)– Enzyme that has very high concentrations in

liver cells• Also known as aspartate aminotransferase (AT)

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Small bowel follow-through– Oral administration of a radiopaque contrast

medium, barium sulfate– Flows through the GI system– X-ray films are obtained at timed intervals to

observe the progression of the barium through the small intestine

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Stool analysis for occult blood– Analysis of a stool sample to determine

presence of blood not visible to naked eye• Stool culture

– Collection of a stool specimen placed on one or more culture mediums

– Allowed to grow colonies of microorganisms to identify specific pathogen(s)

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

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• Stool Guaiac– Test on a stool specimen using guaiac as a

reagent– Identifies presence of blood in stool

• Urinary Bilirubin– Tests for conjugated or direct bilirubin in a

urine specimen

Diagnostic Techniques,Treatments, and Procedures