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Development of ICTs or
ICTs for Development?Can Local Sightedness Solve this Dilemma?
Using E-Governance as a Case-Study
Vikas Nath
Founder, Digital Governance Initiativewww.DigitalGovernance.org
Special Advisor to the Executive Director, South Centre, Geneva
EPFL Executive Master in e-GovernanceEPFL Executive Master in e-Governance Lausanne, SwitzerlandLausanne, Switzerland
13 October 200613 October 2006
To understand this session better let us get out of this classroom and transport ourselves back into our countries…
Development of ICTs: What do we mean?
ICTs can be visualized as:
Infrastructure: Roads, Electricity Grid, Railway Lines …
Communication Tool: Post, Newspapers …
Capital: Finance, Ideas, Human Resources …
As in the case of Infrastructure, Communication Tools and Capital, development of ICTs leads to economic growth, greater opportunities and human development.
And yet, similar to Infrastructure, Communication Tools and Capital developing ICTs itself cannot ensure that lives of all people, including those belonging to the marginalized sections, will improve automatically.
Millions of people still lie in poverty next to roads and highways!
ICTs for Development: What do we mean?
ICTs can be visualized as:
Access to Education : online classes, libraries, course material
Access to Employment : job notices, outsourced jobs
Access to Information: market price, weather and floods information, government schemes
Access to Advice: agricultural, business, health advice
Access to Services: shopping, banking, government services
High access-cost & equipment fees, limited bandwidth, expensive ICT solutions, software & business models, lack of technical know-how means many developing countries are unable to deliver benefits of ICTs to their
population (inspite of good intentions).
Which Path should countries follow?
Development of ICTs? ICTs for Development?
High Invesment in ICTs is no guarantee that development benefits will accrue to people who need them the most.
► Eg: Often countries with low-levels of ICT investment and e-readiness rank higher in providing development benefits to their population.
Development benefits cannot be provided efficiently and to a large section of population in absence of a well-developed ICT infrastructure.
► Eg: There is a limit to employment that can be generated and benefits that will accrue from setting up SMEs/ rural industries in absence of ICTs. ICTs can open up new markets and make the costs competitive.
The Way Forward is:
Prioritization of Development Benefits
Localization: Targeting of Desired Constituencies
Being Indigenous in “Development of ICTs” Being Innovative in setting up « ICT for
Development models »
LET US TAKE THE EXAMPLE OF E-GOVERNANCE ….
E-G
ove
rnm
ent
at a
Gla
nce
Source: UNPAN http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan006268.pdf
E-Gov Readiness Index (top 10)capacity of public sector to use ICT
Source: UNPAN E-Gov Global Survey 2005 http://www.unpan.org/egovernment5.asp
E-Participation Index (top 10)willingness to provide information and communication tools (6 Areas: Health, Educ, Finance, Employment, Social welfare & General
E-government Readiness Index
Country Index
United States 0.9062
Denmark 0.9058
Sweden 0.8983
United Kingdom 0.8777
Republic of Korea 0.8727
Australia 0.8679
Singapore 0.8503
Canada 0.8425
Finland 0.8231
Norway …… Chile (top 25)
0.8228
E-participation Index
Country Index
United Kingdom 1.0000
Singapore 0.9841
United States 0.9048
Canada 0.8730
Republic of Korea 0.8730
New Zealand 0.7937
Denmark 0.7619
Mexico 0.7619
Australia 0.7143
Netherlands Chile, Colombia, Philippines,
Brazil, Venezuela….(top 25)0.6984
Ranking of Municipalities Online(84 Cities)
1 Seoul 2 Hong Kong 3 Singapore 4 Rome 5 Shanghai 6 New York 7 Auckland 8 Stockholm 9 Sao Paulo10 Sofia
Source: Survey done by Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey- Newark, USA http://newark.rutgers.edu/~egovinst/Website/summary.htm
Among the top 25 cities:8 cities are from developing or transition countries: Shanghai Dubai, Macao, Jakarta, Sao Paulo, Kyiv, Sofia, Bucharest.
CRITERIA: Citizen Service Delivery
Who is the Government for Citizens ?Who are the Citizens for Government ?
WomenCentral
Government
GOVERNMENT CITIZENS
Farmers
Entrepreneur
Taxpayer
Un-Employed
Rural PopulationSenior
Citizens
Media
Courts
HomeMinistry
StateGovernment
Municipality
Police
Customs
AgricultureDepartment
NationalBanks
ExciseDepartment
Localization and Prioritization of Development Benefits
(Who are the users and what services do they need?)
Small & Medium Enterpreneurs ?
Tax & excise subsidies, Government loans, Credit availability
Farmers ? Pest control, Market and minimum support prices, Government schemes and subsidies
Unemployed ? Government employment and roster, medical benefits
Rural people ? Local government offices, health & education facilities
Fishermen ? Weather pattern, rehabilitation plans
TARGETING: E-Governance is Match- Making between Citizens and Service Providers
Women
USER GROUPS
Farmers
LocalBusinesses
NGO Workers
Un-Employed
CITIZENSSeniorCitizens
LocalMedia
E-
GO
VE
RN
AN
CE
SERVICE PROVIDERS
Children
Transport Ministry
LocalMunicipalities
AgricultureDepartment
Home Ministry
Health Department
Department of Youth Employment
5 Innovative E-Governance Models being used in Several Developing Countries
• Wider Dissemination Model• Critical Flow Model• Comparative Analysis Model• E-advocacy/ Pressure group model• Selective-Service Model
PublicDomain
Information
Wider Public Domain
CITIZENSC
ITIZ
EN
SC
ITIZ
EN
S
• Govt. Laws, Legislations, Notices• Local Govt. Offices and Officials Information• Government Budget, Plans and Expenditures• Key Judicial Decisions: state vs. citizen decisions• Government Tenders, Procurement Notice• Government Employment
Wider Disseminating ModelInformation: Information:
Public Domain Wider Public DomainPublic Domain Wider Public Domain
ExamplesExamples
Mongolia: Open Government http://open-government.mn
Malaysia: E-Flood Information http://jps.selangor.gov.my
Philippines: Government Online (but not yet!) http://www.gov.ph/directory
Uzbekistan: Portal of the State of Authority http://www.gov.uz
MALAYSIA:E-Flood Information DID (JPS) Selangor Statehttp://jps.selangor.gov.my
1. The system integrates all hydrology data from District DID (JPS) to the Shah Alam Hydrology Unit automatically and in real time.
2. It then provides real-time river monitoring to safequard life and property, and offers flood warnings through SMS.
3. The project simplifies government agency flood rescue operations.
Critical Flow ModelCritical Flow ModelCritical Information:Critical Information:
Private Domain Wider Public DomainPrivate Domain Wider Public Domain
Private Domain Information
Wider DomainWider Domain
• Corruption Information• Enquiry reports, scientific research, impact studies commissioned• Company’s Green Ratings • Human Rights Violations Records• Whistle Blowing
ExamplesExamples
Bangladesh: Human Rights Portal www.banglarights.net
independent web portal which exposes and challenges discriminations and violations of human rights.
India: Central Vigilance Committee www.cvc.nic.inOnline filing of complaints against public officials and online exposing of names of Corrupted Government Officials.
Mexico: Declarenet www.declaranet.gob.mx
Declaranet" allows for on-line filing of income for federal employees.
Bloggers
Comparative Analysis ModelInformation in:Information in:
Private / Public Domain + Public / Private Domain Private / Public Domain + Public / Private Domain Wider Public Domain Wider Public Domain
Public/PrivateDomain
Wider DomainWider Domain
Public Domain Information
Public/PrivateDomain
Comparative Analysis Model
• Based on comparison over Time
• Based on comparison between 2 Services at a given time
•Court Rulings / Historical Archive •Tracking Performance Records / Background of Electoral Candidates
• Bringing out Best / Worst Practices
• Cases of Corruption, Budget Irregularities
ExamplesExamples
India: National Courts
http://indiancourts.nic.in
Sri Lanka: Comparison of Education Indicators (Kothmale Project)
Philippines: Comparison of Electoral Candidates
India: Green Ratings of Chief Ministers/ Comparing Environmental Records of Industries
http://www.cseindia.org
Mobilisation and Lobbying ModelBuilding Allies / Networking Networks for Building Allies / Networking Networks for
Concerted ActionConcerted Action
Communities
Virtual CommunityVirtual Community
Networks
Individuals
Interest Groups
Common Common GoalGoal
Real CommunityReal Community
Strategic flow of Information to build strong issue-based Allies to complement action in Real World.
ExamplesExamples
SMS and Mobile Political Campaigns- Philippines, Belarus (ice-cream flash mobs) and Ukraine
• SMS Protests: Lebanan (organise massive anti-Syrian protests after the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri)
• Anti-Corruption Signature Campaigns: India (Petition OnlineCorruption)
• Email Groups for Lobbying: Zimbabwe Kubatana.net
Service Delivery ModelService Delivery Model
USER SERVICE PROVIDER USER SERVICE PROVIDER
E-ProcurementE-ProcurementE- ShoppingE- ShoppingE-ballotsE-ballotsE-taxes, parking E-taxes, parking tickets, licensestickets, licensesE-GovernmentE-Government
ExamplesExamples
Philippines: Online Marriage, Birth Certificates (City of Manila)http://www.cityofmanila.com.ph/service.htm
China: Shanghai Investment Promotion Agencyhttp://www.investment.gov.cn/english/index.html
Indonesia: LIVE E-Commerce
India: Delhi Government Online Complaint Form complaints.mcdonline.gov.in
Indonesia: Want to buy a LIVE SHEEP?
Price Terms: FOB
Specifications:For sale jamnapari goats ex Indonesia. Quality breeders between 6 and 9 months old. Able to supply up to 450 goats per month.
Berat LahirBerat Dewasa Jantan 3 - 4 kg Jantan 68 - 91 kg Betina 3-4 kg Betina 36-63 skg
Leave me a message
Company Name: Medanova Commodities Sdn Bhd
Contact Person: Mr Rajalingam Theva Raj
ADDRESS: 6th Floor, Suite 18, IOI Business Park, Bandar Puchong Jaya, Puchong, Malaysia, Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia, MalaysiaPHONE: 60 3 80762836
COMING BACK The Way Forward is:
Prioritization of Development Benefits
Localization: Targeting of Desired Constituencies
Being Indigenous in “Development of ICTs” Being Innovative in setting up « ICT for
Development models »
THUS THE GUIDING PRINCIPLE BEHIND ICT PROJECTS SHOULD BE ……
Increasing the « Public Value of Services » being offered by Information Technology to local community?
What do you mean by PUBLIC VALUE of Services?
What do you mean by PUBLIC VALUE of Services?
O O i
O O i
Okay, let me explain what that means?
Okay, let me explain what that means?
THE GUIDING PRINCIPLE
Case A: pre-ICT Situation
USERS (5) SERVICES (A, B, C, D)
A
D
B
CU1
U2
U3
U5
U4
V4D
V1B
V2C
V1A
V5D
V3D
V= Value of Service being derived by the User: U
Total Public Value of Services derived = U1V1 + U2V2 + U3V3 + U4V4 + U5V5
3 WAYS to increase PUBLIC VALUE OF SERVICES:
Bring NEW USERS under the reach of the Information Technology
Provide NEW SERVICES to Existing Users
Enhance the QUALITY OF EXISTING SERVICES being offered so that users derive greater Value from the same service.
THE SITUATION WILL THEN CHANGE…..
Case B: Desired post- ICT situation
USERS (8) SERVICES (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H)
A
E
D
B
C
G
F
U1
U2
U3
U5
U4
New Public Value = U1V1 + U2V2 + U3V3 + U4V4 + U5V5 +….. + UiVj
U6
U7
U8
ICT Projects Guideline
Who are the Target groups that we want to reach out to, through Internet?
What are the local information needs of the disadvantaged community?
What are the existing channels by which information reaches to the disadvantaged community?
What is the weakest link in the chain of information flows: from source to the disadvantaged communities?
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