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CrossCross-- border Education in China:border Education in China:CrossCross-- border Education in China: border Education in China: Development, Challenges and ResponsesDevelopment, Challenges and Responses

LIU Baocun Center for Comparative Education

Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing Normal University

OutlineOutline

The definition of cross- border education

The development of cross-borderd i i Chieducation in China

The new challenges and problems ofcross-border education in China

The future policy trend of cross- bordereducation in China

11 The definition of crossThe definition of cross-- border educationborder education1. 1. The definition of crossThe definition of cross-- border educationborder education

Internationlization becomes an important trend of higher education in the context of globalization.education in the context of globalization.

Internationlization of higher education promoted the development of cross-border educationdevelopment of cross-border education.

Different terms:

-- cross-border educationcross border education--transnational education

b d l d ti--borderless education-- international education--offshore education, etc.

UNESCO:

C b d hi h d ti i l d hi h d ti th tCross-border higher education includes higher education thattakes place in situations where the teacher, student, program,institution/provider or course materials cross nationalpjurisdictional borders.Cross-border higher education may include higher educationb bli / i t d t f fit/f fit idby public/private and not-for-profit/for-profit providers.It encompasses a wide range of modalities, in a continuumfrom face-to-face (taking various forms such as studentsfrom face to face (taking various forms such as studentstravelling abroad and campuses abroad) to distance learning(using a range of technologies and including e-learning).

(UNESCO(2005): Guidelines for Quality Provision in Cross-border Higher Education)border Higher Education)

Main forms of cross border education:Main forms of cross-border education:

t f t d t b d ldmovement of students across borders: an age-oldphenomenon.

mobility of programs and institutions: overseasunversity, overseas campus, sister programs,j i t d dit t f j i tjoint degree, credits transfer, joint program,distance education cooperation, etc.

movement of students: developenedmovement of students: developened

t i VS d l i t icountries VS developing countries.

mobility of programs and institutions:mobility of programs and institutions:

developened countries VS developing countries.

2 Th d l t f2 Th d l t f b db d2. The development of cross2. The development of cross-- border border education education in China in China

2.1 Foreign students in China:

1.69 million since 1950 when China1.69 million since 1950 when China accepted the first foreign students from East European countries.East European countries.

240 000 f i d f 190240 000 foreign students from 190 countries studies in China in 2010.

2 2 Chinese students studying abroad2.2 Chinese students studying abroadThe first Chinese students went to US in 1872 while Soviet Union in the1950swhile Soviet Union in the1950s.

860 in 1978860 in 1978339 700 in 2011, including 12 800 paid by governments 12 100 by organizations 314 800governments, 12 100 by organizations, 314,800 by themselves. Increased by 19.32% compared to 2010.2010.

186 200 in 2011come back 9300 7700 and186,200 in 2011come back , 9300，7700，and 69,200 respectively.

Increased by 38 08% % compared to 2010Increased by 38.08% % compared to 2010.

F 1978 t 2011 2 2451 ChiFrom 1978 to 2011，2.2451 Chinese students study abroad.

At the end of 2011, 1.4267 ChineseAt the end of 2011, 1.4267 Chinese students are studying abroad.

Since 1978, 818,400 Chinese students that d b d b 36% f h lstudy abroad , about 36% of the total ,

come back home after graduation.

2 3 educational cooperation2.3 educational cooperation Over 190 national educational cooperation

i h 188 i d iagreements with 188 countries and regions

Agreements of mutual recognization of degrees with 43 countries and regionsdegrees with 43 countries and regions, including 26 developed countries.

Cooperations with over 40 international organizations.

Over 1200 joint programs approved the governments.

5 joint universities5 joint universities

350 Confucius Institute and 60 Confucius Classrooms in 105 countries.

3 Th h ll d bl f3 Th h ll d bl f3. The new challenges and problems of 3. The new challenges and problems of crosscross--border education in China border education in China

3.1 the benefits of cross-border education

More educational opportunities for theMore educational opportunities for the Chinese students.More educational resources for educationMore educational resources for education in ChinaAd d d i l id dAdvanced educational ideas and systemsIncentive to educational reforms.

3 2 h bl f3 2 h bl f b db d3.2 the problems of cross3.2 the problems of cross--border border education education

Brain drain: 64% choose to work in f i t iforeign countries.

loss of money

Influence to the inheritance and development f Chi lof Chinese culture

Money oriented jointed programsMoney –oriented jointed programs

Low quality of jointed programs with low quality universities.q y

Lack of quality evaluation and controlLack of quality evaluation and control systems

Lack of continuity of educational policies.y p

3 3 N Ch ll t3 3 N Ch ll t b db d3.3 New Challenges to cross3.3 New Challenges to cross--border border educationeducation

3.3.1 The challenge of a new era of economic and social developmentand social development--Change from labor-intensive economy to knowledge economyknowledge economy.--Ambitious goals for 2020:an innovative country a country of strong human resources acountry, a country of strong human resources, amoderately prosperous society, a harmonious society a learning society a country of strongsociety, a learning society, a country of strong culture…….

3 3 2 The international competition3.3.2 The international competition

A brilliant history, a renaissance of China？

Innovation and talents are the foundations of the renaissanceof the renaissance.

3.3.3 The trend of internationalization of higher education in a age of globalization

3 3 4 The lack of innovative talents and the3.3.4 The lack of innovative talents and the problems of the higher education system

4 The future policy trend of4 The future policy trend of crosscross4. The future policy trend of 4. The future policy trend of crosscross--border education border education in Chinain China

“National Outline for Medium and Long Term Ed i l R f d D l (2010Educational Reform and Development (2010-2020). Three National Outlines --Education 2020Education 2020--Science and Technology 2020T l 2020--Talents 2020

A new wave of educational reforms in China?

4 1 internationalization is one of the core policies of4.1 internationalization is one of the core policies ofhigher education reform.

--It is essential to reform and develop education byopening it to the outside world carrying out educationopening it to the outside world, carrying out educationexchanges and collaboration at multiple levels and inabroad scope, and raising education’sabroad scope, and raising education sinternationalization level.--Advanced concepts and experience in education inAdvanced concepts and experience in education inthe world shall be assimilated to boost educationreform and development at home, and to enhance thenation’s global position, influence andcompetitiveness in the field of education.

4.2 Introducing quality education resources g q yabroad.--It is necessary to seek the cooperation ofy prenowned schools, education institutions, researchinstitutes and companies outside this nation toestablish education, teaching, training and researchorganizations or undertake such projects.--Institution at all levels and of all varieties shouldbe encouraged to engage in diverse forms ofinternational e changes and cooperationinternational exchanges and cooperation.--Efforts should be made to attract more world-class e perts and scholars to teaching research andclass experts and scholars to teaching, research andmanagerial jobs in China.

4 3 Chi h ld f ilit t th t l iti4.3 China should facilitate the mutual recognitionof academic credentials and degrees between itscolleges and academic institutions from morecolleges and academic institutions from morecountries and regions.

More support shall be given to exchanges ofstudents and teachers mutual recognition ofstudents and teachers, mutual recognition ofacademic credits, and mutual or joint confermentof academic degrees between Chinese and foreigno c de c deg ees be wee C ese d o e gcolleges.

4 4 High-quality Chinese educational4.4 High-quality Chinese educationalinstitutions shall be encouraged to runbranches overseas undertake internationalbranches overseas, undertake internationalexchanges, cooperation and educationservice extensivelyservice extensively.

4.5 International aid to education shall be4.5 International aid to education shall be boosted, so as to cultivate and train professionals for other developingprofessionals for other developing countries.

4 6 M i t ti l t d t h ll b d itt d4.6 More international students shall be admittedfor studies in this country.

Chinese government scholarships shall bei d ith fi i l i t ff dincreased, with financial assistance offeredmainly to students from other developingcountries and the composition of studentscountries, and the composition of studentscoming to this country for studies shall beoptimized.op ed.more disciplines shall be taught in foreignlanguages in Chinese colleges; and educationg g g ;quality for those studying in China shall beimproved.

4 7 Cooperation with UNESCO and other4.7 Cooperation with UNESCO and otherinternational organizations shall be intensified.

This nation will take a more active part inbilateral multilateral regional and globalbilateral, multilateral, regional and globalcollaboration in education.

China shall also actively participate and promotethe study and formulation of education policies,the study and formulation of education policies,rules, regulations and standards of internationalorganizations.g

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

In the age of globalization, cross-border d ti ill d l idl ith theducation will develop rapidly with the

rapid economical development. The most obstacle lies in the prohibition over joined degrees and university degrees.j g y gThe Congress is now mending relevant laws and some breakthroughs can belaws and some breakthroughs can be expected though not necessarily satisfy all the appeals of the academiathe appeals of the academia.

Thank You for Your Attention!