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DEVIANCEFailure to conform to the Norms
SOCIOLOGICAL NORMS
• MorésEssential to social stability; the most powerfully enforced
• CustomsImportant and enforced, but with milder sanctions
• FolkwaysPart of cultural interaction, observed and remarked upon,
but rarely enforced or sanctioned
Deviance Disrupts Social Structure
• Social structure evolves, therefore…
processes for defining social acts as deviant, and responding to, specific social acts also evolves.
Norms Change, therefore social responses change
Labeling TheoryDominates Deviance Study
Erich Goode and Seven Pathways to being labeled Deviant:
1. Actively engage in pre-labeled Behavior2. Fail to Engage in Expected Behavior3. False Accusation of Deviance4. Profess Deviant Ideology5. Association with Deviants6. Defend Deviance7. Involuntary State of Being
Foundations of Labeling Theory
• Subjectivity
• Contextuality
• Power
The Evolution ProcessesLeading to Labeling
1. Exaggeration
2. Centrality
3. Persistence
4. Disjunctive Affect
5. Homogeneity / Clustering
The Evolution of DevianceThree Levels
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
RESPONSES TO LABELING
Neutralization (Erich Goode)
1. Exceptionalization
2. Normalization
3. Excusing
Processes for Avoidance (Gresham Sykes and David Matza)
1. Denial of Responsibility
2. Denial of Injury
3. Denial of a Victim
4. Condemnation of Condemners
5. Appeal to Higher Loyalties
IMPACT OF DEVIANCE
Negative?
Criminal Deviance is most obvious
Positive?
Civil Rights MovementWar Protest
Women’s Liberation MovementGay Rights Movement
Sociological Perspectives of Deviance
• Labeling Theory – Goode, Becker; other Interactionists
• Structural Strain Theory – Robert Merton; other functionalists (empirically based)
• Differential Association Theory – Edwin Sutherland; other symbolic interactionists
• Rational Choice Theory – Cornish and Clark; other functinalists (empirically based)
• Power-Conflict Theory – Conflict Theory
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