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Damage Control Resuscitation
Mazen Kherallah, MD, FCCP
Executive Director of Quality Assurance
SEHA: Abu DhabiInfectious Disease & Critical Care Medicine Consultant
Sheikh Khalifa Medical City
1
Outline
Introduction Damage Control Resuscitation Data from the Battlefield
Plasma Platelets Fresh Whole Blood
Conclusion
Definition of Massive Transfusion Replacement of a blood volume
equivalent within 24hr
>10 unit within 24 hr
Transfusion > 4 units in 1 hr
Replacement of 50% of blood volume in 3hrs
A rate of loss >150ml/hr
Hemorrhaging Trauma Patient:Case Report*
24 y/o Iraqi special forces soldier Multiple high-velocity GSW through-
and-through flanks and pelvis. Arrived via helicopter. Unknown pre-hospital time.
*courtesy of Dr. Al Beekley
Arrival SBP ~50
Injuries
Left lobe of liver laceration
Through-and-through distal esophagus
6 gastrotomies Splenic rupture Proximal splenic artery
injury Distal pancreas
laceration Left kidney laceration
Multiple small bowel enterotomies
Evisceration of omentum through left flank
Bladder injury Extra-peritoneal rectal
injury Pelvic fracture Internal iliac artery and
vein lacerations Left open tibia/fibula
fracture
21
33
30
29
Introduction: Battlefield Medicine
How would you transfuse (resuscitate) this type of casualty?
Introduction: Trauma/Coagulopathy
Hemorrhage is the leading preventable cause of death from trauma
Resuscitating these casualties requires some understanding of why they are bleeding …and continue to bleed despite getting transfused
Hemostasis in Trauma
• Majority (90-95%)
- Non-severe
- Inflammation
- Hypercoaguable
- DVT / PE
• Minority (5-10%)
- Severe Trauma
- Consumption, Dilution
- Hypocoaguable
- Hemorrhagic Shock
Coagulopathy of Trauma
“trauma triad” of hemorrhage, acidosis, hypothermia
Dilutional coagulopathy Excessive use of crystalloid, RBCs
Consumptive coagulopathy Hyperfibrinolysis
20% on admission with ISS>15
Acute coagulopathy of trauma
Haemorrhage
Hypotension
Resuscitation
Haemodilution
Coagulopathy
Hypothermia
Complications of massive transfusion
The Lethal Triad
AcidosisAcidosis HypothermiaHypothermia
CoagulopathyCoagulopathy
Death
Brohi, K, et al. J Trauma, 2003.
Coagulopathy of trauma
Brohi, K, et al. J Trauma, 2003.
Blood loss
DilutionalAcidosis
Hypothermia
Consumption
Increased fibrinolysis
Acute Coagulopathy of Trauma
Thermal Coagulopathy
The coagulation cascade is an enzymatic pathway that degrades with temperature and ceases at 92 F
Hypothermia slows the enzymatic reactions of the coagulation cascade
Hypothermia prevents the activation of platelets by traction on the glycoprotein 1b, IX, V complex by von Willebrand factor (VWF)
A temperature < 96°F or 35°C is associated with an increase in mortality.
Dilutional Coagulopathy
Coagulopathy associated with trauma and massive transfusion –dilutional
Plasma-poor RBCs dilutes coagulation factor concentrations
Collins. Massive transfusion and current bloodbanking practices. In: Preservation of Red Blood Cells. National Academy of Sciences:
Washington, DC; 1973:39-40
• Loss of blood• Critical requirements for fluid, volume, red cells, albumin
Critical dilution for coagulation factors occur after loss of 1.2 blood volumes and for platelets at 2 blood
volumes
Acidotic Coagulopathy
Acidosis – interferes with the assembly of coagulation factor complexes
Acidosis contributes more to coagulopathy more than hypothermia (not reversible)
Consumption Coagulopathy
Consumption of coagulation factors and platelets – highly localized at site of injury
Subendothelial smooth-muscle cells, Fibrobasts
TF
TF
TF
FVII
Nanomolecule of TF present in every square meter of fibroblasts or smooth-muscle cell – all of FVII could be removed from the circulation by 3-30m2 of endothelial disruption
Schester, Glesen Taby, et al 1997
Dietzen, Page Tetzloff, 1997
Increased fibrinolysis Generation of thrombin at injury sites leads
to its binding to thrombomodulin on normal endothelium with activation of protein C
Reduced local thrombin concentrations lead to thin fibrin strands with high surface-to-volume ratios and prevent the activation of TAFI (thrombin-activated fibrinolysis inhibitor)
Low vascular flow leads to release of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) from intact endothelial cells
Acute Coagulopathy of Trauma
Very early within 10 min of arrival Hypoperfusion and shock (oxygen debt)
Anti-coagulation and hyperfibrinolysis Increased soluble thrombomodulin
Increased activated protein C Decreased utilization of fibrinogen Decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor
No coagulation factor deficiency or dysfunction at this early time.
Brohi K. Acute Coagulopathy of Trauma. J Trauma. 2008:64(5);1211-1217
New Diagnostic criteriaAvoids the “but he looked good” phenomenon New Diagnostic criteria
Avoids the “but he looked good” phenomenon
Within the first five minutes in the ED Identify patients in trouble Identify patients with increased mortality Identify patients with increased probability of massive
transfusion
Patients At Risk for Massive Transfusion: MT
A systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or less is indicative casualties
that have lost over 40% of their blood volume (2000 mL): Increased
Mortality
Otherwise young healthy soldiers with a Hgb of < 11 have
only one reason for their anemia, namely acute blood loss
Acidosis: Base deficit (BD) ≥ 6 Initial INR ≥ 1.5: Severity of
injury and mortality is linearly associated with the degree of
the initial coagulopathy
Patient At Risk
23
Hypothermia < 96.5
Outline
Introduction Damage Control Resuscitation Data from the Battlefield
Plasma Platelets Fresh Whole Blood
Conclusion
Haemorrhage
Hypotension
Resuscitation
Haemodilution
Coagulopathy
Hypothermia
Complications of
massive transfusion
Crystalloid:PRBCs 3:1 Ratio
How to Resuscitate these PatientsDamage Control Resuscitation
Hemostatic resuscitation
Hypotensive resuscitation
Bleeding Control
Permissive hypotension: Minimize rebleed: avoid
“popping the clot”
First “patching up the holes,” and delaying definitive careEarly surgical control of bleeding
Prevent/treat: acidosis, hypothermia, hypocalcemia,
coagulopathy
Hemostatic ResuscitationHemostatic Resuscitation
Early Dx in ED
Warm Fresh Whole Blood (WFB)
1:1:1 ratio of Plasma: RBC: PLT
Aggressive use of cryo and platelets
ED use of rFVIIa and repeated doses in OR and ICU as required
Limit excessive use of RBCs & crystalloids
Use RBCs of decreased storage age
Outline
Introduction Damage Control Resuscitation Data from the Battlefield
Plasma Platelets Fresh Whole Blood
Conclusion
Data from the Battlefield
Recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have provided means for the study large numbers of severely injured patients
Military medicine has made an effort to be data driven
Joint Theater Trauma Registry We’ll look at three studies:
FFP:RBC ratio Platelet:RBC ratio Warm Fresh Whole Blood
FFP:RBC Ratio study
246 massively transfused patients at a Combat Support Hospital
Divided into 3 FFP:RBC ratio groups <1:4, 1:2 - 1:4, >1:2 Compared baseline demographics and outcomes
Performed multivariate regression analysis for overall mortality
Borgman, MA, Spinella, PC, et al. “Ratio of blood products affects mortality in trauma,”J Trauma 2007:63(4); 805-813
20%
34%
65%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0:22 - 1:4 1:3.9 - 1:2.1 1:2 - 1:0.59
Mor
talit
y
Chi SquareLow to Med: p=0.01Med to High: p=0.02
Effect of FFP:RBC ratio on overall mortality
n=31 n=56 n=165
FFP:RBC RatioBorgman, MA, Spinella, PC, et al. “Ratio of blood products affects mortality in trauma,”J Trauma 2007:63(4); 805-813
0:22 - 1:4 1:3.9 - 1:2.1 1:2 - 1:0.590
10
20
30
40
50
60
7065%
34%
20%Mo
rta
lity
%
n=31 n=56n=165
Variable Low ratioFFP:RBC
1:8 (0:22 – 1:4)
Medium ratioFFP:RBC
1:2.6 (1:3.9 – 1:2.1)
High ratio FFP:RBC
1:1.4 (1:2 – 1:0.6)
p value
ISS 18 (16-25) 18 (14-25) 18 (16-25) 0.83
%ISS >25 23 20 22 0.94
FFP:RBC ratio
Data: median (IQR)
Borgman, MA, Spinella, PC, et al. “Ratio of blood products affects mortality in trauma,”J Trauma 2007:63(4); 805-813
20%
34%
65%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0:22 - 1:4 1:3.9 - 1:2.1 1:2 - 1:0.59
Mo
rta
lity
%
n=31n=56 n=165
Variables upon admission
Low ratio FFP:RBC
1:8 (0:22 – 1:4)
Medium ratio FFP:RBC
1:2.6 (1:3.9 – 1:2.1)
High ratioFFP:RBC
1:1.4 (1:2 – 1:0.59) P-value
INR 1.78 (1.00-2.86) 1.54 (1.30-2.10) 1.54 (1.30-2.19) 0.86
Hgb 9.4 (7.1-10.9) 10.8(8.5-12.6) 10.9(9-13.1) 0.01
Plt level 225 (132-275) 177 (128-241) 216 (150-277) 0.79
Base Deficit 13 (4-14) 8 (3-14) 8 (4-13) 0.39
Temp 97 (94.9-97.6) 96.5 (94.2-98.0) 96.0 (94.0-97.5) 0.14
HR 122 (97-149) 117 (103-133) 112 (92-129) 0.08
Data: median (IQR)
Cause of death by ratio group
1
2
6
2
6
1
2.5
7
0.51
0102030405060708090
100
0:22 - 1:4 1:3.9 - 1:2.1 1:2 - 1:0.59
Hemorrhage
Sepsis
MOF
Airw ay/Breathing
CNS
95%
70%
39%
Mo
rta
lity
%
Borgman, MA, Spinella, PC, et al. “Ratio of blood products affects mortality in trauma,”J Trauma 2007:63(4); 805-813
Multivariate for Survival
Applying Hemostatic Resuscitation
Must identify who is at risk EARLY Death from hemorrhage typically occurs in the
first 6 hours Applying hemostatic resuscitation liberally
places patients at unnecessary risk for multiorgan failure, respiratory compromise, and thromboembolic events
Several predictive scores TASH score ABC score
TASH: Trauma-associated Severe Hemorrhage Score
Systolic blood pressure (<100 mm Hg=4 pts, <120 mm Hg=1 pt)
Hemoglobin (<7 g/dL=8 pts, <9 g/dL=6 pts, <10 g/dL=4 pts, <11 g/dL=3 pts, and <12 g/dL=2 pts)
Intra-abdominal fluid (3 pts) Complex long bone and/or pelvic fractures (AIS
3/4=3 pts and AIS 5=6 pts) Heart rate (>120=2 pts) Base excess (<-10 mmol/L=4 pts, <-6 mmol/L=3 pts,
and <-2 mmol/L=1 pt), Gender (male=1 pt).
Mortality based on TASH score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60M
ort
ali
ty
High RatioLow Ratio
% MT <10 10-15 16-25 26-39 40-54 >54
TASH score 0-8 9-10 11-12 13-14 15-16 >16
High ratio (n) 432 167 182 144 134 288
Low ratio (n) 492 152 144 102 77 160
p value * n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 0.009 0.025 Borgman, MAUnpublished data
TASH: Trauma-associated Severe Hemorrhage Score
Potential Plasma Mechanisms
Activates human endothelial cell kinase pathways Protective for endothelial cell injury
Restores endothelial glycocalyx Needed for cell integrity and function
Decreased pulmonary and lymphatic endothelial cell permeability
Increased Syndecan-1 expression Endothelial cell glycocalyx membrane protein involved
in cell function and integrity
JB Holcomb. Presented at 2009 Shock Society Conference
Apheresis Platelets
Evaluated 462 casualties in Iraq who received a massive transfusion
Three groups based on aPLT:RBC ratio >1:16, 1:8-16, <1:8
Evaluated 24hr, 30 day survival
Perkins, JG, Cap, AP, Spinella, PC, et al. “Evaluation of the impact of Apheresis Platelets.” J Trauma. 2009; 66: S77-S85
Mortality at 30 daysCox Hazard Regression
Variable Hazard Ratio p Value ISS 1.06 <0.001 INR 1.16 0.03 Plasma Ratio 0.98 0.01 aPLT ratio 0.91 <0.001 Base deficit 1.04 0.07 Stored RBC units 1.03 0.08
Perkins, JG, Cap, AP, Spinella, PC, et al. “Evaluation of the impact of Apheresis Platelets.” J Trauma. 2009; 66: S77-S85
Survival to 24hrs and 30 days
Perkins, JG, Cap, AP, Spinella, PC, et al. “Evaluation of the impact of Apheresis Platelets.” J Trauma. 2009; 66: S77-S85
Warm Fresh Whole Blood
Spinella, PC, Perkins, JG, et al “Association of Warm Fresh Whole Blood with Survival”J Trauma. 2009; 66;S69-S76
Retrospective, 354 pts transfused ≥1U of RBCs Compared patients transfused
Fresh Whole Blood + (PRBC, FFP) Stored components (PRBC, FFP, aPLTs)
Groups compared equal in: Age, severity of injury Admission vital signs and labs, RBC amount Average patient was in hemorrhagic shock Base deficit of 6 and INR of 1.4
Variable WFWB (n=100) CT (n=254) P value
Total RBC (U) 16 (11-22) 16 (10-22) 0.44
Anticoagulant / Additives (L)
2.1 (1.5 – 3.1) 3.3 (2.1 – 4.6) <0.001
Results
Days30.0025.0020.0015.0010.005.000.00
Surv
ival
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Kaplan Meier Curve of 30 day survival
WFWB group
CT group
Log rank test, p= 0.002
Warm Fresh Whole Blood
Component Therapy
Variables OR (95.% C.I.) P value
WFWB group* 15.4 (2.3 – 106) 0.005
Plasma:RBC ratio 10.3 (2.3 - 45.) 0.002
ISS 0.94 (0.91 - 0.97) 0.001
GCS eyes (normal) 3.91 (1.5 - 10.4) 0.006
Base deficit 0.88 (0.82 – 0.95) < 0.001
Multi-variate Logistic Regression for 30 day survival – Patient study groups
* Reference group were CT patients AUC (95% CI) = 0.9 (0.85-0.95)
Discussion
Potential mechanisms for WFWB association with improved survival Improved function of RBCs, plasma, platelets in
WFWB Thoroughly documented - Increased storage time for all
blood products leads to decreased function 1-4
WFWB use minimizes use of old RBCs Old RBCs: hyperinflammatory, immunomodulatory, impair
vasoregulation, poor O2 delivery Increased anti-coagulants and preservatives in stored
components1 Spinella PC, Crit Care Med, 20072 Napolitano LM, Crit Care Clinics, 20043 Lavee J, J Thor Cardiov Surg, 19894 Mohr R, J Thor Cardiov Surg, 1988
Discussion
WFWB patients - Increased incidence of Renal failure ARDS, DVT – approached significance
Since survival increased in WFWB group May be result of these patients living long enough
to develop these complications
Univariate analysis only and not adjusted with multivariate analysis
Component Therapy vs Fresh Whole Blood
PRBCHct 55%335 mL
Plt5.5x1010
50 mL
FFP80%
275 mL
So Component Therapy Gives You1U PRBC + 1U PLT + 1U FFP + 10 pk Cryo = 660 COLD mL
•Hct 29%•Plt 87K•Coag activity 65%•750 mg fibrinogen
500 mL Warm
Hct: 38-50%
Plt: 150-400K
Coags: 100%
• Armand & Hess, Transfusion Med. Rev., 2003
1500 mg Fibrinogen
1500 mg Fibrinogen
German Trauma Study 713 patients transfused >10 units Divided into 3 RBC:FFP ratio groups:
<0.9, 0.9 – 1.1, >1.1 Excluded deaths in the ED
Minimizes survivorship bias Counted transfusions in ED and OR (not ICU)
Average 4 hours Minimizes catch-up bias
Maegele, M. et al. “Red blood cell to plasma ratios transfused during massive transfusion are associated with mortality in severe multiply injury.” Vox Sanguinis, 2008.
German Trauma StudyRBC:FFP ratio mortality
>1.1
0.9-1.1
<0.9 (more FFP)
Massive Transfusion Protocol
Implemented “trauma exsanguination protocol”
Before/after cohort study 10 pRBC + 6 FFP + 2 PLT
Then 6 pRBC + 4 FFP + 2 PLT
Mortality 65.8% to 51.1% Showed decreased RBC and FFP and PLT
utilization
Cotton, et al. “Damage Control Hematology” J Trauma May 2008
Decreased utilization of blood products
Current Army Policy
Transfuse to a ratio of 1:1:1 of FFP:RBC:PLT for those patients presenting with severe life threatening trauma/hemorrhage at risk for massive transfusion
Use of fresh whole blood is authorized for patients with life-threatening injuries (at discretion of MD)
Current MT PolicyUS Army
RBC:FFP1:1
RBC:FFP:PLT1:1:1
rFVIIarFVIIa
In military casualties requiring massive transfusion, early administration of rFVIIa decreased pRBC use by 23%
rFVIIa increases the SBP at which arterial rebleeding occurs
suggesting the formation of a tighter, stronger fibrin plug in the presence of high concentrations of rFVIIa
Seven prospective, randomized surgical trials have documented the safety of this drug.
The clinical goal is a subnormal PT or INR, ensuring that if bleeding is still occurring then surgical intervention is required.
In military casualties requiring massive transfusion, early administration of rFVIIa decreased pRBC use by 23%
rFVIIa increases the SBP at which arterial rebleeding occurs
suggesting the formation of a tighter, stronger fibrin plug in the presence of high concentrations of rFVIIa
Seven prospective, randomized surgical trials have documented the safety of this drug.
The clinical goal is a subnormal PT or INR, ensuring that if bleeding is still occurring then surgical intervention is required.
When comparing rFVIIa (+) to rFVIIa (-) patients 24 hour mortality was 7/49 (14%) and 26/75 (35%), (p=0.01)
30 day mortality was 15/49 (31%) and 38/75 (51%), (p=.03).
SBP was higher in the rFVIIa (+) group
The use of rFVIIa was associated with improved early and late survival after severe trauma and massive transfusion.
rFVIIa was not associated with increased risk of thrombotic events.
The Effect of Recombinant Activated Factor VII on Mortality in Combat-Related Casualties With Severe Trauma and Massive TransfusionPhilip C. Spinella, MD, Jeremy G. Perkins, MD, Daniel F. McLaughlin, MD, Sarah E. Niles, MD, MPH,Kurt W. Grathwohl, MD, Alec C. Beekley, MD, Jose Salinas, PhD, Sumeru Mehta, MD, Charles E. Wade, PhD,and John B. Holcomb, MD J of Trauma- Feb 2008
Retrospective Study of Combat Casualties Who did and did not Receive rFVIIa
Jan 2004 - Oct 2006 n = 615
Retrospective Study of Combat Casualties Who did and did not Receive rFVIIa
Jan 2004 - Oct 2006 n = 615
329 US casualties did not receive rFVIIa
ISS = 21 ± 14 Complications = 17%
Thrombotic = 11% ICU days = 6 ± 24 Hospital days = 27 ± 40 PRBCs = 8 ± 7 Mortality = 19%
286 US Casualties did receive rFVIIa
ISS = 24 ± 13* Complications = 23%*
Thrombotic = 14% ICU days = 10 ± 15* Hospital days = 37 ± 35* PRBCs = 18 ± 22* Mortality = 21%
* P < 0.05
Once administered check:FBC, Clotting, fibrinogen and ABG
RE-ASSESSMENTABCDE
If haemorrhage continue
Activate MMT PACK 2Please, specify location of
patient
MMT PACK 2
HAEMOSTASIS
HAEMORRHAGE CONTROL:SurgeryStabilize fracturesPelvic brace
PREVENT HYPOTHERMIA
HAEMOSTATIC DRUGS:Consider the following if bleeding persist despite surgical interventions:Activated factor VII Beriplex (consider when patient who is on anti-coagulant) Antifibrinolitic agentsPlease discuss any of these therapeutic measures with Haematologist on call)
INTRA-OPERATIVE CELL SALVAGE:Transfuse 1 x FFP every 250 ml of bloodTransfuse 1 x ATD platelets every 1000 ml of blood
2 x packs of Cryoprecipitate if Fibrinogen is < 1.0 g/l
Fail to reach targets
MANAGEMENT of MASSIVE TRANSFUSION (MMT) for TRAUMA
4 X RBC4 X FFP
1 X ATD Platelets
MMT ACTIVATION For Trauma
PATIENT ARRIVALTake bloods (FBC, U&E, Clotting, fibrinogen and X-match and ABG)Send pink bottle with X-match form to blood bank urgently ( please obtain 2 samples for x-match at different time if possible)
MMT PACK 1 4 x O –ve RBC ( female) or O+ve(Male) 4 x AB FFP
(or Group specific if possible)
THERAPY TARGET end point:
Hb: 8-10 g/dlPlatelets > 100PT&APTT (INR)< 1.5Fibrinogen > 1.0 g/lCa² > 1 mmol/l⁺pH: 7.35-7.45BE: ± 2Tª > 36 °C
Pre-hospital MMT alert:
• Systolic BP < 90• Poor response to
initial fluid resuscitation
• Suspected active haemorrhage
If so activate MMT (match 3 of the ocriteria)
Hospital MMT alert confirmation(patient requiring urgent transfusion)
- SBP < 90- HR > 100- Ph < 7.35- BE < - 2- Obvious signs of uncontrollable active bleeding- Poor responder to fluid resuscitation
(Trauma Team leader must declare MMT Activation to blood bank ,WHH Bleep no:8662)
Co-ordinate Porter urgently to standby for Collection of MMT pack one
When MMT stopsNotify blood bank Return any unused products Resume standard ordering practices
PREVENT
HYPOTHERMI A
AC I DOS I S
COAGULOPATHY
Once administered check:FBC, Clotting, fibrinogen and ABG
RE-ASSESSMENTABCDE
If haemorrhage continue
Activate MMT PACK 2Please, specify location of
patient
MMT PACK 2
HAEMOSTASIS
HAEMORRHAGE CONTROL:SurgeryStabilize fracturesPelvic brace
PREVENT HYPOTHERMIA
HAEMOSTATIC DRUGS:Consider the following if bleeding persist despite surgical interventions:Activated factor VII Beriplex (consider when patient who is on anti-coagulant) Antifibrinolitic agentsPlease discuss any of these therapeutic measures with Haematologist on call)
INTRA-OPERATIVE CELL SALVAGE:Transfuse 1 x FFP every 250 ml of bloodTransfuse 1 x ATD platelets every 1000 ml of blood
2 x packs of Cryoprecipitate if Fibrinogen is < 1.0 g/l
Fail to reach targets
MANAGEMENT of MASSIVE TRANSFUSION (MMT) for TRAUMA
4 X RBC4 X FFP
1 X ATD Platelets
MMT ACTIVATION For Trauma
PATIENT ARRIVALTake bloods (FBC, U&E, Clotting, fibrinogen and X-match and ABG)Send pink bottle with X-match form to blood bank urgently ( please obtain 2 samples for x-match at different time if possible)
MMT PACK 1 4 x O –ve RBC ( female) or O+ve(Male) 4 x AB FFP
(or Group specific if possible)
THERAPY TARGET end point:
Hb: 8-10 g/dlPlatelets > 100PT&APTT (INR)< 1.5Fibrinogen > 1.0 g/lCa² > 1 mmol/l⁺pH: 7.35-7.45BE: ± 2Tª > 36 °C
Pre-hospital MMT alert:
• Systolic BP < 90• Poor response to
initial fluid resuscitation
• Suspected active haemorrhage
If so activate MMT (match 3 of the ocriteria)
Hospital MMT alert confirmation(patient requiring urgent transfusion)
- SBP < 90- HR > 100- Ph < 7.35- BE < - 2- Obvious signs of uncontrollable active bleeding- Poor responder to fluid resuscitation
(Trauma Team leader must declare MMT Activation to blood bank ,WHH Bleep no:8662)
Co-ordinate Porter urgently to standby for Collection of MMT pack one
When MMT stopsNotify blood bank Return any unused products Resume standard ordering practices
PREVENT
HYPOTHERMI A
AC I DOS I S
COAGULOPATHY
SummarySummary
Early Dx in ED
Warm Fresh Whole Blood (WFB)
1:1:1 ratio of Plasma: RBC: PLT
Aggressive use of cryo and platelets
ED use of rFVIIa and repeated doses in OR and ICU as required
Limit excessive use of RBCs & crystalloids
Use RBCs of decreased storage age
Recommended