csa-b psych: perception and sensations

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

Sensation and Perception

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in

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Lecture Overview Basic Principles of Sensation

Visual and Auditory Sensation

Our Other Senses (Gustatory, Olfactory, Somatic, Vestibular, Kinesthetic)

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Sensation: process of receiving, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain

Perception: process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information

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Sensation Versus Perception

When you stare at the cube on the left, which area is the top, bottom, or back?

In the figure on the right, do you see a young woman looking to the right, or an older woman with her chin buried in her jacket?

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Sensation Vs. Perception

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Understanding Sensation: Processing

Processing: sensory organs contain receptors that receive sensory information from the environment (stimuli)

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Understanding Sensation: ProcessingThree Types of Processing:

1. Transduction: converts sensory stimuli into neural impulses that are sent on to the brain

2. Sensory Reduction: filters and analyzes incoming sensations before sending on to the brain

3. Coding: converts particular sensory input into a specific sensation sent to differing parts of the brain

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Understanding Sensation: Processing (Continued) Transduction,

sensory reduction, and coding all occur at the sensory level. Messages are then sent on to the brain.

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Understanding Sensation: Thresholds

Psychophysics: testing limits and changes

Absolute Threshold: smallest amount of a stimulus we can detect

Difference Threshold: minimal difference needed to detect a a stimulus change; also called the just noticeable difference (JND)

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Understanding Sensation: Thresholds

Sensory Adaptation: decreased sensory response to continuous stimulation

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Pause and Reflect:

Critical Thinking

Smokers often fail to notice that their hair and clothing often smell like smoke. Can you use psychological terms to explain this?

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How We See--Vision

Light is a form of electromagnetic energy that moves in waves.

• Many types of electromagnetic waves form the electromagnetic spectrum.

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How We See: Electromagnetic Spectrum

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How We See: Electromagnetic Spectrum

The flower on the left is what we normally see. The one on the right is what we think most animals and insects would see. It was photographed under ultraviolet light.

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How We See: Light Waves

Light waves vary in:

• length (wavelength), which determines frequency (hue or color).

• height (amplitude), which determines brightness or intensity.

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How We See: Anatomy of the Eye

The function of the eye is to capture light waves and focus them on receptors on the back of the eyeball.

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How We See: Structures of the Retina

Receptors for vision are the rods and cones located in the retina.

Video: How we see

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Do You Have a Blind Spot?

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Pause and Reflect:

Why Study Psychology? Vision research helps explain how the shape

of your eyeball determines whether you have normal, nearsighted, or farsighted vision.

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How We Hear: Audition

Sound results from movement of air molecules in a particular wave pattern.

Sound waves vary in:• length (wavelength), which determines

pitch (highness or lowness).• height (amplitude), which determines

loudness (intensity of the sound).

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How We Hear: Audition The loudness of a sound

is measured in decibels. Constant noise above 90 decibels can cause permanent nerve damage to the ear.

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How We Hear: Anatomy of the Ear

Receptors for hearing are hair cells located in the cochlea.

Video: How we hear

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Our Other Senses Olfaction: the

sense of smell

Receptors for smell are embedded in the nasal membrane (the olfactory epithelium).

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Our Other Senses: Gustation (Sense of Taste)

Smell and taste are closely related.

Receptors for taste (or gustation) are taste buds, located in papillae on the surface of the tongue.

Video: How we smell and taste

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Our Other Senses: Three Body Senses Skin senses involve

three skin sensations-- touch (or pressure), temperature, and pain.

Receptors for these sensations occur in various concentrations and depths in the skin.

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Our Other Senses: Three Body Senses

Vestibular sense (or sense of balance) involves the vestibular sacs and semicircular canals located within the inner ear.

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Three Body Senses (Continued)

Kinesthesia provides the brain with information about posture and movement.

Kinesthetic receptors are located in muscles, joints, and tendons.

Activity : Letting go

Use ½ crosswise.

If you were to let go one of your senses, what would it be and why?

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Blindwalking activity: A 10-minute living with blindnessHave students try to imagine what it is like to be

blind. A standard exercise is to have them blindfolded. Partners can be assigned--one blindfolded and the other "seeing." The two have to spend 10 minutes together. After the time, the partners exchange roles. However, take care for the personal safety of individuals.

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Assignment

Bring one WIDE handkerchief for our blind walking activity next meeting.

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Using ½ crosswise, individually answer the following. Copy the questions:* Feeling question:

1. How did it feel to not be able to see?

* Thinking questions:

2. Were you able to correctly identify the locations the “seeing” brought you?

3. What senses did you use to identify the locations?

4. What insights (learnings) could you give for this activity?

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Understanding Perception Illusions:

false or misleading perceptions that help scientists study the processes of perception (e.g., the horizontal-vertical illusion on the right)

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Understanding Perception: The Muller-Lyer Illusion

Which vertical line is longer?

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Understanding Perception

Do you see the cow?

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Understanding Perception

Now can you see the cow?

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Understanding Perception (Continued)

Perception’s three basic processes:

1. Selection

2. Organization

3. Interpretation

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Understanding Perception: Selection

Selection (choosing where to direct attention) involves:

Selective Attention (filtering out and attending only to important sensory messages)

Feature Detectors (specialized neurons that respond only to certain sensory information)

Habituation (brain’s tendency to ignore environmental factors that remain constant)

Stroop Effect

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Pause and Reflect:

Critical Thinking Kittens reared in a

restricted vertical line environment are later unable to detect horizontal lines. Can you explain why?

Is this Illusion explainable by Gestalt Laws?

Illusionary Spiral

Why does this look like a spiral?

What is the context?

Where do you focus?

What figures can you see in this Kaniza illusion?

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Understanding Perception: Organization Organization: assembling information into

patterns that help us understand the world

We organize sensory information in terms of: Form Constancy Depth Color

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Understanding Perception: Organization (Form Perception) Gestalt psychologists discovered several

laws related to form perception:

Figure and ground Proximity Continuity Closure Similarity

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Examples of Form Perception

Figure-ground

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Law of proximity

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Law of continuity

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Law of Similarity

Visual Entities that are similar belong to the same Object

Law of closure

• Visual Entities are tend to be seen as closed figures/groups

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Pause and Reflect:

Why Study Psychology?

Perception research helps explain these so-called “impossible figures.”

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Perceptual Constancy: perceiving the environment as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input

Four best-known constancies: Size Shape Color Brightness

Understanding Perception: Organization

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Pause and Reflect:

Check & Review

Can you label these size, shape, color, and brightness constancies?

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Understanding Perception: Organization--The Ames Room Illusion

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Depth Perception: ability to perceive three dimensional space and accurately judge distance

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Understanding Perception: Organization Depth Perception

(Continued)

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Depth perception involves both binocular (two eyes) and monocular (one eye) cues.

Two binocular cues for depth:– Retinal Disparity (separation of the eyes

causes different images to fall on each retina) – Convergence (the closer the object the

more the eyes turn inward)

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Binocular cues–

retinal disparity (left)

convergence (right)

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Six monocular depth cues: Can you find them?

1. Linear perspective 2. Interposition3. Relative size4. Texture gradient5. Aerial perspective6. Light and shadow

Pause and Reflect:

Check & Review

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Color perception is a combination of two theories:

1. Trichromatic: color perception results from mixing three distinct color systems (red, green, and blue)

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2. Opponent-Process: color perception results from three systems of color opposites (blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white)

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Did you know that people who have red-green color deficiency have trouble perceiving the green colored number in the center of this circle?

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Understanding Perception: Organization and Color Perception

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Understanding Perception: Four Factors in Interpretation Interpretation (how

the brain explains sensations) involves four major factors:

1. Perceptual Adaptation (brain adapts to changed environments)

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2. Perceptual Set: readiness to perceive in a particular manner, based on expectations

Some groups are more likely than others to be affected by the center item in this collection. Can you explain why?

Understanding Perception: Four Factors in Interpretation

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Do you notice anything wrong with these photos of actress Julia Roberts?

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Now can you see what’s wrong? Your first reaction of not seeing the problem is just another example of perceptual set.

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3. Frame of Reference: based on the context of the situation

4. Bottom-Up or Top-Down Processing: information either starts with raw sensory data or with thoughts, expectations, and knowledge

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Problems with Believing in Subliminal Perception and ESP

Subliminal perceptionBelow the threshold of

conscious perception

Subliminal perception

Inadequate to produce conscious awareness but able to evoke a response

There is little or no evidence of subliminal persuasion.

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Problems with Believing in Subliminal Perception and ESP Extrasensory Perception (ESP): The alleged phenomenon of perception or awareness of external events in the absence of any sensory stimulation arising from the events.

Classic forms of ESP include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. No conclusive demonstrations of the existence of ESP in any individual have been given, but popular belief in the phenomenon remains widespread, and people who claim to possess ESP are sometimes employed by investigative teams searching for missing persons or things.

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Telepathy - Communication through means other than the senses

Clairvoyance - The supposed power to see objects or events that cannot be perceived by the senses. Acute intuitive insight or perceptiveness.

Precognition - Knowledge of something in advance of its occurrence

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Activity:

Find an art book in the library or find famous works of art online. Make a color copy (the copy center can make color copies), or print a color version of one painting.

1. Write a paragraph that describes the perceptual elements that are used.

2. Elaborate how the artwork reflects reality and the impact, if any, it has on you.

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Activity: Web Essayhttp://www.answers.com/topic/extra-sensory-perception#ixzz1TpSzYPMB

1. Choose an article on ESP. Write a 1-paragraph summary

2. Write your personal reaction to the article.

3. Submit first meeting next week.

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Try this:

http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/cog_dalmatian/index.html

http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/cog_hiddenBird/index.html

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