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Ca
rice
Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS
Developments in Soil Taxonomy
ANTHROPOCENE?
Ca
rice
Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS
Developments in Soil Taxonomy
ANTHROPOCENE?Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Soil Taxonomy—
Historical Perspective
Whitney (1909)
Stressed soil textures within physiographic regions.
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Curtis Marbut
Konstantin GlinkaV.V. Dokuchaev Nikolai Sibirtsev
Marbut (1935)
Stressed profile types within bioclimatic zones.
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
From Buol, Hole, McCracken 1973
Podzolic soil
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Guy Smith and Soil Survey Staff (1960)
Stresses quantitative definitions based on soil properties.
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Ultisols
―Zonal‖ origins are still apparent in Soil Taxonomy.
Soil Taxonomy—
A Language for Describing
Soils
Taxonomic Divisions
fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluvent
Taxonomic Divisions
fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluventorder
Taxonomic Divisions
fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluventorder
suborder
Taxonomic Divisions
fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluventorder
suborder
great group
Taxonomic Divisions
fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluventorder
suborder
great group
subgroup
Taxonomic Divisions
fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluventorder
suborder
great group
subgroup
family
Soil Taxonomy—
Applied Internationally
Soil Taxonomy applied internationally
Soil Taxonomy—
Moving Across Scales
small large
SOIL
PROFILE
SCALE
LAND-
SCAPE
SCALE
GLOBAL
SCALE
THIN
SECTION
SCALE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
SCALE
mm meters km km x 1000sµm
SPATIAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
small large
SOIL
PEDON
SCALE
LAND-
SCAPE
SCALE
GLOBAL
SCALE
THIN
SECTION
SCALE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
SCALE
mm meters km km x 1000sµm
SPATIAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
SOIL
PEDON
SCALE
Desert Project Tour (c. 1960)
Leland
Gile
Guy
Smith
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
2Bkb
3Byymb
3Byy1b
3Byy2b
C
2Ab
SOIL PEDON SCALE
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
small large
POLY-
PEDON
SCALE
GLOBAL
SCALE
THIN
SECTION
SCALE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
SCALE
mm meters km km x 1000sµm
SOIL
PEDON
SCALE
SPATIAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Pedon Polypedon
(Soil Individual)
Profile
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
gypsum – inactive parabolic dunes
siliceous red sand
with coppice dunes
gypsic lake bed
POLYPEDONS—WHAT WE MAP
polypedon B
polypedon A
gypsic lake bed
B
B
B B
A A
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
small large
GLOBAL
SCALE
THIN
SECTION
SCALE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
SCALE
mm meters km km x 1000sµm
POLY-
PEDON
SCALE
SOIL
PEDON
SCALE
SPATIAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Mollisols
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Aridisols
NRCS World Soil Resources
small large
GLOBAL
SCALE
THIN
SECTION
SCALE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
SCALE
mm meters km km x 1000sµm
POLY-
PEDON
SCALE
SOIL
PEDON
SCALE
SPATIAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
A
BA
Btk1
Btk3
Calciargid
Btk4
Btk2
2Btk5
5/19/04 Plane-polarized light
pore
A
BA
Btk1
Btk3
Btk4
Btk2
2Btk5
5/19/04 Plane-polarized light
Crossed-polarized light
pore
Calciargid
A
BA
Btk1
Btk3
Btk4
Btk2
2Btk5
5/19/04 Plane-polarized light
Crossed-polarized light
Clay films
pore
Calciargid
small large
GLOBAL
SCALE
THIN
SECTION
SCALE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
SCALE
mm meters km km x 1000sµm
POLY-
PEDON
SCALE
SOIL
PEDON
SCALE
SPATIAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
From Buck et al. 2006
gypsum crystals in soil
Sentry Btkyz3
gyp
gyp
gyp
gyp
gyp gyp
gyp
gyp
calcite
calc
ite calc
ite
quart
z
calc
ite
calc
ite
X-ray diffraction is used to
identify minerals
long duration
PLATE TECTONICS
SOIL TEMPERATURE
SOIL MOISTURE
ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL
CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL
SALT EFFLORESCENCE
PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT
minutes
hours
months
decades
centuries
millennia
short duration
millions ofyears
TEMPORAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
long duration
PLATE TECTONICS
SOIL TEMPERATURE
SOIL MOISTURE
ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL
CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL
SALT EFFLORESCENCE
PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT
minutes
hours
months
decades
centuries
millennia
short duration
millions ofyears
TEMPORAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Temperature Change at 1 cm
White Sands, NM
long duration
PLATE TECTONICS
SOIL TEMPERATURE
SOIL MOISTURE
ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL
CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL
SALT EFFLORESCENCE
PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT
minutes
months
decades
centuries
millennia
short duration
millions ofyears
hours/weeks
TEMPORAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
long duration
PLATE TECTONICS
SOIL TEMPERATURE
SOIL MOISTURE
ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL
CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL
SALT EFFLORESCENCE
PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT
minutes
months
decades
centuries
millennia
short duration
millions ofyears
hours/weeks
TEMPORAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Saline playa efflorescence at White Sands
For Example:
Saline playa efflorescence at White Sands
December 2011
February 2012
May 2012
long duration
PLATE TECTONICS
SOIL TEMPERATURE
SOIL MOISTURE
ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL
CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL
SALT EFFLORESCENCE
PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT
minutes
months
decades
centuries
millennia
short duration
millions ofyears
hours/weeks
TEMPORAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
long duration
PLATE TECTONICS
SOIL TEMPERATURE
SOIL MOISTURE
ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL
CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL
SALT EFFLORESCENCE
PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT
minutes
months
decades
centuries
millennia
short duration
millions ofyears
hours/weeks
TEMPORAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
long duration
PLATE TECTONICS
SOIL TEMPERATURE
SOIL MOISTURE
ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL
CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL
SALT EFFLORESCENCE
PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT
minutes
months
decades
centuries
millennia
short duration
millions ofyears
hours/weeks
TEMPORAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
long duration
PLATE TECTONICS
SOIL TEMPERATURE
SOIL MOISTURE
ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL
CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL
SALT EFFLORESCENCE
PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT
minutes
months
decades
centuries
millennia
short duration
millions ofyears
hours/weeks
TEMPORAL SCALES
in Soil Taxonomy
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Present
30°
30°
0°
Ron Blakey – Northern Arizona Univ.
Miocene
30°
30°
0°
Tertiary-Cretaceous
30°
30°
0°
Late Jurassic
30°
30°
0°
small large
mm meters km km x 1000sµm
long duration
minutes
months
decades
centuries
millennia
short duration
millions ofyears
SCALE MOST CRITICAL
FOR SUSTAINABILITY
hours/weeks
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Soil Taxonomy—
Delivering Information
www.soils.usda.gov
www.soils.usda.gov
Soil Climate Data
Soil Taxonomy—
Soil Systems and
Environmental Issues
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Soil systems approach
Mountains & Hills
Piedmont Slope
(Bajada)
Basin Floor
Mountains & Hills
Rio Grande
Valley
Basin Floors
Mountains
& Hills
Jornada
Exp. Range
Headquarters
New Mexico
State Univ.
Gile et al. 1981
alluvial fill
Tertiary
volcanic
rocks
Tertiary
plutonic
rocks
Precambrian
rocks
Paleozoic
sedimentary
rocks
Gulf Dead Zone
NOAA Image of Sources of N and P linked to Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Soil systems approach
Soil Taxonomy—
Do we need a
Subaqueous Order?
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape—
both above and below water.
Soil sustainability differs across the landscape—
both above and below water.
Anguilla SeriesMarine sediments over sandy/gravelly outwash
Ase --0 to 10 cm; black (N 2.5/) mucky sand; single grain; very fluid; 1
percent macroalgal fragments, 0 percent rubbed; sulfurous odor; strongly
saline; neutral (pH 7.0); ultra acid (pH 3.4) after 8 weeks; clear boundary.
ACse--10 to 40 cm; very dark greenish gray (10Y 3/1) mucky sand; single
grain; very fluid; 1 percent macroalgal fragments, 0 percent rubbed;
sulfurous odor; strongly saline; neutral (pH 7.1); ultra acid (pH 3.2) after 8
weeks; abrupt boundary. (Combined thickness of A and AC horizons is 30 to
70 cm.)
2Bwb--40 to 90 cm; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loamy sand; few fine prominent
strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; single grain;
nonfluid; 20 percent herbaceous fibers, 5 percent rubbed; 5 percent gravel;
moderately saline; neutral (pH 7.0); very strongly acid (pH 4.9) after 8
weeks; abrupt boundary. (0 to 100 cm thick.)
3C--90 to 150 cm; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) very gravelly coarse
sand; single grain; nonfluid; 50 percent gravel; slightly saline; neutral (pH
7.0); strongly acid (pH 5.5) after 8 weeks.
Cross Section of Lagoon Pond
Washover
Fan Flat
Nagunt Series
Washover
Fan Slope
Lagoon Bottom
Pishagqua Series
Shallow
Lagoon
Bottom
Fort Neck
Series
Mainland
Submerged
Beach
Anguilla Series
Depth
(fe
et N
AV
D88)
Ca
rice
Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS
Developments in Soil Taxonomy
ANTHROPOCENE?Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
Ca
rice
Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS
Developments in Soil Taxonomy
ANTHROPOCENE?Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
THANK YOU
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