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M.Ahmed Raza
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Corruption & Accountability In Pakistan
Contents
CorruptionCorruption in PakistanTypes of CorruptionCauses of Corruption in Pakistan Key sectors affected by Corruption in
PakistanStrategy to tackle corruption in Pakistan
Tufail Abbas
Corruption
“Corruption” comes from the Latin verb “corruptus”(to break)
“Corruption evolves such behavior on the part of office holders in the public or private sector whereby they improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves and/or those close to them, or induce others to
do so, by misusing the position in which they are placed.”
Types of Corruption
Political CorruptionCorporate CorruptionData Corruption
Corruption in Pakistan
Corruption has been present in this world from time immemorial.
Unfortunately corruption had started soon after the creation of Pakistan.
Ayub's Khan era brought massive industrializations and
prosperity in the affluent class. Corruption in bureaucracy and the members of Basic
Democracies. Sindh Tas Agreement
.
Corruption in Pakistan (cont…..)
PPP’s period 1988-1990 & 1993-1996
French Dassault Aviation agreed to pay 200 million commission for a $4 billion jet fighter deal
A gold bullion dealer deposited $10 million into one of Zardari's accounts to get monopoly on gold imports.
PPP’s period 1988-1990
In 88-90 Benazir Period 8%
In 93-96 Benazir Period 52%
Corruption in Pakistan (cont…..)
PML period 1990-1993 & 1996-1999 November 28, 1997 an attack on the Supreme Court
Qarz Utaro Scheme Fund Iqra fund Misconduct with Media
In 90-93 10%
In 96-99 34%
Gen. Pervaiz Musharaf period
In 99-02 34%
In 02-08 66%
Types of Corruption
Petty corruption
Middle and grand corruption
Political patronage
Influence peddling
Causes of corruption in Pakistan
The following have been major causes of corruption in Pakistan: Abuse of power by the public office holders. Political leaders incompetence. Poorly paid salary structure in the public sector. Lack of transparency. Absence of adequate internal/external controls to prevent
bribery. Poor legislative accountability is consistently a problem and
runs the risk of hindering prospects for enacting long-term
anti-corruption reforms.
Causes of corruption in Pakistan
Weaknesses in the judicial system. Illiterate and ignorant populace with inadequate public discernment
of political choices Power of influential people.
Lack of serious programme of combating corruption in the country.
Key sectors affected by corruption in Pakistan
Police and law enforcement Judiciary and legal profession Power sector Tax and customs Health and education Land administration
Police and law enforcement
Culture of lawlessness and lack of credibility Appointments are often politicised and conflict of interest Criminals are often the sole beneficiaries Bribery Due to low Salary Police reforms were instituted about two and a half years
ago
Public Safety Commissions (PSC)
Judiciary and legal profession
Public confidence in the institutional legitimacy Access to justice are undermined by corruption Poor controls of the bodies Political influence
Reform efforts have included Access to Justice Programme Supreme Judicial Council Accountability Courts
Accountability
Strategy to tackle corruption in Pakistan Head of the institutions and other leaders should be
selected on the basis of merit and honesty and they should also be equally held accountable like anyone else.
Reduction of corruption from the highest levels. Educating the people to play an active role in the fight
against corruption at all levels, and creating awareness of ill effects of corruption , in this way we can mobilize
public support in the fight against corruption.
Strategy to tackle corruption in Pakistan
Fear of accountability. Adequate salaries. Students can play an active role in the fight against
corruption. Mass media can be used as an effective tool to fight
against corruption The democratic system and freedom of speech are real
mechanisms that allow to effectively struggle against
corruption
Government’s Efforts against Corruption
Early in 1997, An ACC was established in the Prime Ministerns Secretariat
The Federal Investigation Authority (FIA) Receiving reports of corruption either through ACC or directly from
the public. Chief Ehtesab Commissioner for trial by the Ehtesab courts. 250 cases of corruption han been solved till.
The National Anti-Corruption Bureau
Established on NOV 16,1999 with the promulgation of the
National Accountability Ordinance 1999 as the successor organization of Ehtesab Bureau.
Its mandate is to investigate and prosecute corruption cases Judiciary and active military personnel are not subject to the NAB chairman has been appointed by the President Bureau has two principal officers
1) Chairman
2) Prosecutor General of Accountability in Pakistan
The National Anti-Corruption Bureau
Its mission according to the official website:
“is to work to eliminate corruption through a comprehensive approach encompassing prevention, awareness, monitoring and combating”
The National Anti-Corruption Bureau
National Anti Corruption Strategy (NACS) in 2002
Executive BoardExecutive Boards have been constituted both at NAB Headquarters
and the Regional Bureaus.
Delegation of Powers
Powers of the Chairman NAB has been finalized.
Decision making for the regional Directors
The National Anti-Corruption Bureau
Internal Vigilance and Security The existing function has, therefore, been enhanced by allocating
more human and material resources. Rewards for Informers The Bureau also assures confidentiality of the identities of informers
and will provide adequate security in high-risk tip offs. Financial Management Reforms Delegation of financial powers of the Chairman has been
done to provide Regional offices with greater financial and administrative autonomy.
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