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Critically ill patient - definitionDecompensation of the status ofthe patient leading withouttherapeutic intervention to themultiorganic failure and to thedeath
Basal vital function
Central nervous systemRespirationBlood circulation (optimalaerobic metabolism) Renal, hepatic function, immunesystém, hemocoagulation andfibrinolysis, thermoregulation, barrier function of the gut
Main clinical diagnosis of intensive medicineTraumatology: polytrauma, crush sy, craniocerebral , contusion of the chest, burnsShock of various clinical causes, cardiac impairmentSepsis, acute hemorrhagia, pulmonal embolia
Diagnosis of critically ill patients
Clinical data klinická dataMonitoring of basic function(blood pressure, heart rate…) Imaging methods (X-ray, Computer tomography)BacteriologyHematology, ImunologyBiochemistry
The possibilities of biochemical monitoring
On-line monitoring (Hearthsurgery – pH, minerals (K) bed side monitoring (point ofcare testing – glycaemia, urine, O2 saturation, acidobasis)Biochemical analysis (vitalindication, statim ,normal)
Blood sample
Biochemical parameters – basalNa,K,Cl,Ca,P,Mg - blood, urine Acidobasis, lactateurea, creatinin, creatinin clearence, Nitrogen balancebilirubine, ALT, AST, GMT, LD, amylase, lipase cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose – blood, urine CK, CK-MB, Troponin T,I, myoglobine, CK-MBmassTotal protein, albumine, prealbumine,CHECRP, procalcitonineTSH, b-HCG.
The other biochemical parametersTrace elements /Zn,Se../VitaminsDrugs /methotrexate, antiepileptics, antibiotics.../Drogs /amfetamine, methadon, opioids../
Aminogram /glutamin../Interleucins,TNF…Small bowel permeability /Lactulose/mannitol/Hormones /cortisol, glucagone, adrenaline../.
Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg – serum levelsHypernatremia – over 150 mmol/lSec. hyperaldosteronism(intravenous hypovolemia)Hypothalamic impairmentHypertonic hyperhydrationDiabetes insipidusBrain death
Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg – serum levelsHyponatremia – under 130 mmol/lNa in the third space - ascites, hydrothoraxCardiac failure – increase ofextracellular volume Application of solutions withoutelectrolytesHypersecretion of ADH – waterretention
Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg – serum levelsHyperkalemia – over 5,0 - 5,5 mmol/l – pH dependent(acidosis increases K level)Acute renal failureCytostatics, tumorsAcute metabolic acidosisInfusion with K
Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg – serum levelsHypokalemia – under 3,5mmol/lEmesis, diarrhoeDiureticsChemotherapy, antimycoticsAnabolic phasisHyperaldosteronismAcute metabolic alcalosis
Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg – serum levelsCa – total, ionic – together withtotal protein Hypophosphataemia – under0,6 mmol/lOverfeeding sy, anabolismHyperphosphataemia – over1,9 mmol/lRenal failureCell damage
Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg – serum levelsMg – together with potassiumHypomagnesaemia – under 0,6 mmol/lPreventive application duringcardiac surgery (metabolicresuscitation of myocardial cells– K, P, Mg, glucose
Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg – urine levelsHypernatriuria – over 200 mmol/lHigh input of Na (food, drugs) Na mobilisation from the 3rd spaceduring anabolic phaseHyponatriuria – under 20 mmol/lHyperaldosteronism, HypovolemiaDiferential diagnosis between prerenaland renal failure
Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg – urine levelsHyperkaliuria – hyperaldosteronismNa – K changeHypokaliuriaHypocorticoidismThe risk of hypokalemia
Metabolic balance of electrolytes/24 hours – monitoring of parenteralnutritionClearence Na,K, fraction
Acidobasis, lactate
Together with electrolytes, totalprotein, albumine, Hemoglobine, respiration functions, hepatic and renalfunction, hydration, emesisMetabolic acidosis – cardiopulmonalresuscitation, Diabetes mellitus, renalinsuficiency, hypoxia, hypoperfusisMetabolic alcalosis – bloodtransfusions, hyperaldosteronism, stomach output
Acidobasis, lactateRespiratory acidosis – Chronicobstructive bronchopulmonarydisease, hydrothorax, malnutrition, high intake ofglucose in parenteral nutritionRespiratory alcalosis – hypoxia, microembolisation intopulmonary arteria, shock, craniocerebral trauma
ABR, lactateHyperlactataemia – over 2,2 mmol/l /1,0/Hypoxia – cardiopulmonalresuscitationMetabolic failure – diabeticcoma, intoxication, hepatopathy, leucaemia, low level of B1…
Urea, creatinine, creatinine clearence, N-balance, uratic acid
The level of urea – together withnutritional status, age andgenderSerum level of urea High level of urea – renal failure, high input od N, GIT bleedingLow level – malnutrition, hepaticfailure, pregnancy
Urea, creatinine, creatinine clearence, N-balance, uratic acid
Urea in urine Increase – catabolism, prerenalfailureDecrease – chronic malnutrition, acute renal failure
Urea, kreatinin, clearence kreatininu, N-balance, uratic acid
Serum levels of creatininetogether with muscle massIncrease – renal failureCreatinine clearence, excretionfraction -renal functionN-balance – catabolism – theneed of nitrogenUratic acid – cell damagearthritis uratica
bilirubin, ALT, AST, GMT, ALP, LD, amonium, amylase, lipase
Bilirubine direct, indirectHigh level – neonatalhyperbilirubinaemia, massiveblood transfusion, hepatocellulardamage /drugs, hepatitis, hypoperfusion, necrosis, obstruction – extra-, intrahepatic
bilirubine, ALT, AST, GMT, ALP, LD, amoniak, amylase, lipase
ALT – high level –hypoperfusion, hepatitis, cell necrosis, drugsAST – high level –hypoperfusion, hepatitis, cell necrosis, drugsboth aminotransferasesincrease during damage ofmuscles, heart muscle
bilirubine, ALT, AST, GMT, ALP, LD, amoniak, amylase, lipase
ALP – increase – extrahepatalobstruction, isoenzymes –intestinal, bone, placentalGMT – increase – obstructionintra, extrahepatal, intoxication –ethanol, amanita..Both enzymes during parenteralnutrition
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