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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter 5
Self-Knowledge: How We Come to Understand Ourselves
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Functions of the Self
Why do human adults have such a multifaceted, complex definition of self?
Researchers have found that the self serves both:
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Self-KnowledgeCultural Differences in Defining the Self
In many Western cultures, people have an independent view of the self.
Independent View of the Self
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Cultural Differences in Defining the Self
In contrast, many Asian and other non-Western cultures have an interdependent view of the self.
Interdependent View of the Self
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Gender Differences in Defining the Self
• Women
• Men
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Knowing OurselvesThrough Introspection
Introspection
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Focusing on the Self: Self-Awareness Theory
Self-Awareness Theory
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Causal Theories
Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do: Telling More than We Can Know
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The Consequences of Introspecting about Reasons
Reasons-Generated Attitude Change
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Knowing Ourselves byObserving Our Own Behavior
Self-Perception Theory
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Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
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Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation
Overjustification EffectOverjustification Effect
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Preserving Intrinsic Interest
Task-Contingent Rewards
Performance-Contingent Rewards
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Understanding Our Emotions: The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
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Finding the Wrong Cause: Misattribution of Arousal
Misattribution of Arousal
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Interpreting the Social World:Appraisal Theories of Emotion
Appraisal Theories of Emotion
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Using Other People To Know Ourselves
Social contact is crucial to the development of a self-concept.
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Knowing Ourselves by Comparing Ourselves to Others
Social Comparison Theory
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Knowing Ourselves by Comparing Ourselves to Others
(1)When do you engage in social comparison?
(2)With whom do you choose to compare yourself?
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Knowing Ourselves by Comparing Ourselves to Others
upward social comparison:
downward social comparison:
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Knowing Ourselves byAdopting Other People’s Views
Social Tuning
.
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Impression Management:All the World’s a Stage
Impression Management
Ingratiation
Self-Handicapping
.Self-Handicapping
.
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Impression Management: All the World’s a Stage
There are two major ways in which people self-handicap.
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