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Covalent Bonding and Nomenclature
Unit 2 Notes
Ionic vs. Covalent Bonding (INTRAmolecular forces)
● Ionic Bonding - the TRANSFER of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal, creating cations and anions that attract one another
● Covalent Bonding - SHARING of electrons between two nonmetals so that both atoms have 8 valence electrons
Ionic vs. Covalent Bonding (INTRAmolecular forces)
● Ionic Bonding - the TRANSFER of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal, creating cations and anions that attract one another
● Covalent Bonding - SHARING of electrons between two nonmetals so that both atoms have 8 valence electrons
● BOTH: the goal of both is to make all atoms involved have a full valence electrons (most stable!), whether through the transfer or sharing of electrons
Ionic vs. Covalent Bonding (INTRAmolecular forces)
● Ionic Bonding - the TRANSFER of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal, creating cations and anions that attract one another
● Covalent Bonding - SHARING of electrons between two nonmetals so that both atoms have 8 valence electrons
Covalent Bonding (INTRAmolecular forces)
● Covalent Bonding - SHARING of electrons between two nonmetals so that both atoms have 8 valence electrons
Covalent Bonding (INTRAmolecular forces)
● Covalent Bonding - SHARING of electrons between two nonmetals so that both atoms have 8 valence electrons
Covalent Bonding (INTRAmolecular forces)
● Covalent Bonding - SHARING of electrons between two nonmetals so that both atoms have 8 valence electrons
Covalent Bonding (INTRAmolecular forces)
● Nonpolar Covalent Bond: ✓ Equal sharing of electrons✓ Difference in electronegativity < 0.5
● Polar Covalent Bond: ✓ Unequal sharing of electrons,
creating a dipole moment✓ Difference in electronegativity > 0.5
POLARITYPolar Molecules - Uneven distribution of electrons throughout molecule
Intermolecular Forces:Dipole-dipole and LDFHydrogen Bonding if hydrogen attached to FON and lone pair are present
Intramolecular Forces:Polar covalent bonds
POLARITYNonpolar Molecules - Even distribution of electrons throughout molecule
Intermolecular Forces:LDF ONLY
Intramolecular Forces:Nonpolar covalent bondsAND/OR polar covalent bonds if polar covalent bonds cancel
ઠ-
ઠ-
ઠ-
ઠ-
ઠ+
ALL POLAR BONDS CANCEL
ALL POLAR BONDS CANCEL
ALL NONPOLAR
BONDS
DIATOMIC MOLECULES
● Seven different elements on the periodic table exist in a diatomic form (nonpolar!)
Di = two
Atomic = atom
● Need to memorize these!
Naming Covalent Compounds
1. Use the element name to name the first element in the formula.
2. The second element is named as though it were an anion: root + ide
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present.
* The prefix “mono-” is NEVER used for naming the first element!
NO2
Nitrogen dioxide
N2O5
Dinitrogen pentoxide
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride
Metallic Bonding
● Metallic Bonding- like covalent bonding, but instead of two nonmetals sharing electrons, many metal atoms share many electrons (sea of delocalized electrons)○ Makes metals good conductors (allow electrons to flow!)
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