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Cultural Anthropology
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157. "Coffee Talk"in northernNigeria
people drop in unannounced; stay aroundand chat; meals are NOT for talking; sex
segregated
155. 2 sides ofeconomics
production and consumption
123. 4 sections ofEconomics
production, distribution, consumption,systems of exchange
89. Acculturation exchange of cultural features that resultswhen groups have continuous firsthandcontact
98. adaptation process by which organisms cope withenvironmental stresses and forces
112. adaptivestrategies
master category for studying economics;basic need for subsistence
70. Agency actions that individuals take, both alone andin groups, in forming and transformingcultural identities
119. Agriculture
intensive cultivation of permanentlyoccupied land; elaborate investment in
equipment; terracing; requires more laborthan horticulture;
137. Alienation inIndustrialEconomies
work is separate from personal life; I haveno idea who physically made the sweater Iam wearing
1. Anthropology Studies origins and social relationships ofhuman beings.Comparative science that examines allsocieties, ancient and modern, simple andcomplex. Human species and ancestors.Compares customs of societies.
2. Anthropology v.Sociology
Anthropology focuses on nonindustrialsocieties, uses ethnographies (them).Sociology focuses on industrial west,uses statistics and questionnaires (us).
23. appliedanthropology
uses four fields to define and solveproblems
18. Archaeological Material remains;prehistory;cultural transformation;patterns of adoption;excavation
142. BalancedReciprocity
immediate expectation of something inreturn; short-duration transactions;reciprocity completed
5. Bias Never completely get rid of them. We need to minimize them as much aspossible.Phrenology - used to support biasesagainst dark skinned immigrants.
103. Bicultural refers to the inclusion and combinationof both biological and culturalperspectives and approaches to commenton or solve a problem
16. BiologicalAnthropology
Physiological, genetic dimensions;Human evolution;Human genetics;Growth and development;Biological plasticity;Biology, evolution, behavior, and sociallife of monkeys, apes and othernonhuman primates;Charles Darwin
11. Biopsychologicalequality
Idea that everyone has equivalentcapacities to culture and intelligence. Donot deny differences among populations.
188. Black EnglishVernacular(BEV)
William labov, the way that AfricanAmericans speak; ebonics
Cultural AnthropologyStudy online at quizlet.com/_c8d7p
107. BronislawMalinowski
Intensive field work and participantobservation in Melanesia;
Get into head of the natives - Grasp their POV;Challenged the universality of Freud's
Oeduipus complex
165. CallSystems
natural communication systems of otherprimates; limited number of calls, can beproduced under particular environmentalstimuli; vocal tract of apes is not suitable forspeech
154. CarlaFreeman
"High Tech and High Heels"; discussing theidea that moving up in society means leavingyour social circle; Barbados and desk jobs
152. Carol Stack "The Flatts"; swapping
132. Ceremonialfund
ceremonies and rituals
73. CivicCulture
citizen's compliance with legal systems,participation in formal elections, membershipin voluntary and faith based organizations
109. CliffordGeertz
Culture is abstract, searching for meaning;Humanities → literary theory;
Man is the symbol using animal;Culture is learned;
Historically transmitted → changed, evolved;Analysis of culture is not experimental (as in
law) but interpretive (as in meaning);Concrete elements of culture but culture doesnot mean things, culture means meanings;
113. closedsystems
system operates inside of boundaries. not trueanymore because of governmental systems
9. CognitiveMap
Our culture gives us a map as to how we shouldact.
162. Commerce;Policies thataffect privatelife
construction of public roads, homeowner'stax breaks
163. Commerce;Serve thepublic andcorporateinterests
real estate developers, corporate retailers; carmanufacturers; oil companies
126. Consumption buy, use, eat, etc; social status
28. Conversation method of ethnographyask questions; interviews
58. Core values key, basic, central values
193. CreoleLanguage
more syntax. A developed Pidgin language.
15. CulturalAnthropology
Human culture/societyEthnographies/EthnologiesSimilarities/differences between groupsLarge/small groups; far/close
48. CulturalArtifacts
what people use/make
44. CulturalBehavior
what people do
111. Culturalecology
process by which a society adapts with itsenvironment
66. CulturalInheritance
reason why particularities are becoming lesscommonsharing beliefs and customs throughinheritance
45. CulturalKnowledge
What people KnowTacit, Explicit
13. culturalrelativism
the perspective that a foreign culture shouldnot be judged by the standards of a homeculture and that a behavior or way ofthinking must be examined in its culturalcontext
84. CulturalRights
groups. Ability to preserve its culture, raisekids, language, not be deprived of economicbase by its home nation
166. Culturaltransmission
cultural transmission of a communicationsystem through learning is a fundamentalattribute of language
51. Culture Traditions and customs, through learning,that form and guide the beliefs and behaviorof the people exposed to them;we all have a capacity for culture, we canlearn any culture regardless of genes orphysical apperance
55. Culture andNature
we need to eat by nature but culture tells uswhen and what
60. Culture isadaptive
if it helps individuals cope withenvironmental stresses
56. Culture is all-encompassing
culture encompasses features that aresometimes regarded as trivial or unworthyof serious study
69. Culture iscontested
different groups in a society struggle withanother over whose ideas, values, goals andbeliefs will prevail
59. Culture isInstrumental
used to fulfill biological needs for food,drink, shelter, comfort and reproduction;used to fulfill psychological and emotionalneeds: friendship, companionship,approval, desired sexually
57. Culture isintegrated
when one part changes, others change;what would happen if religion disappearedovernight
52. Culture isLearned
Geertz
61. Culture ismaladaptive
if they threaten a group's continuedexistence
54. Culture isShared
attributes of groups;shared beliefs, values, memories andexpectations link people who grow up in thesame culture
53. Culture isSymbolic
Geertz, Leslie White
95. Culture v.Biology
culture is not biological, but the two areinteractive
189. Daughterlanguages
language that descend from the same parentlanguage and that have been changingseparately for many years
169. DeborahTannen
looked at communication similaritiesbetween men and women
171. Descriptivelinguistics
scientific study of spoken language
36. dialogicethnography
how anthropologists/ readers connect withthe cultures
65. Diffusion reason why particularities are becomingless commoncultural borrowingDirect, Indirect, Forced
186. Diglossia high and low variants of the same language
86. DirectDiffusion
borrowing of traits between cultures
125. Distribution how things get around
67. Domination(colonial rule)
reason why particularities are becomingless common;customs/procedures are imposed on one'sculture by another that is more powerful
108. EB Tylor Culture is concrete and measurable; Anthropology → Science;Acquired as a member of society;Scientific data collection: scientificmethods can describe culture; Measurements, experiments, systematicHumanistic, concrete, holistic
19. ecology interrelations between living things andthe environment
121. EconomicAnthropology
economics in a comparative aspect
128. Economicdecisionmaking factors
environmental; technological; social;cultural;
20. ecosystem organisms and environment together inpatterned arrangement of energy flows andexchanges
31. Emic PhonemicMeaningSubjectiveInsiderNative's perspective
110. EmilieDurkheim
Among the founders of sociology andanthropologyStudied Native Australians
92. Enculturation process by which children learn traditions;school is an enculturation machine
82. Ethnocentrism tendency to view one's own culture assuperior and to apply one ones owncultural values in judging the behavior andbeliefs of people raised in other cultures
38. ethnographicpresent
period before westernization
34. ethnographicrealism
present an accurate, objective, scientificaccount of a different way of life; written bysomeone who knew it first hand
24. Ethnography process of discovering and describing aparticular culture; good for societies withless social differentiation and greatercultural uniformity; refers to the methodand product; ask people what they reallythink
25. Ethnology examines, interprets, analyzes andcompares results of ethnographies; makesgeneralizations;
32. Etic PhoneticNoiseObjectiveOutsiderScientist's observations
47. ExplicitKnowledge
culture we can talk about
182. Focalvocabulary
lexicon influences perception; specializedsets of terms and distinctions that areparticularly important to certain groups
114. Foraging Hunting and Gathering; marginallocations; land is threatened by nation-states; ex. San of Southern Africa (SaraBaartman's tribe); low accumulation; highreward; egalitarian; rely on nature to makea living; modern foragers depend ongovernment assistance;
88. ForcedDiffusion
when one culture subjugates another andimposes its customs on the dominatedgroup
106. Franz Boas Late 19th century anthropologist;Father of anthropology → First USAdepartment of anthropology at ColumbiaUniversity; German Jew/ immigrant; Proponent of the 4 fields;Didn't racially classify
93. Functionalism culture helps individual meet their needsrather than society as a whole
63. Generality common to several but not all humangroupsex. nuclear family (parents and family)
141. GeneralizedReciprocity
reciprocity over time; always incomplete;people we're really close to; no immediateexpectation of something in return
100. GeneticAdaptation
Biological Adaptation over generationsex. larger barrel chests of nativehighlanders
96. genotype genes
91. Globalization processes that work transnationally topromote change in a world in whichnations and people are increasinglyinterlinked and mutually dependent
158. History ofCoffeehouses
first was in the middle easy in 16th century;many more in Europe in 17th century;typically for men to discuss important
issues; many companies started as two menin coffeehouses
3. Holism All-encompassing.Study of human condition in the past,present and future focusing on biology,society, language and culture.
115. Horticulture slash and burn; crops for subsistence notmarkets; permanent settlements; depletessoil quickly; shifting cultivation;
21. humanecology
ecosystems with people
83. Humanrights
individual. Right to speak freely, holdreligions beliefs, etc.
104. Humans andPrimates
See Study Guide
78. Ideal Culture what people say they should do/what they do
181. Idioms things that do not translate literally
49. Importantpoints of AAA Code ofEthics
Openness and Disclosure;Do not harm;Anonymity of people;Keep qualities and relations the same, namesare not important;Voluntary informed consent;Right to refuse participation;Think about the future of the discipline forother researchers;Open dissemination of findings
90. IndependentInnovation
innovation, solutions to cultural problems
87. IndirectDiffusion
items/traits move from A to C through Bwithout contact between A and C
85. IntellectualPropertyRights (IPR)
attempt to conserve each society's culturalbase → core beliefs, knowledge, practices
76. InternationalCulture
extends beyond and across nationalboundaries
35. interpretiveethnography
describing/interpreting what is meaningfulto the natives
29. InterviewSchedules
method of ethnographya form an ethnographer completes as he orshe visits a series of households;same questions for everyone=collectquantitative information
192. K. DavidHarrison
studied what happens when languagesdisappear; cultural diversity reduced; colonial
languages are expanded at the expense ofindigenous ones
144. Karl Polany comparative study of exchange; marketprinciple, redistribution, reciprocity
30. keyconsultants
informants who by accident, experience, talentor training who can provide the most usefulinformation on parts of life
170. Kinesics study of communication through bodymovement, stances, gestures, and expressions;culture teaches us that certain manners andstyles should accompany certain kinds ofspeech
150. Kula Ring trobrian islands; trade cycle that circulatedshowcase items; these goods needed to bereturned to original owner; not good to keepthese things; giver > receiver
164. Language arbitrary connections between words and whatthey stand for
159. Largercontext of"coffeetalk"
class structures and time constraints; genderexpectations; commercialization of public
space; consumption and identity
147. Law ofsupply anddemand
things cost more if they are more scarce andpeople want them
105. Lewis HenryMorgan
h3 stages of civilization = Savage, barbaric,
civilized
174. Lexicon dictionary of morphemes and its meanings;essentially all the words in our vocabulary
17. Linguistic Language change over time;Social context/pressures;Linguistic variations and uses of language
168. LinguisticDisplacement
humans can talk about things that are notpresent
101. Long TermPhysiologicalAdaptation
occurs during growth and development ofindividual organisms;more efficient respiratory system
39. LongitudinalStudy
research in which the same people arerestudied and retested over a long period
145. Marcel Mauss "The Gift" talked about the obligation toreciprocate, to give and receive and thesignificance of gifts
146. The MarketPrinciple
dominates in capitalistic societies; governsthe distribution of the means of production
135. Maximizationstrategies
classic economies assume profit motive;quantify cost-benefit models; assume actorsare rational
151. Mbuti SilentTrade
left things to be traded in a certain area; ifthe goods were insufficient, they would beleft as a symbol to leave more (specificreciprocity)
122. Mode ofproduction
ways of organizing production
173. Morphology sound combinations; morphemes (wordsand their meaningful parts)
42. multisited through multiple places
41. multitimed through time
12. NaiveRealism
the belief that people everywhere see theworld in the same way as we do
14. Name the 4fields ofanthropology
Cultural, Biological, Linguistic,Archaeological
179. NaomChomsky
Universal grammar; all languages have aset of underlying conditions and rules thatremain constant through all languages ofthe world
75. NationalCulture
embodies those beliefs, learned behaviorpatterns, values and institutions that areshared by citizens of the same nation
143. NegativeReciprocity
dealing with people outside or on the fringeof their social system; purely economic, norelationship over time; hostile relationship;theft
22. paleoecology ecosystems of the past
26. participantobservation
method of ethnographytaking part in the event that one isobserving, describing and analyzing
64. Particularities unique to certain cultures;becoming less and less prominent
117. PastoralNomadism
entire group moves with herd during theyear
116. Pastoralism
herding of domesticated animals forfood/leather etc; transhumance and
nomadism
120. PeasantSystems
in agriculture societies; Economy: system of production,distribution, and consumption of resources
134. Peasants small scale agriculturists who live innonindustrial states and have rent fundobligations
97. phenotype body, not passed down
176. Phoneme sound contrast that makes a difference;comparing minimal parts
178. Phonemics study of the significant phonemes of eachlanguage
177. Phonetics study of speech sounds in general
172. Phonology study of speech sounds; which sounds aremeaningful and present in a given language
194. PidginLanguage
Terms from both languages, not fullygrammatical sentences, used for trade
187. PierreBourdieu
linguistic practices are symbolic capital thatproperly trained people may convert into
economic and social capitol; my fair lady;better language = higher society
72. PopularCulture
images, info, narratives, products, events,celebrations that have meaning for manypeople within some national culture
149. Potlach
Native Americans threw a party and gavegifts; used this mechanism to enhance
social status
71. PracticeTheory
individuals within a society have diversemotives and intentions and different degreesof power and influence
138. Prestige impression of wealth, social status
10. Principles ofMapmaking
Culture gives us an idea of what our maplooks like, but we do not have to follow themaps.
81. PrivateCulture
not observable, must be asked about it →beliefs, values, expectations
124. Production food, clothing, etc
136. Production innonindustrialsocieties
intimate; land as a means of production;specialization
167. Productivity using rules of language to produce entirelynew expressions that are comprehensibleto other native speakers
190. Protolanguage original language from which daughterlanguages diverge
74. Public Culture generally accepted social behaviors, dresscode, speech , etc.
80. Public Culture can be observed → rituals, clothing,behavior, pledge of allegiance, speechforms
27. rapport method of ethnographygood friendly working relationship that isbased on personal contact with hosts
79. Real Culture actual behavior
139. Reciprocity exchange between social equals; centraldivision of economic and social systems;generalized, balanced, negative
140. Reciprocitycontinuum
range of reciprocity
148. Redistribution when goods, services, or equivalents morefrom the local level to a center; flow ofproducts should reverse direction
37. reflexiveethnography
ethnographer puts his/her ownfeelings/reactions to the field situationsright in the text
6. Reflexivity Consciousness of researcher of who he isand his biases. Stating this explicitly in your work.
133. Rent fund resources that people must render to anindividual or agency that is superiorpolitically or economically
130. Replacementfund
maintain technology
156. Rudolf Gaudio "coffee talk"; analysis of going out for coffee
33. SalvageEthnography
study and record the cultural diversitythreatened by westernization
180. Sapir-WhorfHypothesis
different languages produce different typesof thinking; our mother tongue restrainsour minds and prevents us from being ableto think certain thoughts (Edward Sapir,Benjamin Lee Whorf) Hopi v. English
160. Scheduling status message; making people think we >them because we are busier
183. Semantics a language's meaning system
102. Short TermPhysiologicalAdaptation
occurs spontaneously when an individualorganism enters a new environmentex. increased heart rate, hyperventilation
50. SocialDesirability
Answers that make you sound better;With time, these answers will fade becauseyou will become close with these people
131. Social fund help relatives, friends, and neighbors
43. socialpredictors
variables that affect social identities,experiences and activities
4. Society Organized life in groups.
184. Sociolinguistics investigates relationships between socialand linguistic variation
94. Structuralism culture helps society meet their needs
185. Style shifts when we vary our speech in differentcontexts
77. Subculture different symbol based patterns andtraditions associated with a particulargroup in the same complex society
191. Subgroups languages within a taxonomy of relatedlanguages that are most closely related
129. Subsistencefund
work to eat, to replace the calories burnedtrying to work
153. Swapping low income black single moms wouldswap things around (children included) inorder to make survival possible undergreat scarcity (general reciprocity)
8. SymbolicInteractionism
Humans act toward things on the basis ofmeaning that those things have for them.Ex. Boulder -> obstacle?Meanings are handled and dealt withtrough an interpretive process.
7. Symbols Leslie WhiteSigns that have no neceessary or naturalconnection to the things they stand for;meanings are arbitrary.
175. Syntax arrangement/order of words in phrasesand sentences
68. System culture, society, social relationshuman beings make up the systemconstrained by roles and others
127. Systems ofexchange
who gives what to whom
46. TacitKnowledge
culture we don't even see
40. team research coordinated research by multipleethnographers
99. TechnologyAdaptation
Cultural adaptationex. pressurized airplane cabin withoxygen masks
118. Transhumance
parts of the group go with the herds while the others stay in the village
62. Universality found in every cultureex. long period of infant dependencyex. year long sexuality
161. Why coffeeshops?
Less social inequality - Contrast with home, where social inequality is a key factor; we need to be "free" andunencumbered to have casual conversation
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