D Kuliah 4 Sem II 2011 2012 Revolusi Saintifik Student Notes

KULIAH 4: PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN SAINTIFIK &

KAEDAH SAINTIFIK

LECTURE IN MALAY LANGUAGE. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS ARE

NOT ALLOWED TO TAKE THIS COURSE.

Penulis drama YunaniAristophanes (446 - 386 B.C.)

• ‘Youth ages, immaturity is outgrown, ignorance can be educated, and drunkenness sobered, but stupidity remains forever.’

• ‘Muda-mudi menjadi tua, kebudakan menjadi kematangan, kejahilan dapat dididik, mabuk menjadi sedar, tetapi kebodohan kekal abadi.’

Geometry dan matematik

Falsafah dan Kepercayaan

Bahasa sebagai falsafah

Sains, falsafah & kepercayaan

Falsafah Yunani

Sains IslamSains Eropah

Konflik Antara Ahli Sains & Gereja Katholik

Ciri-ciri

Kaedah Saintifik

HUBUNGAN ANTARA TIGA BIDANG ILMU

SISTEM KEPERCAYAAN (TERMASUK AGAMA)

FALSAFAH (RASIONAL)

SAINS

Ahli Geometri Yunani Euclid (sekitar 300 S.M)

Ahli Matematik Yunani Pythagoras (570 - 490 S.M.)

HUBUNGAN ANTARA TIGA BIDANG ILMU

SISTEM KEPERCAYAAN (TERMASUK AGAMA)

FALSAFAH (RASIONAL)

SAINS

LENGKAPKAN SILOGISME BERIKUT

• PREMIS 1: SEMUA PENYELIDIKAN EMPIRIKAL (SAINS) [S] IALAH PEMIKIRAN RASIONAL (FALSAFAH) [F]

• PREMIS 2: SISTEM KEPERCAYAAN (TERMASUK AGAMA) [A] BUKAN PEMIKIRAN RASIONAL (FALSAFAH) [F]

• KESIMPULAN?

ADAKAH SAINS DAN AGAMA SEMESTINYA BERKONFLIK?

1. Hidupan sel tunggal muncul dari air/lautan2. Hidupan sel tunggal menjelma menjadi

tumbuhan dan binatang (reptilia)3. Sesetengah reptilia menjelma menjadi

mamalia4. Mamalia (beruk) menjelma menjadi manusia

Teori Evolusi (Charles Darwin, kurun ke-19)

Charles Darwin 1809-1882

• Menerbitkan buku pada tahun 1859 bertajuk On the Origin of Species.

• Memperkenalkan teori evolusi (kemajuan dari satu peringkat ke peringkat yang seterusnya) untuk menerangkan kewujudan manusia.

• Berdasarkan kajian fosil, beliau mengatakan bahawa hidupan akan berubah berdasarkan ‘adaptation’ dan ‘natural selection.’

• Tuhan Menciptakan Manusia

• [Perbincangan]• Ibn Sina and Paeleontology• Darwin’s attempt to normalise and rationalise the

world of creatures

1. Hidupan sel tunggal muncul dari air/lautan

2. Hidupan sel tunggal menjelma menjadi tumbuhan dan binatang (reptilia)

3. Sesetengah reptilia menjelma menjadi mamalia

4. Mamalia (beruk) menjelma menjadi manusia

Penciptaan atau Teori Evolusi

Perkembangan Revolusi SaintifikFASA 1

Aristotle (ahli falsafah Yunani) Mengandaikan Matahari & Semua Planet Mengelilingi Bumi

FASA 2

Ptolemy (Ahli matematik Yunani) Melakarkan Model yang Sewajar, Lengkap dengan Kiraan Matematik FASA 4

Niklaus

Copernicus (Ahli Matematik)

Melakarkan Model Cakerawala yang Heliocentric)

FASA 5

Galileo mem-perjuangkan Model Sistem Cakerawala yang Heliocentric)

FASA 6

Isaac Newton

Dan Tiga Hukum Pergerakan

FASA 3

Percubaan ahli sains Islam untuk membetulkan Model Ptolemy.

Aristotle and Ptolemy• Kesan Pengaruh Yunani: Nama-nama Planet• Pengajaran Aristotle: Aristotle’s belief in a (1) geocentric

universe and his belief that (2) the weight of a falling object is proportional to is acceleration.

• The influence of Aristotlelian philosophy. [The problem of philosophy and science.] Claudius Ptolemy, 2nd century Greek matematik, under the strong influence of Aristotlelian philosophy writes the Mathematical Syntaxis. The book provides a rational and empirical basis for a geocentric universe.

• Percubaan Ahli Sains Islam (dan juga ahli sains Eropah) untuk membetulkan model geocentric Ptolemy.

The Catholic Church and the Western Europe in the 15th and

16th centuriesPenerangan tentang Institusi ini:

Semasa dan Dalam Sejarah

Western Europe & the Islamic Empire of the 15th century

• CABARAN DARI LUAR: Since the 11th century Constantinople (today Istanbul) was the centre of Greek philosophy. But in 1453 Constantinople (Yunani) was captured by Islamic forces. [Kesan: Kekalahan dalam Perang Salib/ ‘Crusades’]

• CABARAN DALAMAN: Greek philosophers left Constantinople (Yunani) and began to take up residence in Italy and other parts of southern Europe. Strengthens the Renaissance in Western Europe. [Kesan: Penerimaan Falsafah Yunani yang Hanya Selaras dengan Tafsiran Al-Kitab]

The Inquisition

• The Inquisitions by the Catholic Church in Western Europe drive against heresy during the 15th and 16th centuries.

• Tens of thousands of people were jailed and sometimes even tortured and executed if they were suspected of committing heresy.

• The Witch Hunts

Niklaus Copernicus (1473-1543)• Official Church teaching in the 15th and 16th

century was still based on a geocentric universe.• Copernicus, a monk in the Catholic Church,

writes On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, which in contradiction to Ptolemy’s Mathematical Syntaxis depicts the solar system as heliocentric. The book was finished by 1530 but was first published in 24 May 1543.

• There were only ten Copernicans between 1543 and 1600, among one Gallileo Gallilei, a professor at the University of Pisa, Italy.

Galileo Gallilei (1564-1642)

• In 1589, Galileo becomes professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa, Italy. Conducts experiments in Pisa to show students the error of Aristotle’s belief that speed of an object’s fall its proportional to its weight. Galileo’s contract not renewed in 1592.

• In 1592, joins the University of Padua and builds a telescope in 1609 to study the heavens. Publishes his work and predicts victory for the Copernican theory.

Galileo’s Experiment, Pisa, Italy.

Galileo (cont)

• Reactions from Pisan academics and priests denouncing that Galileo’s belief in a heliocentric universe is heretical

• In 1624, Galileo begins a book he wishes to call ‘Dialogue on the Tides’ in which he discusses the Ptolemaic and Copernican hypotheses. In 1630, the book was licensed for printing by Catholic Church censors at Rome, but they altered the title to Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems. Published 1632.

Hero of the Scientific Revolution

• Galileo called up by the Inquisition. Was compelled in 1633 to renounce his claim and was sentenced to life imprisonment (later commuted to permanent house arrest). The Dialogue ordered to be burned, and he sentence against him was to be read publicly in every university.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and the Scientific Revolution

• In 1687, Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy provided a final justification for a heliocentric universe.

• Newton’s principle of F (force) = M (mass) x A (acceleration) [F=ma] provided the underlying cause for a heliocentric universe.

The Catholic Church Recants

• An investigation into the astronomer’s condemnation, calling for its reversal, was opened in 1979 by Pope John Paul II. In October 1992, a Church commission officially acknowledge the Church’s error.

Ciri-Ciri Kaedah Saintifik

1. Logik2. Empirisisme3. Sebab Pokok

(Sebab Mendalam)

1. Model Copernicus2. Bukti Melalui

Pemerhatian Teleskop (Galileo)

3. Tiga Hukum Newton

Ptolemaic (Greek) Cosmology

Islamic Cosmology

COPERNICAN COSMOLOGY

Apakah Perbezaan Evolusi & Revolusi

• Evolusi ialah perubahan yang berlaku secara tahap demi tahap.

• Revolusi ialah perubahan yang berlaku secara mengejut. Cenderung melibatkan protes atau kekerasan.

AGAMA FALSAFAH SAINS

Sumber Pengetahuan

Kitab & Tafsiran Renungan Spekulatif

Penyelidikan Empirikal

Pendekatan Kepercayaan Pemikiran Ketidakpercaya-an (Skepticism)

Aktiviti Diterima & Diamalkan

Pemikiran oleh Individu

Kerja Kumpulan(Paradigma)

Perkembangan Serba lengkap/Benar

Penghujahan Secara Logik

Penghujahan Secara Logik & Bukti Empirikal

Matlamat Memberi Pengajaran

Menghasilkan Pernyataan Umum yang Diterima Akal

Menghasilkan Penerangan Spesifik Tentang Alam Nyata