View
222
Download
3
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Development Through the Lifespan
Chapter 11
Physical and Cognitive Development inAdolescence
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Conceptions of Adolescence
Biological Perspective Puberty Storm and Stress Freud – genital stage
Social Perspective Cultural influences
Balanced Point of View Both biological and social influences
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Hormonal Changes in Puberty Growth Hormone and
Thryoxine – increase around age 8 – 9
Estrogens More in girls Adrenal estrogens
Androgens More in boys Testosterone
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence
Boys Girls
Growth Spurt
Starts age 12 and 1/2
Starts age 10
Proportions Shoulders broaden
Longer legs
Hips broaden
Muscle-Fat Makeup
Gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency
Gain more fat
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Sleep Habits in Adolescence Sleep needs decline
10 hours in middle childhood 7.5 – 8 hours in adolescence
Go to bed later Biological changes Social habits
Daytime sleepiness Achievement, mood problems More sleep disruption
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Sports Participation in High School
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Sexual Maturation
Primary Sexual Characteristics
Maturation of the reproductive organs
Girls: menarche Boys: spermarche
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity
Girls: breasts Boys: facial hair, voice
change Both: underarm hair
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty
Heredity Nutrition, exercise
Body fat in girls Geographical location SES Ethnic group Secular trend
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Psychological and EmotionalReactions to Puberty
Reactions to menarche and spermarche vary Preparation is the key
Adolescent moodiness Parent-child conflict
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Consequences of Timing of Puberty
Boys Girls
Early Maturing
PopularConfident, independentPositive body image
Unpopular Withdrawn, low confidence, negative body imageMore deviant behavior
Late Maturing
UnpopularAnxious, talkative, attention-seekingNegative body image
PopularSociable, livelyPositive body image
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Nutrition in Adolescence
Calorie needs increase Poor food choices common
Less fruits, vegetables, milk, breakfast
More soda, fast food Iron, vitamin deficiencies Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Sexual Activity in Adolescence Recent decline in sexual
activity Substantial percentage
sexually active Males start earlier than
females Few partners American, Canadian rates
same as other Western countries
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Adolescent Contraceptive Use
Recent increase in contraceptive use
Still, 20% American, 13% Canadian do not use
Reasons for not using: Concern about image Adolescent risk taking Social environment Forced intercourse
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Sequence of Coming Out
Feeling Different – ages 6 – 12
Confusion – ages 11 – 15
Acceptance – timing varies
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Adolescent Pregnancy 900,000 American teen
girls each year, 30,000 under age 15
40 – 45% get abortion 75% of teen mothers
unmarried. Problems: Educational achievement Marital patterns Economic circumstances Parenting skills and ability
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Adolescents’ Substance Use
Have tried, by age 14: Cigarettes – 56% Alcohol – 70% Illegal drugs – 32%
By end of high school: 22% smoke regularly 60% tried heavy drinking 50%+ tried illegal drugs
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Piaget’s Theory: Formal Operational Stage
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning Deducing hypotheses from a
general theory Pendulum problem
Propositional Thought Evaluating the logic of verbal
propositions Formal Operational thought
may not be universal
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Information Processing Improvements in Adolescence
Attention Memory strategies Knowledge Metacognition Cognitive self-regulation Processing capacity
Speed of thinking
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Consequences of Abstract Thought
Argumentativeness Self-Consciousness & Self-Focusing
Imaginary audience Sensitivity to criticism Personal fable
Idealism and Criticism Planning and Decision Making
Overwhelming options
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Sex Differences in Mental Abilities Girls better on verbal tests; boys
on mathematical tests Genetics
Male spatial reasoning Female left (language) hemisphere
Environment “Masculine” and “feminine” school
subjects Class participation, teaching styles Differences declining
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
School Transitions in Adolescence
Grades decline with each transition Higher standards Less supportive teaching-
learning environment Lower self esteem
More with 6 – 3 – 3 organization than 8 – 4
Girls more than boys
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Statistics on Dropping Out
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Dropout Prevention Strategies High-quality vocational
training Remedial instruction Personalized counseling Address factors in
students’ lives outside school
Extracurricular activities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Supporting High Achievement during Adolescence
Child-rearing practices Authoritative Joint decision making
Peer influences School characteristics
Teachers High-level thinking Student participation
Employment Less than 15 hrs/week
Vocational education
Recommended