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•Epithelia•Nerves•Bone•Connective•Muscle•Ligaments•Blood•Adipose (Fat)

(10/2) Bellringer: TissuesBR: Which of the following are

tissues?

Tissues

CH 4 - Histology

• Histology: study of tissues - collections

of cells & cell products that perform

specific, limited fxns

Figure 4-1

4-2: Epithelial Tissue• 2 types:

– Epithelia – cover internal/external surfaces– Glands – secreting cells

• Characteristics:

1. Cells closely bound

2. Have apical (exposed) surface – May contain microvilli and/or cilia

• Microvilli – ↑ SA for absorption/secretion• Cilia – move materials across cell surface

3. Attached to underlying CT by basement membrane

4. Avascular (no blood vessels)

5. Regeneration of damaged cells by stem cells (germinative cells)

4-2: Epithelial Tissue

• Fxns:

1. Protection

2. Control permeability

3. Provide sensation

4. Specialized secretions (glands)

4-3: Epithelia Classification

• layers

– Simple: 1 layer of

– Stratified: >1 layer

• shape

– Squamous: thin & flat

– Cuboidal : square-

shaped

– Columnar : tall,

slender rectangles

Classification of Epithelia

Figure 4-4

Simple squamous cell Nucleus

Nuclei of simple squamous cell Red blood cells

Lumen of venule

Figure 4-4

Simple cuboidal cell

Basement membrane Nuclei

Microvilli Basement membrane

Nucleus Proximal convoluted tubule

Stratified cuboidal epithelium Cuboidal cell Duct of sweat gland

Dense irregular connective tissue (dermis)

Figure 4-4

Simple columnar cell Goblet cell Microvilli

Figure 4-5

Stratified squamous epithelium Squamous cells

Muscularis mucosa

Stratified squamous epithelium Squamous cell

Lamina propria

Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized Dermal papillae

Dermis

Figure 4-5

Cilia Pseudostratified columnar cells Goblet cells

Lamina propria

Figure 4-5

Round apical cells Nuclei

Basement membrane

Cell Junctions – 3 Types

1. Tight junctions – prevent H20 & solutes from passing

between cells (digestive tract)

2. Gap junctions –

allow small

molecules & ions to

pass btwn cells

• (cardiac muscle)

• cells held

together by

connexons

3. Desmosomes – hold cells tightly together, epidermis

GlandsA. Endocrine Glands – release hormones into blood/ECF

A. Exocrine Glands – produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts • Merocrine: secretions released by vesicles (exocytosis)

– Ex: sweat, saliva, mucin (mucus)A.Apocrine: shed cytoplasm

A.Ex: mammary gland (milk)• Holocrine: cells rupture

A.Ex: sebaceous gland (oil)

Figure 4-6

Bell Ringer

• Describe the following types of epithelial tissue:

1.Stratified Columnar

2.Simple Squamous

3.Simple Cuboidal

4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)• Structure

1. Specialized cells

2. Protein fibers

3. Ground substance (fluid) - protein fibers & ground substance form the matrix

4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)

• Fxns:

1. Support & protection

2. Transportation of materials

3. Store E

4. Immune defense

4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)A.Connective Tissue

Proper Cells:

• Fibroblasts & fibrocytes: produce fibers, ground substance

• Macrophages – attack pathogens

• Adipocytes – fat cells

• Mast cells – release chemicals after injury/infection

• Fibers: collagen, elastin, reticular

• Loose CT (areolar)– Ground sub. > fibers – fill spaces, cushion &

support– Ex: adipose tissue

• Dense CT– Fibers > ground sub.– tough, durable– Ex: tendons,

ligaments, capsules

B. Fluid CT: blood & lymph– Watery matrix w/ dissolved proteins– Blood contains:

• Plasma (matrix)• Red & white blood cells • Platelets (blood clotting)

4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)C. Supporting CT

1. Cartilage

• Avascular

• Provides shock absorption & protection

• Gel-like matrix

• Chondrocytes surrounded by lacunae (chambers)

• Perichondrium covers cartilage

2. Bone

• Calcium Salts & Collagen Fibers

• Osteocytes depend on diffusion through canaliculi

• Bone is surrounded by periosteum

4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)• Types

a. Hyaline• tough, flexible; reduces friction b/w bones• in joints

b. Elastic• in external ear

c. Fibrous• prevents bone-to-bone contact, absorbs shocks• b/w vertebrae

Bell Ringer

• What is the primary difference between the 3 types of connective tissue?

• Name the 3 types of cartilage.

Create Flashcard Matching Game

• 2 Index Cards Per Tissue Type• Loose Connective, Adipose, Dense, Hyaline

Cartilage, Elastic, Fibrous, Blood, Bone, Lymph

• 1 card: Location & Function• 2 card: Picture

• Or a combination of either

Connective Tissue Proper

Figure 4-9

Figure 4–9

4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)2. Bone (osseous tissue)

– calcium salts provide strength

– collagen fibers provide flexibility

Types of Cartilage

Figure 4-10

Types of Cartilage

Figure 4-10

Types of Cartilage

Figure 4-10

4-5: Membranes

• Membranes - consist of epithelium supported by CT

– cover & protect structures & tissues

4-5: Membranes

1. Mucous (mucosae)

– line digestive, respiratory,

urinary, & reproductive

tracts

– moist surface:

• reduces friction

• absorption & secretion

– CT is called lamina propria

4-5: Membranes

2. Serous

– serous fluid reduces

friction btwn parietal &

visceral layers of body

cavities

1. Pleura: lungs

2. Peritoneum: abdominal organs

3. Pericardium: heart

4-5: Membranes

3. Cutaneous (skin)

– waterproofing,

protection

4. Synovial – line joint

cavities

– incomplete epithelium

– synovial fluid reduces

friction (lubricant)

– protect ends of bones

4-6: Muscle Tissue

• Specialized for contraction

• Allows for movement

1. Skeletal muscle – striated voluntary

2. Cardiac muscle (heart) – striated involuntary

3. Smooth muscle – nonstriated involuntary

• found in walls of hollow organs (blood vessels; bladder; respiratory, digestive, & reproductive tracts)

Muscle Tissue

Figure 4-13

Muscle Tissue

Figure 4-13

Muscle Tissue

Figure 4-13

4-7: Neural (nervous) Tissue

• Brain & spinal cord

– specialized for conducting electrical impulses

4-8: Injury & Repair

Step 1: Inflammation (inflammatory response)

– mast cells cause blood vessels to dilate & become more

permeable effects?

• swelling, redness, heat, pain– triggered by:

• Trauma (injury)

• Infection: presence of pathogens (disease-causing organisms)

4-8: Injury & Repair

Step 2: Regeneration (repair)

– fibroblasts create scar tissue

– fibrosis: permanent replacement of normal tissue w/

fibrous CT

4-9: Aging

• Speed & efficiency of tissue repair decrease w/ age due to:

– Slower metabolism

– Poor nutrition

– Hormonal changes

– Reduced activity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelia Nerves Bone Connective Muscle Ligaments Blood...

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