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Copyright © 2003 Allyn & Bacon 1
SociologySixth Edition
Chapter Twenty OneCollective Behavior and
Social Movements
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Chapter Overview
Collective Behavior Early Explanations:
The Transformation of the Individual
The Contemporary View: The Rationality of the Crowd
Forms of Collective Behavior
Social Movements Types and tactics of
Social Movements Why People Join
Social Movements On the Success and
Failure of Social Movements
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Collective Behavior
Collective Behavior - actions by a group of people who bypass the usual norms governing their behavior and do something unusual.
It includes violent acts, panics, rumors, fads, and fashions.
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Early Explanations: The Transformation of the Individual
When people cannot figure something out, they often resort to “madness” as the explanation.
People feel anonymous in crowds and less accountable for what they do.
A Collective Mind - when people are swept away by almost any suggestion.
Contagion takes over and destructive instincts are released.
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Herbert Blumer and the Acting Crowd
Five stages precede an acting crowd - an excited group that moves towards a goal. 1. Tension or unrest. 2. Exciting event. 3. Milling. 4. A common object of attention. 5. Common impulses.
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The Contemporary View: The Rationality of the Crowd
Beneath the surface, crowds are often quite rational.
Crowds take deliberate steps to reach their goals.
Minimax strategy - the fewer costs and more rewards we anticipate from something, the more likely we are to do it.
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Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian: Emergent Norms
Emergent Norms - when people develop new norms to deal with new situations.
Even new definitions of right and wrong may be developed under new circumstances.
Not everyone in a crowd shares the same point of view.
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Forms of Collective Behavior
Riots - violent crowd behavior aimed against people and property.
Panics - when people become so fearful that they cannot function normally.
Moral panics - when large numbers of people become concerned, even fearful, about some behavior that they feel threatens morality.
Fads and Fashion - novel behaviors that catch people’s attention.
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Social Movements
Social movements - large numbers of people who organize to promote or resist social change.
At the heart of social movements lies a sense of injustice. A proactive social movement - when the goal is
to promote social change. A reactive social movement - when there is
organization to resist change.
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Types and Tactics of Social MovementsAlternative Social
Movements - seek only to alter some specific behavior.
Redemptive Social Movements - the aim is for total change.
Reformative Social Movements - seek to reform some specific aspect of society.
Transformative Social Movements - seek to transform the social order itself.
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Propaganda and the Mass Media
The leaders of social movements try to manipulate the mass media in order to influence public opinion.
Propaganda - the presentation of information in the attempt to influence people.
Propaganda attempts to influence public opinion.
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Why People Join Social Movements
Mass Society Theory - an impersonal society makes people feel isolated.
Social movements fill this void by offering a sense of belonging.
Deprivation Theory - people who feel deprived join social movements with the hope of redressing their grievances.
They key is what people think they should have relative to what others have.
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On the Success and Failure of Social Movements
Large industrial societies give rise to the discontent that spawns social movements.
Social movements have brought us extensive change.
Most social movements are not successful.
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The Stages of Social Movements
(1) Initial unrest and agitation.(2) Mobilization(3) Organization(4) Institutionalization(5) Organizational decline and possible
resurgence
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The End
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