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CUIN 6371Models of Teaching
Fall, 2003Howard L. Jones
Session 2
National Training Laboratory
Social InteractionSocial InteractionTeaching About Society
Jurisprudential Oliver and ShaverRole Playing/Simulations
Teaching Social Skills National Training Laboratory
Teaching Academic Content & Social Skills
Various Forms of Cooperative Learning
Not Uncommon Thinking
To get the job done, a committee shouldTo get the job done, a committee shouldconsist of three persons…two of whom are absentconsist of three persons…two of whom are absent
“If I had to identify, in one word, the reason why the human race has not achieved its full potential, that would be the word ‘meeting’.”
Dave Barry
Less Common Thinking
All for one; one for allAll for one; one for all Alexander DumasAlexander Dumas
The Eleventh Commandment
Thou shall not committee!Thou shall not committee!
And to balance from the Christian Perspective
God so loved the world that He didn’t send a committee!
Gourd’s Axiom
A meeting is an event at which the minutes are kept and hours are lost.
Where Did They Come From?
Original Theory/Philosophy
Application of Original Theory
Model of Teaching
1947…an unusual year
Rapid personal and social changes
Agrarian Society
Industrialized Society
Information Society
Transitions in LifestyleNot too long ago…
Much family sharingExtensive basic life trainingMore homogeneous valuesLow level of informationLow technologyMany required tasksMuch family workExtended families nearbyFew broken homesLittle anonymity
Present NormsLittle family sharingLimited basic life trainingMore heterogeneous valuesHuge surplus of infoHigh technologyFew required tasksLittle family workExtended families far awayMany broken homesGeneral anonymity
1947…an unusual year
Rapid personal and social changesNeed for adaptive mechanism that serves both individual rehabilitation and social reconstruction
1947…an unusual year
Rapid personal and social changesNeed for adaptive mechanism that serves both individual rehabilitation and social reconstructionThe ability to live with ambiguity and change, to work interdependently, to be socially inventive…
Kurt Lewin to Ronald Lippitt
“The American cultural ideal of the self-made man, of everyone standing on his own feet, is as tragic a picture as the initiative-destroying dependence on a benevolent despot. We all need each other. This type of interdependence is the greatest challenge to the maturity of individual and group functioning.”
Albert Einstein What I Believe (1930)
“A hundred times a dayI remind myself that my inner and outer lives are based on the labors of others – both living and dead – and that I must work to repay thesedebts.”
Growing out of a need…
…to deal with complex bureaucratic organizations which depersonalize human relations…There is an “eclipse of community” and a sense of helpless isolation.“The ability to live with ambiguity and change, to work interdependently, to be socially inventive, to meet social requirements – are all requirements for social membership.” (Leland Bradford, 1961)
Laboratory Training…“…an educational strategy which
is based primarily on the experiences generated in the various social encounters by the learners themselves, and which aims to influence attitudes and develop competencies toward learning about human interaction.”
Schein and Bennis, Personal and Organizational Change Through Group Methods
National Training LaboratoryTraining GroupT-GroupEncounter Groups“Sensitivity Training”
Teaching is the creation of environments in which
students’ cognitive and social structures can emerge and change
Learning….…is viewed as a transaction between the learner and the environment in which neither can be regarded as fixed…The target of education is “change and growth in the individual and his behavior.”
Bradford, Human Forces in Teaching and Learning
Field Theory
Behavior is a Function of
Person .......................Environment
B = f (P, E)Kurt Lewin
Essentially…
A kind of social vacuum is producedLeadership, agenda, expectations…are blurred or missingThe group…not just a collection of individuals…possesses its own unique qualities…
Goals
IntrapersonalInterpersonalGroup DynamicsSelf-Direction
Necessity… psychological
safety
Compass DirectionsActivities
NORTH Acting – “Let’s Do it!”
Likes to act, try things, plunge in
WEST EASTPaying attention to detail - Speculating –
Likes to know who, what, Likes to look at thewhen, where, why, before acting big picture, the
possibilities, before acting
SOUTH Caring –
Likes to know that everyone’s feelings have been taken into
consideration, that their voices have been heard, before acting
NORTH Acting – “Let’s Do it!”
Likes to act, try things, plunge in
WEST EASTPaying attention to detail - Speculating –
Likes to know who, what, Likes to look at thewhen, where, why, before acting big picture, the
possibilities, before acting
SOUTH Caring –
Likes to know that everyone’s feelings have been taken into
consideration, that their voices have been heard, before acting
NORTH Acting – “Let’s Do it!”
Likes to act, try things, plunge in
WEST EASTPaying attention to detail - Speculating –
Likes to know who, what, Likes to look at thewhen, where, why, before acting big picture, the
possibilities, before acting
SOUTH Caring –
Likes to know that everyone’s feelings have been taken into
consideration, that their voices have been heard, before acting
NORTH Acting – “Let’s Do it!”
Likes to act, try things, plunge in
WEST EASTPaying attention to detail - Speculating –
Likes to know who, what, Likes to look at thewhen, where, why, before acting big picture, the
possibilities, before acting
SOUTH Caring –
Likes to know that everyone’s feelings have been taken into
consideration, that their voices have been heard, before acting
NORTH Acting – “Let’s Do it!”
Likes to act, try things, plunge in
WEST EASTPaying attention to detail - Speculating –
Likes to know who, what, Likes to look at thewhen, where, why, before acting big picture, the
possibilities, before acting
SOUTH Caring –
Likes to know that everyone’s feelings have been taken into
consideration, that their voices have been heard, before acting
Compass QuestionsWhat are the potential benefits associated with your “direction?”What are the potential limitations associated with your “direction?”With which other “direction(s)” do you have the most difficulty working as you start a group project? Why?What do you want people in other “directions to know or understand about working with you?
Wilderness Survival
Wilderness SurvivalTeam Initial Average Team Score
Compass Point
Players
3.8
The Chicks
4.5
Four Corners 4.4The
Internationals7.25
Synergy 3.6
Jaguars 5
Change
+1.2
0.5
+1.6
+0.75
+0.4
+1.0
Synergy
To work together
Syntax of NTL ModelDilemma
Syntax of NTL ModelDilemma
Invention
Syntax of NTL ModelDilemma
Invention
Feedback
Feedback….
…communicating to a person or a group about how his, her, or their behavior has affected us or other people.
Feedback is useful if….
It describes what a person is doing rather than placing a value on itIt is specific rather than generalIt is directed toward behavior which the receiver can do something aboutIt is well-timedIt is asked for rather than imposedIt is checked to ensure clear communication
Syntax of NTL ModelDilemma
Invention
Feedback
Generalization
Syntax of NTL ModelDilemma
Invention
Feedback
after Blake and Mouton Generalization
A Focus on the Here and Now…
Lost at Sea
Scoring Lost at Sea
Your Rating Correct AnswerDifference
__5_ Sextant __8_ Sextant 3__11_Shaving _5_Shaving 6 Mirror Mirror
__1__Water __1_Water 0
Sum of D1...15
Differences
Wilderness Survival and Lost at Sea
Team Initial Average Team Score
Compass Point
Players
3.8/62.8 57
The Chicks
4.5/74.5 72
Four Corners 4.4/48.2 16The
Internationals7.25/71.7
560
Synergy 3.6/73.6 65
Jaguars 5/
Change
+1.2
0.5
+1.6
+0.75
+0.4
+1.0
Johari WindowKnown to Unknown to Self Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
Johari WindowJoe Ingham & Harry Luft
Known to Unknown to Self Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
Johari Window
Known to Unknown to Self Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
Arena
Johari Window
Known to Unknown to Self Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
Arena BlindspotBlindspot
Johari Window
Known to Unknown to Self Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
Arena BlindspotBlindspot
Private
Johari Window
Known to Unknown to Self Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
Arena BlindspotBlindspot
Private Unknown
Meeting behaviors that we really despise…
AgnesBeatriceClarenceDoraSimon
NTL SyntaxAbility to cope Ability to cope
with changewith change
Insight into ReasonInsight into Reasonfor Interpersonal for Interpersonal
BehaviorBehavior
Tolerance of Tolerance of DiversityDiversity
Skill in Negotiation,Skill in Negotiation,Self-ExpressionSelf-Expression
Acceptance ofAcceptance ofAffective NatureAffective Nature
of Human Responsesof Human Responses
LaboratoryLaboratoryMethod Method ModelModel
The Tribes Program
Teachers have an extensive array of alternative approaches to use in teaching. Methods make a difference in what is learned as well as how it is learned. The difference is probabilistic. Students are a powerful part of the learning experience being created, and they react differently to any given teaching method.
Three Perspectives
Not everyone really is enamored with NTL….
Check the websites…
Beginning in the ’40s, German psychologist, Kurt Lewin, developed “Sensitivity Training” or “T-groups” to show how people “could be socially and psychologically manipulated to give up their souls....”
For Example….
But there is a history…
NTL
Group Investigation
Cooperative Learning
Next we deal with…
Group Investigation …and Cooperative Learning and…
John Dewey (1859-1956)
To be continued…
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