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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Speaking With Confidence
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Understanding Communication Apprehension
• More people fear public speaking than
death
• CA = fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Managing CA
• Be “into” your topic
• Prepare!
• Visualize success
• Practice
• Know the audience & setting
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Managing CA
• “Listen” to your audience
• Exercise
• Welcome some anxiety
• Deal with mishaps
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Speaking Extemporaneously
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Speaking Extemporaneously
• Engage in thoughtful, thorough research
• Organize and develop
• Outline carefully
• Practice your speech
• Use limited notes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Reasons for Using Extemporaneous Delivery
• Adaptable
• Audience-centered
• Spontaneous
• Ethos enhancing
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Impromptu Speech
• Off-the-cuff and casual
• Little or no preparation
• Prepare if time allows
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Impromptu Speech
• Anticipate the possibility• Practice active listening• Remind yourself no one expects
perfection• Use limited prep time• Employ basic principles of speech• Be brief and concise
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Manuscript Speech
• Usually in formal settings
• Allows for considerable control
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Manuscript Speech
• Use a manuscript for right reasons
• Use good oral style
• Practice extensively
• Find opportunities to move and gesture
• Use voice effectively
• Maintain flexibility
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Memorized Speech
• For formal or ceremonial occasions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Memorized Speech
• Stay focused on specific purpose and key ideas
• Speak in the moment
• Practice, practice, practice
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Functions of Presentational Aids
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Providing Support
• Visual content can aid understanding
• Visual content can help generate belief
• Visual support can enhance speaker’s credibility
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Graphs
• Make numbers– easy to see– easy to understand
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Various Types Graphs
• Line graph
• Bar graph
• Pictograph
• Pie graphs
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Reported HIV Cases in our Community
• 10 cases in 1990
• 26 cases in 1995
• 39 cases in 2000
• 50 cases in 2005
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Line Graph
Source: Mayfield Courier Journal, 6 June 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Childhood Obesity in Europe
• Now averaging almost 33%
• Rate expected to trend upward
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Bar Graphs
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Pictographs
‘A’ student
‘D’ student
Drinks per week
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Pie Graphs
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Use Each Graph Properly
Are you showing a trend?
or a comparison?
or percentages?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Assisting Retention & Recall
Visual information is more memorable.1989 University of Minnesota
43%more43%more
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Guidelines for Preparing Presentational Aids
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Design for Quick Processing
• Large enough to be seen
• Font that is easy to read
• Use good contrast
• Use fill patterns on graphs
• Keep it simple
• Ensure quality of clips and materials
• Avoid the razzle-dazzle
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
• Label Every Element• Make It Easy To Read
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Adhere To Traditional Formats
Use This
NOT this
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Use The Power of Color
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Avoid Overwhelming The Audience• Be sure that you use PowerPoint to enhance your speech, not as a replacement for
your notes or outline. It’s difficult for the audience to listen to you and read along
with a lot of words on the screen - plus - everyone reads at a different pace, so you
can lose your ability to guide the audience through the presentation. Use key words
and hit main points only, slides are not a book. It’s great to add clip art for visual
interest. If charts or graphs make sense in your speech, then add them into the
slideshow as well. Also - most of the time you’ll want to integrate the slides into the
speech, not talk and then ‘go to’ the slides. There may be some situations where the
latter example will work. Keep yourself audience centered - what will work best to
help them understand and react in accordance with your purpose. Also you will want
to……
•
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Employ Silence
• Display content when needed
• Use a blank slide when no visual aid is needed
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Anticipate Problems
• Have a back-up plan in case of power failure or technical glitch
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Stay Connected with Listeners
• Look at the audience, not at your aid
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