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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Each of the three memory stages encodes and stores memories in a different way,
but they work together to transform sensory experience into a lasting record that has a
pattern of meaning
How Do WeHow Do WeForm Memories?Form Memories?
I CAN I CAN
• Explain the 3 stages of memoryExplain the 3 stages of memory• Describe ways in which we can Describe ways in which we can
extend our STM or transfer STM to extend our STM or transfer STM to LTMLTM
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Three Stages of The Three Stages of MemoryMemory
Sensory Sensory MemoryMemory
Working Working MemoryMemory
Long-term Long-term MemoryMemory
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Three Stages of The Three Stages of MemoryMemory
Sensory Sensory MemoryMemory
Working Memory
Long-term Memory
Preserves brief sensory impressions of stimuli
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory
•On the next slide, you will see a series of letters for one second
•Try to remember as many letters as you can
•DO NOT WRITE THEM DOWN
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D J BX H GC L Y
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory• How many can you recall?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
D J BX H GC L Y
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory
• A. Capacity/Duration• Holds the barrage of
incoming sensations just long enough for brain to scan it and decide which information needs attention….1/4 of a sec
• Lasts just long enough to dissolve into another and give us a sense of flow and continuity in our experience
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The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory• Actual storage capacity can be 12
or more items, but all but 3 or 4 disappear before they enter our consciousness
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The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory• B. Structure/Function• There is as separate sensory register
for each sense…each holds a different kind of sensory information
Visual Stimulation = Iconic MemoryAuditory Stimulation = Echoic MemoryTactile (touch) Stimulation = Tactile Sensory MemoryOlfactory Stimulation = Olfactory Sensory MemoryGustatory Stimuli = Gustatory Sensory Memory
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory• The job of sensory memory is to
store these images briefly If they were held too long, they would interfere with new
information• Psychologists believe that, in this
stage, memory images take the form of nerve impulses
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Three Stages of The Three Stages of MemoryMemory
Sensory Memory
Working Working MemoryMemory
Long-term Memory
Preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute without rehearsal, also called short-term memory or STM
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Second Stage: Working Memory
• Working memory consists of…
• A central executive
• A phonological loop
• The sketchpad
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Three Parts of Working Memory
• Central Executive: Directs attention to material retrieved
from LTM or to important input from the sensory memory
• Phonological Loop: Temporarily stores sounds….like
someone’s name• Sketchpad: Stores and manipulates mental
images…like when you can imagine yourself driving a car to school from home
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Working Memory• Like the central
processing chip of a computer
• The center of mental action AND the go-between for the other parts of memory
• It is where the brain sorts out and encodes information before adding it to long term memory
• We are conscious of everything in the working memory
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Working Memory• Also the area where
‘thinking’ occurs… which is the brain mulling over images and ideas taken from the LTM
• AKA = Short Term Memory
Example: A phone number you just looked up
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Capacity/Duration• Has limited capacity and
a short duration • Typically hold information
for about 20 seconds• “Magic Number Seven”
…seven items of any sort..(letters, numbers, words, shapes, sounds) will fill the working memory of most people
• Has the smallest capacity of the three stages
“Put on your thinking cap”
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Biological Basis: Working memory probably holds information in actively firing nerve circuits…most likely in the frontal cortex
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Encoding and Storage in Working Memory
• I. Chunking • II. Rehearsal• Maintenance/ROTE Rehearsal• Elaborative Rehearsal• III. Acoustic Encoding: The
Phonological Loop• IV. Visual and Spatial Encoding.. the
sketchpad
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Working Memory Aides To Overcome Limited Capacity and
Short Duration
Chunking Organizing pieces of information into a smaller number of meaningful units
• Example: A social security number
F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M
FBI TWA CIA IBMFBI TWA CIA IBM
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Acronyms/Mnemonic Device
HOMES Huron, Ontario, Michigan,
Erie, Superior
PEMDAS Parentheses, Exponent,
Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract
ROY G. BIV Red, Orange, Yellow, Green,
Blue, Indigo, Violet
NATO North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
SNAFU Situation Normal, All F’ed
Up
WTF Williamstown Theater
Festival
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.
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Rehearsal Process in which information is repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading while in working memory
Spacing EffectWe retain
information better when we rehearse over time
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Rehearsal Maintenance ROTE
Rehearsal Repeating information to
remember itEx: Cramming for a test, a shopping list in your
head • Not an efficient method
of transferring information into the LTM
Elaborative Rehearsal Repeating information AND connecting it to knowledge already
stored in LTM• A more efficient method
of transferring information into the LTM
• Ex: 1-800-EYE-EXAM
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Acoustic Encoding uses phonological loopEncoded memory of a stimulus on the basis of any sound associated with it
Whrr -- pop -- splash -- cuckoo:
You can hear in your mind the sounds they describe
Examples:
Hearing words and phrases
Repeating notes to yourself while studying.
Working Memory Aides To Overcome Limited Capacity and
Short Duration
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
• Visual and Spatial Encoding... The Sketchpad
• Encodes visual images and mental representations of objects in space
• Example: Holds those images you think of when trying to remember where you left your lost coat
Working Memory Aides To Overcome Limited Capacity and
Short Duration
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Explanation for the fact that the more connections you make with new information while it is in the working memory to prior knowledge in the LTM, the more likely you are to remember it.
Also known as…
Elaboration or Elaborative Rehearsal
Levels-of-Processing Theory
CAN I?
• Explain the 3 stages of memory
• Describe ways in which we can extend our STM or transfer STM to LTM
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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